IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WEST   AAIN  STREET 

VVf3-TER,N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions 


Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


1980 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Nr ''es/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  fiimage 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


□    Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


□    Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagee 


D 


D 

D 

m 

D 
D 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pelliculde 


□    Cover  title  missing/ 
Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 


D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
□ 


Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag6es 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pelliculdes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachet§es  ou  piqu^es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  detachees 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualite  in^gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6X6  film6es  d  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


D 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires: 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  U\m6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library, 

Geological  Survey  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  filmd  fut  reproduit  grSce  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

Bibliothdque, 

Commission  G6ologique  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6x6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimde  sont  film6s  en  commenpant 
par  ie  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ^signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  §tre 
film^s  6  des  taux  de  reduction  diff6rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  §tre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  film6  6  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1       t 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

\AIIUAI     >i/i;. 


!K(iN/i:    I'ISII-IIOOK    1  kOM  A  T.ACrsTRIM",  SI'/rri.KMKN'r  M:\K   MdkCi'.S. 
l.Alsi:  OI-   CIAIA'A.   SWTl'/KRl.AM). 


SMITHSONlAiN  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  KNOWLEDGE. 

50!) 


PREHISTORIC  FISHING 


IN 


EUROPE  AND  NORTH  AMERICA. 


BY 


CHARLES  RAIL 


WASITIN(iTON    CITY: 
PUBLISHED   BY  THE  SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION. 

1884. 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


The  author  of  the  following  memoir  was  requested  to  prepare  an  article  on 
"  the  methods  and  apparatus  of  prehist..ric  fishing,"  fur  the  Report  of  the  United 
States  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries;  but  the  work  grew  to  such  propor- 
t.ons  that  it  was  deemed  advisable  to  consider  the  propriety  of  its  publication  in 
the  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledoo 

In  accordance  with  the  rule  of  the  Sn.ithsonian  Institution,  the  work  was 
submitted  for  examination  t..  a  commission  of  experts,  consisting  of  Dr.  Danifl 
Ci.  Brinton,  of  Philadelphia,  mul  Professor  IIkniiy  W.  IIaynes,  of  Boston 
These  gentlemen  having  recomn.ended  its  publication,  it  was  accepted  by  the 
Institution,  and  is  herewith  presented  as  an  important  contribution  to  the  sum  of 
human  knowledge. 

The  memoir,  for  the  most  part,  is  based  on  the  materials  co  itained  in  the 
arciucological  division  (under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Rau,)  of  the  United  States 
Aat.onal  Museum,  of  which  establishment  the  Smithsonian  Institution  has  the 


charge. 


SMrnisoNfAN  Institution, 

Waiihiiiglon,  December,  1881. 


SPENCER  F.  nAIRI), 

Secretary  Siaillmnian.  Imlilution. 


m 


TREFACE. 


<<»» 


ih„  v,.l„,,,„  ,.,„m,,  l,„vo  ,„o„  „.,.;«.„  by  o„o  „„l  „„,y  „„,„„,„,.,  „i,„  j,„ 

L;tt  fT"    "'"""'■' '"'  ""•  "■°"  '■"""""'  '■""""■*""" ""  ■"»"- 

1."  .  ...  «..,v  k„„„.|.,fe„  .,f  «,„  pi»„.,,,-.,  „,,,  ,„,  „ft„.  ,,  „    „,.  _,  • 

.     I  »l.o„M  ad  tl,„t,  owing  to  „,„,,  j,,,,,,,^  „„,„„y„,      ,,  .^  ^^.,^ 
■ca Cponcoe  „,,»  „„t  ,■„  „„,  „„y  b„„„  3„„„|„,„„,„„„         ,_„  , 

;■""""=  "'  ";" ^'^  "  »  ™»1-"-.  ...»ny  ,«n.,  ,.o'u,o.  „a  0  o..-,, 

:  7" f  "°  "■'! •  «-^'-"-'".  '-  ""•""  1-0  conjoe.,,,.0.,,  f,.„„'.  „,oi,.  „,,,; 

™    ..0,  „„,,  .,«„,,  of  ,«,,«  „.oro  „a„.U  witi,  .l,o„„  .„„  ehara*r  of  net- 

"»ta„c«.     lot,  [  M„„t  „ot  o„nt  lo  stale  that,  wlile  composing  tl.is  „-„,-k    I 

Ul.  some  n,o,„.,c.,  o,  ,W  United  States  Commission  of  Fish  and  FisLerios;  for 
bcso  ,.,,  e„,en  assisted  „,o  >vi„.  great  readiness  „,,„„evev  I  had  occasion  to 
appeal  to  tlieii-  liriowledge  of  tlic  details  of  flsliins. 

In  treating  of  prel,i,t.,ric  lislnng  in  Europe"  I  havo  nsed  all  tl,e  literarv 
ma...r,al    w.thin   ,n,   read,;    „„t  eertaia    data   relating   to   tl,e  s„Weet    l.ave 
""■..lc»  been  on,i.ted_for  tl,e  si„,p,e  reason    ,„at  tl,e  writing.     ainin 

"■"■"J"(l .1,  ISKI    il„.,aw  ,     1  ..],"  :      '   t    r  '•■'"  ""■  ""'8""S""  ■""  K 


VI 


I'lir.rACK. 


hnvo  considorably  abbrevintcd  its  first  part  by  excluding  much  introductivo  and 
descriptive  matter  not  immediately  connected  with  lishing.  Yet,  ns  it  probably 
will  also  bo  road  by  non-archioologists,  it  has  been  thought  necessary  to  dwell 
on  the  differences  between  the  paheolithic  and  neolithic  ages,  to  give  accounts  of 
the  tool  and  bone-bearing  drift-beds,  of  cavo-habitations,  artiticial  shell-deposits, 
lake-dwellings,  and,  finally,  to  present  a  brief  characterization  of  the  bronze  ago. 
These  intercalated  portions  were  in  part  taken,  with  or  without  niodilications, 
from  "Early  Man  in  Europe,"  a  small  volume  embracing  a  series  of  articles, 
which  I  had  written  in  1875  for  "  Harper's  New  Monthly  Magazine."  The 
articles  in  question,  notwithstanding  their  popular  character,  embodied  the 
results  of  a  careful  study  of  original  sources,  and  it  is  hoped  that  the  extracts 
from  them,  utilized  in  the  present  case,  will  meet  with  the  approbation  of  c(  m- 
petent  judges. 

In  the  introduction  to  the  second  part  of  this  work  I  have  briefly  stated 
my  views  concerning  paheolithic  man  in  North  America.  It  would  then  have 
afforded  me  special  ]ileasurc  to  refer  to  Professor  W.  Uoyd  Dawkins's  excellent 
article  on  early  man  in  America,  published  in  the  "North  American  Review" 
(October,  1883),  tiie  more  .so,  since  his  conclusions  and  mine  point  in  the  samo 
direction;  but  the  pages  in  which  I  alluded  to  the  subject  wore  already  electro- 
typed  before  the  publication  of  that  article. 

A  work  like  that  here  presented  must,  from  its  very  character,  in  a  great 
measure  be  a  compilation  from  preceding  writings.  There  are  authors  who,  in 
such  cases,  will  slightly  alter  the  text  of  their  predecessors,  and  thus  make  it 
their  own,  though  not  without  mentioning  the  sources  from  which  they  have 
drawn.  I  have  preferred  the  mode  of  verbal  quotation,  not  on  account  of  being 
the  easier  one,  but  because  I  was  actuated  by  the  desire  of  doing  full  justice  to 
those  by  whose  labors  I  have  profited. 

I  have  been  much  assisted  in  my  work  in  various  ways,  and  it  is  but  proper 
that  I  should  express  my  acknowledgments.  Reference  was  made  to  the  advan- 
tages I  derived  from  my  acquaintance  with  members  of  the  United  States  Fish 


gimsctt  Pier,  Kliodo  Island,  nppeared  in  "  Seipnco  "  (Vol.  2,  p.  063).  Tlioro  nro  figures  of  one  perfect  flsli-liook 
lind  of  fragments  of  tlireootiicrs  given.  Tlio  pcrfoet  one,  of  wtioso  representation  I  would  huvo  publislicd  a  copy, 
if  it  liad  l)een  feasible,  bears  some  resemblance  to  the  original  of  B'ig.  189  on  page  127  of  this  work,  yet  is  smaller 
and  clumsier  in  shape.  Owing  to  an  oversight,  a  prehistoric  Nova  Scotian  bone  barpoonliead,  figured  on  page 
137  of  Professor  J.  W.  Daw.son's  "  Pussil  Men"  (Montreal,  1880),  has  not  been  noticed  in  this  work.  Such 
drawbacks  seem  to  be  unavoidable. 


«!• 


■7«L 


I'HK|.'Af:K. 


vrr 


*  » 


f 


c™  n.„„.    My  p.„,,,„,,  ,„„„„  „„,„„^  y,„,„  „^„„^,„^„  _^^^^ 

:r';: '°  ""■  f"  '-'■ »"  -i™*- »' «» o„i„i,.„.  ;,„.  ,,,„^,  „, , 

Mung  „„„  ,  .     .,„„  „„„„„,  ,„  ^^,^„„  ,,,^,  ,,^^^^,^,__^.  ^^^^  ^^^^^  ^_^^  .        n 

fomnrdoil  to  tlio  Sir,ltI,.,o„i„n  Institution. 

Many  otl.or  gontlomon  In.™  n,„nito,,„,l  thoir  i„tc,-c,l  in  n,y  u-oA  by  loan. 
."S  n,„  ,„„an,o„.  or  trn„»n,i.tins  l.l.o.o,™,,!,,  or  drawin,.,  lu.y.  wL  I  o 
„«ry     ,„,„o.in,e,  ,„ito  Io„,t„y_e.„.,„n„,io„, ,  ,:;„„„  i^:! 

1.   ...    ^.i.  «»  ,„  all  ,n,tanccs  the  nan,.,  of  „,o,o  co-laborors  arc  gi.on  in  tl.o 

.n  c„,,noct,„„  ,vi.„  ,„e  i„f„™,„,i,.„  ,„.,„,„j  ,„,  „„,„_  ,  „^^^,  ^ 

n.jwil  to  a  scnoral  osprcwion  of  niy  gralitndo. 

Tl...  iM„,tration,  in  tl,i,  work  .or,,  noarly  all  „„„lo  nn,lor  „,v  i„„„odiato 

n„c,-v,„on  ,,y  t„o  sUilif,,,  „„,„,  Mr.  t„„r„..,  r.  Triil.  ,. .y  ,.,,,., io„  ,  , 

bo,„,.  „,.  or  f,.,„,f,„  „,„,,  „  „„,„,,,.  ,„„„.,„^,,,  ^,^,^.„^_^^  ^^^  _^^_^^^^  ^ 

U..m  ,„  object,  specially  ,lr„„n  for  this  wc-k,  tbc  „„,i.„.itv  „f  «,„  ,„„„  ,,rf„„ 
q>cc,,„o,„  belonging  to  the  United  State,  National  .Mascnn,..    All  of  Mr  TrillC 

tZ'm    T""'*:'"-''  ">■  "■"  ''-  Y-"    > '-..^raving  Co,„p,,„v  ,„; 

r..,K  I  lace).     In  ,,d,l,„„„,  I  ,,„,,  „,„  „,„  „,  ,,  ,„„__,,^,.  ,_^  ^.^^^  ^^^^.^^^  ^_^  _•    ^^^ 

v,..,„y  ,orve,l  ,„  il,„,,tr,„e  S,„itl,.,„„i,.„  ,MU;Um,.  .,r  otber  wo,.k,.    ,  „,„ 

■nJcbtcd  to  Me.,.,.,.  II„r &  „,„„„,,  ,„,.  ,|„,„t    ,^,  ,„.  ^.^^  , 

u»cd  i,,  ,„y  .,„„„  „.„rk  ..  E„rly  Man  in  En c"  (ccipyrigbte.Un  .s;,-,,:,,-  Fi:  ' 

1  .  lU  an     113.  pablisl i„  MitcbelP.  ..  ,.,„t  „,  „,.,  ,,,,,„„j..  ^ 

...k.     lo  Col„„e,  Obnrlc.  ,:.  J„„e.  I  a,„  „„,,er  obligation.,  tW  tbe  loan  of  tbc 
block  of  F.g.  337;  D,..  E,„i,  Bcs,cl,  p,„ced  tbe  cat,  of  Fig,.  19,  20,  and  21 
my  d^^p^and  Profcor  Pntna,n  ace„M„odatcd  ,nc  with  tbose  „    Fi.,  362 


.     •  T„  H..  ,„„.„„,„.,  „,.  „^,„^„.,.. „^  ,,,  ^,^ ^.^^^^_  _^^  .,„„.,„„,„„, 


itcd. 


VMI 


I'llKI  ACK. 


and  m.  El,H,troty|.e.s  c,f  Fi,....  i(»o,  212,  2r,4,  nm\  2m,  finally,  w.ro  sent,  with 
otiu-rs,  by  MoHHrs.  V.  Vi.w,.g  >uu\  Son,  ..f  Hrau„M..hwoi,..  Th.mo  laHt.n.ontio.u..l 
■llustrat.ons  arc  taken  tVon.  tl.o  "  Archiv  lur  Antl.n,,.ologio,-  pnbliHhecl  by  that 
well -known  firm. 

In  conchiHiun,  I  wouM  say  that,  whatever  may  ho  thou,t.ht  of  this  work,  it 
will  go  far  to  illustrate  anew  the  parallelism  in  the  te.,lmifal  i.rogresH  of  popu- 
l"t.nns  totally  unknown  to  each  other,  and  for  which  only  the  common  bond  of 
h.nnan.ty  can   be  clain.e.l.      The  ,Uvsig„.s  of  European  and  North  American 
flsh.ng-jmplen.ents  in   this   wnrk   bear  witness  to   the  statement.      It  will   bo 
not.„-ed  how  slowly  n.an  in  Europe  arrive.l  at  the  idea  of  barbing  the  fish-hook. 
None  of  the  European  hooks  of  bone  or  horn  ligurc.l  in  this  work  is  properly 
barbed,  excepting  the  one  shown  in  Fig.  91  on  page  71,  and  this  hook  may  post- 
date  the  neolithic  perio.l,  and  pertain  to  a  tin.e  during  which  barbed  fish-hooks 
of  bronze  were  not  uncommon.      An.ong  the  prehistoric  American  fish-hooks 
which  I  was  enabled  to  represent  by  designs  in  this  publication,  only  one  has  a 
point  armed  with  a  barb  on  the  inner  side,  namely,  the  deer-horn'hook  from 
New  York  delineated  in  Fig.  193  on  page  128,  which,  as  stated,  is  supposed  to 
iiave  been  n.ade  after  a  European  pattern.     Yet,  1  would  not  venture  to  say  that 
lmrbe.l  llsh-hooks  had  been  unknown  in  America  in  ante-Columbian  tin'.es;  1 
simply  state  that  none  have  fallen  uiuler  n.y  notice.     Indeed,  the  halibut-hcmk 
of  the  Northwest  Coast,  doubtless  an  .Id  aboriginal  invention,  may  be  classed 
among  barbed  fish-hooks  (Fig.  9  on  page  15). 

Further  analogies  (and  also  differences)  in  the  character  of  the  prehistoric 
fishing-implements  of  Europe  and  America  will  easily  be  discovered  by  those 
who  peruse  the  pages  here  ottered. 


Smithsonian  Institution, 

June,  1884. 


ClIAKLKS   IIaU. 


i 


CONTENTS. 


^ 


•  • 


I'ART   I.-KUKOPK.      , 
I.— Pai..t-:oi.itiiic   Ace 

Oc'iRrul  Characteristics 

The  llrift  .         .  .         "         "         ' 

Iini-lcmcntsaiulAiM."  I  kcinains 
Implfiuoiits  iisal  as  |(;L-|.icl<s(?) 
Caves  and  Rock-shelters      ,         ,  ' 

kelrealsof  ,\j   u  ,li„i,v..  the  Rcln.kvr-period 
I''ish-ri'inaii, , 

I''isliiiij,'  ,111(1  Fishiivti-imiilriiicius 
l)HiiKM(ioiis„r  V..}n-.  uui  A'lnati,:  Manimals 

2. —  NkoMIMIC    AdK 

(lencral  (,'haractcri  .lies 

Anillrial  Sholl-depDsits       ....,' 
Character  •         •  .         , 

(-aptiire  of  Molhisks  and  Fish 
I.ake-dwellings  .... 

Character         .... 
Fisli-reniains     ..... 
Fishing-implements  •         .         .         , 

lloats 

■  Fishing-implements  and  Utensils  not  found  in  l,a(  iisti 
Oeneral  Remarks      .  .         .  _ 

l:)onl)le-pointed  strai,i^hl  liait-holdcrs 
I'ish-hooks        •  .  .         . 

HarpoDii-Ju'ads  .... 

Arrow- heads     .... 
Sinkers  .... 

Boats       ... 

•         •         •         • 

Anchor-stones 
3- — Bronzk  Acf.      .... 

Geneial  Characteristics        .... 
Lake-dwellines 

Character 

Fishing-implements  .... 

"oats 

Fishing-.mplements  and  Utensils  not  derive.l  from  I.ake-hahitations 


e  ."ieltlenielits 


PAOK. 
I 
I 
I 
I 
'I 
•( 
•) 
lo 
I  J 

27 
^2 

3- 

3.i 

33 

3^ 

37 

37 

■15 

46 

66 

6S 

6,S 

69 

69 

72 

«1 

«4 

yi 

91 

95 

95 

97 

97 

99 
103 
109 


CONTKNTS. 


ETC. 


PARI  11.  — NOKTIl    AMKRICA. 

Intuoduciouv  Ri:m\i;ks 
l''isiiiN(;-iMri,|.:,\ii.:Ms  and  U  ii;.\sir.s 

Donlili' poiimd  sti;ii(.lit  liait-holders 

I'isli-luioks        .  .  .  _ 

II  '•'•••. 

llarpooM  ;uul  AiTow-licads 

Ncls         .         .  

o-  ,  

t'inkors 

....  ■■••••.. 

I'lsh-cudi-is  •          .         .         . 

HOATS    AND    Al'I'llKlKNANCKS        ■..'.''' 

I!(iats       ...  

I)    1  ■■••••.. 

Ifailiiij,'-s((i()|)s  .... 

I'acMlcs  ••..'.'''' 

A'iclii)i-..st()iK's 

PiiEliisTUKir  STUirn;M.:s  roNNi-riKD  win.   iMs.iiNo" 
l''isli-|)ivscivfs 

11  '■■••., 

I'lsli-pc'lis 

kKi'KKsKNiAnoNs  OK  Imm.ks,  Aquatk:  Mammai.s,  E-i 
I'ipos        ... 
Imilations  in  Slono  and  .Shell 
Clay  Vessels 
IVliiieations 
AuriikiAr,  .Siiki.i.-dkpdsits 

InlnidiK.ldry  Notices 
■-  ("iieeiilarul 
Nnva  Sidiia 

New  llnmswic  k  ami  Ww  England 
New  Vink         .... 
New  J  else)'       .         .  .         _ 

Delaw.ire 

Maryland  •         .  .         . 

West  \'iij;inia 

Ohio        .....' 
Tennessee 

Iowa        .... 
Georgia 
I'lorida 
-Mah.ima 
Caiiforni.i  ami  ()iei;oii 

li-gcde  I  Hans^ 

Crantz  (David)    ... 
Lloyd  ('P.  (i.   H.)   .    .       _ 
Dc  Laet  (Joannes) 


PAOR. 

"^ 

"7 
"7 

I  20 

II" 

'.S.S 

'«.? 
I.S8 
iSS 
lyo 
lyi 
1 92 

'97 
200 
20,) 
205 
206 
21  1 

21(1 
2  1*) 
2I,S 
2JI 

"'5 
227 

2.50 

2.(1 
2.(1 
2.11 
2.(2 

2|.i 
2.|(, 
2.1() 
256 


2f)I 
2^1 
261 
266 
267 


(;oNTKi\T8. 


XI 


1 


Do  Cliii'iiplain  fl,u  Siuiir) 

Sudani  TlRoilat  (t,u  !■'.  {;al)ricl) 

Le  Jcuiic(l,u  I'.  I'aiil) 

Charlevoix  (Kalliur) 

Huiiry  (Ali'xandcr) 

HcariiL'  (.Sariiiicl) 

Mackenzie  (AlLxandcr) 

VViliiaiiis  (Ro/^'it)      . 

[Joliiisoii  ((.'aplaiii  Edward)! 

Ogilby  (John) 

Jossclyii  (John) 

Van  dcr  Donck  (Adriacii) 

K.diii  (IVtcr) 

Morgan  (l,owis  IT.) 

Loskicl  ((;Lc.rgc  Henry) 

Dl-  l!ry  (I'hcodonis) 

Smith  (Captain  John) 

[Deverly  (Rohcrl)] 

I.awson  (John) 

Hri.  kfll  (John) 

Adair  (James) 

1)11  l'ral/(,\r.  I,e  f'.ige) 

VVyelh  (Nalhaniel  J.) 

C'aliin  (Oeorge) 

I'owers  (Sleplien)     . 

The  same 

Stone  (Livingston) 

Dunn  (John) 

Swan  (James  G.)      . 

The  same 

The  same 

Meares  (John) 

Cook  (  Captain  James)  and  King  (Captain  James) 
Appkndix.  ^ 

NoiicKs  Of  I''isi.in<;-imi.,.km,.:nts  am.  lMsii.iu.:|.Kr.:s|.;xTAri, 
Niiaragiia 

Costa  Rial       •         .         .         . 
Chiriqni,  State  of  Panama,  United  States  of  C 
State  of  CaiK  a,  United  States  of  Coh.nihia 
Peru 


I'Afa.. 

*               •               • 

26,S' 

•          •         • 

26,S 

•               « 

271 

*               •               • 

272 

•               •               » 

273 

■               •               • 

27.1 

•         •         . 

276 

*               •              • 

277 

•               •               • 

2  7" 

•           •           ■ 

2  7,s 

"               •               • 

279 

• 

2X1 

•               •               • 

2.S1 

•               •               • 

2.S-' 

•           •          . 

2'\^ 

• 

2,S., 

• 

2.S7 

"             •            • 

2.S,S 

'               •               • 

2.S9 

2(JO 

. 

2,J, 

. 

29.5 

•           •          • 

2'/S 

•         . 

2./, 

•               •              • 

301 

•               •               • 

.302 

*               *               • 

30.5 

•           •           • 

3ot 
305 
3'o 
3'o 

•-V 

3'5 

IXS   IIISCOVKUKIJ  K(.1;tii  ,„■    MiCXK.O 

3' 9 

3'9 

olombia 

320 
321 
322 
324 

mmmmmmmmmmt 


1 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


I' ranee 
I.a  Mailelainc,  Krancc 


11111(1,  Aiasl;a 


I'irn.     I, a  ^ra.lclainc,  Kraiicc 


Fig.     I.— Drift-implcment.     Sainl-Aclicul,  Krancc 

*'8s.    j-S.-Double.pointed  bone  implements.     La  Madelaiue   France 
F,g.     9-HaIibut.l,ook.     Makal,  Indians,  Cape  Kla.tery,  Wasl.ington  Tcnii.,ry   ' 
H'.    .o._Codfish-I.ool<.     Makal,  In.lians,  Cape  Kla.tcry,  Washington  Tcrrito,. 
I'.g.    I"  — Harpoon-hcadof  reindeer-lmrn.     La  Madelaine,  France 
I'ig.    l2._narpoonliead  of  reindccrliorn.     I!runi<|uel,  Fra 
F'gs.  I3-'S— Harpoon-heads  of  reindecr.li.irn. 
Fig.    I6.  — Iron-headed  Sioux  arrow 

Fig.    I7.-narpoonl,e,ad  of  reindeer-horn.     La  Ma.lelainc',  France 
I'ig.    iS.-Harpoon-head  of  reindeer-horn.     Langerie  liass'c    I'r.nce 
^  I'lgs.  I9-2r. -Harpoons.     Eskimos,  ALaska 

I'lgs.  22-2J.— Harpoon  or  arrow  heads  of  reindeer  he 

Figs.  2.1-28.-Harpoon-heads  of  reindcer-horn  (?).     Kesslerloeh,  .Switzerland 

F,gs.  29-30._Harpoo„-l,eads  of  rcin,Icer-hor„  (?).     Kent's  Cavern,  England      '         '         '         ' 

f.g.    .,-.       >'.->«i"g  of  a  f,>h  on  apiece  of  reindeer-horn.     La  M.adebine    France 
';iK-    Xi  — li(,'"reofap,keengr,ave,lona,lrilledl,ear'.stooth.      Dnrnlhy  Crotlo   Fnn'ce      '         ' 
>.«.    3.».-n„„n,eofa«sh(.SV„„^„..^)onareindeer.jaw.     Lau.erie  ,1!:^.;;: "      "         " 
-«-"™'!;"f  ■-"•-'•  on  a  b.aton  of  reindeer-horn.     Cave  o'f  Covet,  Ilclgium  '         " 

ig.    36.-K„,le  drawing  of  a  ftshing-sceue  on  the  se.apnla  of  an  ov      i  au^erie-  Mas    '  i      '         ' 
i'.«.    37.-  .ntnnes  of  two  heads  of  .he  an.ehs.  a  hlan  Hgnre,  an  iu;t  ^  't:,        r  an, 

>n.^rksonap>eeeofreindeer.horn.     La  Madelaine,  France 
•■g.    38.-l-,gure  of  a  .seal  traced  on  a  drilled  bear's  tooth.     Duruthy  Co.to    France  '         '         ' 
"S'--  39-40.  — Double-pointed  l.(.iie  implemenl.s. 
Figs.  41-42.— Doulile-pointed  bune 

Fig.    4.j.-I;one  arrow-hea.l  (?).     Saint-.\ubin,  .Switzerlan.l 
Fig.    44— Fish-hook  of  deer-horn.     Wangen,  lia.len 

Figs.  45-46.-Fi,h  hooks  made  of  wild  boars'  tusks.      Moo.see,h,rf,  Swit.eHand 
I'lgs.  47-4,S.-|)„„,,l-h  hooks.     Wangen,  i;aden 

Fig.    49.-I'ouble  lish-hook  (?)  of  ,Ieer-l,orn.     Sain.-Anbin,  .Sw,'l.erl,,'nd 
I'lgs.  50-51. -Hark  noats.     Kobenhauscn,  .Swii/erland 
Fit's-  52-53— Wooden  implements  used  for  reeoverim;  li-liing  li„c. 

Fig.    54-—"  Arjiion  " 

Fig.    55-— "Devil's  claw  gr.ipnelf'     M.assaehuselts  " 

Figs.  56-58.-Heer-horn  l.ar|«o„-heads.     .Saint-Anbin,  sJii.crl'and 

Fig-    59-— lione  harpoon-head.     Cmcise,  Switzerland 

Fig.    fK)— Harpo(m-hcad  of  deer.horn.     Concise,  Switzerland 

I'ig.    6i._I|arpoon.he,ad  of  deer-horn.     Wauwyl,  Swit/erlan.l 

I'lgs.  r..-^,4.      Harpoon-hea.ls  of  deer  horn.     Laltringen,  Swit.erl.unl 

I'lg.    6s._Arrow-head  of  ileer-horn.     Saint-Aubin.  Swilzerl  md 

I'ig.    f.6.-Flint  arrow-head.      Kobenhausen,  Switzerland 

Fig.    C7.  — Idiut  arrow-head,      liodio,  Italy 

Fig.    6S._|.'ragn,ent  of  lishing-uct.      Uobenhausen  (?'),  Switzerl.ind 

I'lgs.  r,9-7o. -Stone  sinkers.     Allendueh,  lladen 


tinee 


Wangen,  Raden 
ne  implements.      L.ake  of  Neuchdtel,  Swii/eil.iud 


K'llicnh.iuscn,  Switzerland 


PAOK. 
3 
'3 
'3 
•5 
'5 
17 
'7 
17 
17 
10 

>y 
21 

23 
24 
25 
27 

27 

2S 
2S 
29 
29 

3' 
32 

46 
.(li 

47 
4S 
4S 
49 
49 
5" 
5'"> 
5" 
52 

53 
54 
54 
54 
55 
5" 
5'| 
5" 
57 
5S 


h:^ 


XIV 


LIST  ul'   ILLUSTKATIONS. 


Fig. 
Figs. 
Fig. 
Fig. 

iMg. 

Fig. 

Fig. 

Figs. 

Fig. 

Fig. 

Fig. 

Fig. 

Fig- 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
I'-ig. 


F.g. 
Fig. 
Figs. 
Fig. 
-  Fig. 
Fig. 
I'ig. 
'•■ig. 
Fig. 
Figs. 
Fig. 
Figs 
Fig. 
Fig. 

I'-ig- 
1-igs 

Fig. 

Fig. 

Fig. 

Fig. 

Fig. 

Fig. 

Fig. 

I-ig. 

lig. 

Fig. 

lig.. 

lig. 

I'ig>. 

Mg.. 

I'-ig. 

I-ig. 

1-ig. 

lig-. 

l--ig. 

I'-igs. 


71.— .Stone  sinker.     Kstavayer,  .Switzorlnnd      . 
72-73-— ytone  sinkers  (?).     Sainl-Aiibin,  .Swil^erl.nnd 
74.— Stone  sinker  (?).     .S.iiiil-Aubin,  .Swilzerlanil      . 
75.— Cl.iy  sinker  (?).     Niclau-Stcinlierg,  Switzerland 
70.— Cl.iy  sinker  (?).     Inkwyl,  Switzerland      . 
77.  — liark  flo.it.     Rolienhausen,  Switzerland 
78.— Wooden  implement  for  arr.inging  nets.     Wangen,  liaden 
79-So.— Imiilements  made  of  boars'  tusks.     Nussdorf,  Uaden 
81. — l'erfor.ated  bear's  tooth.     Nnssdorf,  liaden 

S^-— Ncttingimiilement.     New  England 

83-— Netting-implement.  Eskimos,  Nunivak  Island,  Al.iska 
84.— Netting-implement.  Eskimos,  Chirikoff  Island,  Akaska 
85. —Netting-implement.  McCloud  River  Indi.ans,  California 
86. — Boat.     Uobenliansen,  .Switzerland 

87.  — Boat.     Moringen,  Switzerland 

88.— Flint  (ishliook.     tiresinid,  Sweden 
89.— l-'lint  fish-hook.     Kranke  Lake,  Sweden 

90.— Flint  lish-hook  (?).     .Scandin.ivia 

91.— Bone  fish-hook.     Scania,  Sweden 

93.  — lione  fish-hook.      I'omeraiiia.  Prussia 

9j- — Fish-hook  of  reinileer-horn.      Lapland,  Norw.ay 
94-96.  —  liiine  harpoon-heads.     Scania,  Sweden 
97.— Hone  bar     on-head.     Seeland,  Denmark  .... 

98.— Fish  orbird-spcar-bead  of  bone.     Arctic  America 
99.  — Prong  of  fish  or  bird-spear-head  of  bone.     Scania,  Sweden 
100.  — lione  harpoon-head.     Fiinen,  Demnark 

loi.— lione  harpoon-head.     .Seeland,  Ucnm.irk  .... 

102.— Bone  harpoon-head.     'I'lerra  del  Fuego  .... 

103-104. — I larpoon-heads  of  ox-horn.      Pokind 
105.— lione  harpoon  he.ad.     Victoria  Cave,  Kngland 
.  106-10S— Javelin-heads  of  bone  with  inserted  lliiu-llakes.     Sea  ia,  Swi 
109.  — Tavelin-head  of  elkbone  with  inserted  Hakes.     Eastern  Prussia 
110.— .Scanian  Hint-point  set  in  wooden  socket 

III.— Sink-stone  of  steatite.     Shetland 

"2-1 IJ.— Sink-stones.     Wells,  Shetland 

114.— Stonesinker.     Burns,  England 

115-I16.— .Stone  sinkers.     Ireland 

117.  — .Stone  sinker.     County  of  Down,  Ireland  .... 

llS.— .Stone  sinker.     County  of  Weslmealli,  Ireland 

119.— Stone  sinker.     Seeland,  Denmark 

1 20, —.Stone  sinker.      Denmark 

121.— Stone  sinker.      Disiii,  1  of  Sc.iu,  D.nm.irk 

12.'.- Stone  .sinki-r.      Di  irict  of  \-jb.,rg,  I  >emnark 

12,;,  — Stone  anchor  I.'),      liohusl.uid,  Sweden 

1.14.  — Fishing-im|ilement  (?)  of  bronze.     .Switziiland 

'25-137.  — Ihi>nze  fish  book-.      Nidau-Sicinberg.  Swil/erland 

i.j.S.— Bronze  fish  hook.      1-onl,  Switzerlaiul 

139  140.  — Bronze  fish-books.  Corlaillod,  Switzerland 
'4>-'43.— lifonze  lisb-hooks.  Montellier,  Swil/erland 
1-14.— Ilronze  fish-hook.     Moulb  cjf  river  .Scheus,,  SwilzLrlaml 

145.  --Bronze  fi.b-hook.      l.atlrinyen,  Switzerland      .... 

146.  — Bronze  fi,h  book.     Uomansborn,  .Switzerland 
147-1-18.  — Briinze  fish-hooks.     Unlcr-Uhldingen,  Baden 
1.19.  — Ilronze  fish-hook.     Roscninsel,    Bavaria 
'50-'53-— Urunze  fish-hooks.     Lake  of  liourgct,  .Savoy,  Francg 


VAm. 
58 
60 
60 
60 
Co 
f'3 
63 
6-1 
64 

05 
65 
65 
65 
06 

67 
70 
70 
70 
7' 
7' 
71 
73 
73 
74 
74 
•(• 
76 
76 

79 
So 
82 
82 
83 
S5 
S6 

87 
88 
89 
89 
90 
90 
90 
90 
95 
99 

ICX) 

101 
lot 
101 
102 

lOJ 

'o.i 


104 


4 


LIST  OJ-'   ILLUSTRATIONS. 


t.    ISO.     liarbcl  bronze  ro,l  not  yet  bent  .„t.,  the  form  of  •,  r,J,  ,,„.,|.      ^,-  ■ 

If,-    >i9.-Iiarbe,l  bronze  armature.     Peschiera,  Italy 

;.«.  .6o.-)!arbe<l  bronze  armature.     Roseninsel,  liavaria        '        '        '        " 

»'-t'.  .6..-Iioat.     Cu.lrenn,  S«.itzerlan,l  *        '        "        " 

1%'.  l62.-lJo.it.     Vingclz,  ,S»itzerlan,I     .  

I'lg.  lej.—Hoat.     Merci.rago,  Italy  " 

I'ig.  164.— lironzc  fish-hook.     Ireland  

J;ig-.6S-.66.-Iironze  fish-hooks.     Gleniuce,  Scutl.... 

Ije.  l67.-Iironze  llsh-hook.     Tunen,  Denmark  '         "         '         ' 

iMgs.  ,6S-,69.-,s,,,,,e  fish-hooks  i„  the  form  of  baits.     Germany     '         '         " 

S'      !  -,'^°"  ''-"°;"'«'  ^'o-"  ■"'I'len.ent.     Greene  County,  Ttnnc.eo  '         ' 
"K-    '72.— Double-pointed  stone  imi.lemenl       Wll       ,  '•^""^--''^ 

I't-    '^..-bone  fish-hook.  Moml.  of  Oak  Creek,  D..k,,a  '  "  ' 

i.g.    J!>4—none  fish-hook.  Ma.lisonville,  Ohio  '  '  '  ' 

^|«.    .S5.-Ii,.ne  fish-hook.  Mississippi  County,  Arkansas  '  "  '  ' 

H'.    .^G.-Uone  fish-hook.  Orleans  County.  New  Vork  '  '  '  " 

lig.    187— lione  fish-hook.  Clarksville,  Indiana  '  '  '  ' 

H'.    •S8.-Iione  fish-hook.  Cunningham's  Man.l.  Ohio  '  '  '  '  " 

!  rll""  rtl'^'t    '^'*=  ""^""'■'  '-""'^  '^'-".  ^-v  ^•  ,rk   ■       •       • 

o.-    .ne    sh-hook.     Mound  Lake,  Cass  County,  Illinois        . 
•yr.-l.one  fishdiook.     M.idisonville,  Ohio 
192— Bone  fish-hook.     Madisonville,  Ohio 

.|,s.  .94-.95.-I.onc  hsh-hooks.     .Santa  Cruz  Island,  '-alifornia 
■,gs..,6-,5,._„.,„e  „,„,,„„,.,     .S.anta  Cruz  Islam,,  Californ  '         '         ' 

I'g.    20o.-li„„e  fish-hook.     Kskimos,(;reenhnd  '         '         ' 

I;«.    20.._Rsh.hook  of  reindeer.horn.     Kskimos,  Chesterfield  Inlc  '  PrMi'l,    k' 
■..s.  aoa-ao=.-.Shel,  fish-hooks.     Santa  Cruz  Is,a„,,,  CaliforniV 

ZT'si^llYT''"-     ^-'^^-I^>»"".Califi,rni  !         '         ' 

^.    -ort.-sheM    ,hd,ook.     San  Xieolas  Mand,  California        . 

I 'gs.  207-2.0.-. Shell  fishdlnuks.     .Sanl.C,,,.  I  l,„i    r-  IT      • 
-.11       «i,  11  ,■  I    ,      ,                 •■""•"  "I-   M.iiid,  California 
....-Shell  fid,-ho„k.     Sa„M;...Kdld.„,d.<-al,n,rnia 
=  ...--Se„es  „r  .h..i„,  i,u„„,,,^  ,,  „„^  ,,,,^,^^^  ,  ^^^  ^^_^^^  ^        ■ •  . 

.'•J.  -S.nn,un  fish-hook  of  shell  will,  ...uie  .inker 

2i4.-Ki.,h.l,uok  of  turtle  shell  (?),     .Scle  Island 

215.-  Ii,.nefi.h  h..ok.     New  Zealand  

..6.     C,,,,, ,,„,,.     Mouth  of  nc ;,,<i;,w,.„„:„,     ;         •         ■         ' 

.ap.y._,.|hdiooksinadeofc.,etii,,,i„.„      M„haves,  .\, „       '         "         " 

-o.-loneydoe,i..tt»igwi>hspi„e,e„t,ui,..mbleafidi  ,■  '         '         ' 

■;": "!'~  '"V""'";"'""^^"';  '"--'^'••"■'. '•■'-'=„.,  m.,,/.  •  •  • 

igs.  224-22S.-I)o„e  harpoondiead.      Unalashka  Islan.l,  Mask.  '         ' 

I'lg.    22fi.  —  l!one  harpoon  head      (;,e,id,,„P  c  ,  • 

;j^..-..nehar;,oon.head.  i;:^^:^:;:;-:;:-^  • 

t.    «8.-    oneharpoondiead.     ■'"get  Sound,  Washington  Territory         '         '         ' 
l.g-.9.-narpoond.ead  of  deer-horn.     Onondaga  Comity,  X,;;':,,,     [         [         ' 


Peschiera,  Italy 
.Switzerland 


Kig. 
h-ig. 

r-ig. 

Ki". 


I-ig. 
Iig. 
l-'ig. 
Mg. 
lig. 
I-ig. 
ldg>, 
Vig. 


XV 

I'Arin. 
104 
.04 
.05 
.05 
105 
loG 
107 
loS 
.09 
109 
109 
.10 
.IS 
.18 

..s 

"9 
.20 
.20 

.2. 
122 

'2,5 
.24 

124 
124 

1 20 

.20 

I2O 

.27 

127 

127 

.2S 

.2S 

.29 

'JO 

'.1' 

'3' 
'.>. 
'32 

'J-! 

•J.i 
'J.i 

',i4 


i.>7 
IJS 
i.i9 
.40 
14  J 

"12 
'■).( 
■1.) 

'15 
'45 
'45 


Bnwn-'i 


XVI 


LIST   OF   ILLUSTliATlONS. 


I 


Fiy.   230.— Ilarpoonhead  of  elk-liorn.     Iloncoye  F.ills,  Now  York 
Fig.   231.— Bone  liarpoon-head.     Detroit,  Micliit;an 
Fig.    232.— Bone  liar|TOonlica(l.     Mailisonville,  (Jhio 
I'il,'-    233.— Bone  harpoon-head.     Alka  Island,  .Alaska 
'•"'t!-    234-— Hone  harpoonhe.ad.     I'ort  MOller,  Peninsula  of  Aliaska 
'•'iK-    235'— ''one  harpoon-head.     Aniakn.ik  Island,  Alaska 
Fig.    236. —Bone  harpoon-head.     I lodgdon's  Island,  Maine 
•■'t;-    237' — Hone  harpoon-head.     Muscongus  Sound,  Maine 
-  Fig.    238.— Bone  harpoonhead.     Stikinc  River,  Alaska    . 
F'g-    239.— Bone  harpoon  head.     Fort  Wayne,  Michigan 
l^ig.    240. — Harpoon-head  of  deer-horn.     Onondaga  County,  New  York 
Fig.    241.— Bone  dart-head.     Ontario  County,  New  York 
Fig.    242.  — Bone  dart-head.     Goose  Island,  Casco  Bay,  Maine 
^Figs.  243-244.— Bone  dart-heads.     Adakh  Island,  Alaska 
■  Fig.    245.— Bone  dart-head.     Amaknak  Island,  Al.-iska      . 
Figs.  246-248.— Harpoon  heads  of  deer-horn.     Flhridge,  New  York 
Fig.    249.— Copper  dart-head.     Fond  du  Lac,  Wisconsin 
Fig.    250.— Copper  dart-head.     Waukesha  County,  Wisconsin 
Fig.    251.— Copper  dart  head.     Fond  du  I.ac,  Wisconsin 
-  Fig.    252.— Copper  harpoon-liead.     Thlinkcls,  BaranolT  Island,  Al.isl. 
I'"'E-    253.— Modern  .stone  sinker.     Dunkirk,  New  York     . 
Figs.  254-257. — Stone  .sinkers.     Muncy,  Pcinisylvania 
Fig.    258. — .Stone  sinker.      Muncy,  Pennsylvania 
I'ig-    259.— Stone  .sinker.     Muncy,  Pennsylvania 
Fig.    2(io, — Stone  sinker.     Tenncs.see         ..... 
Fig.    2O1.— Stone  sinker.     .Santa  Maria  Petapa,  MeNico      . 
k'ig.    2(J2. — .Stone  sinker.     Tiverton,  Khode  Island     . 
h'ig.    263. — Stone  sinker.     Dos  I'uelilo--,  California 
Fig.    264.— Stone  sinker.     Chilniark,  Martha's  Vineyard,  M.issiichu 
Fig.    265.— Stone  sinker.      Newport,  Rhode  Island 
Figs.  266-267.— Stone  sinkers.     Wickford,  Rhode  Island 
Fig.    268. — Stone  sinker.     Tiverton,  Rhode  Island     . 
Fig.    269. — Stone  sinker.      Milledgeville,  Georgia 
Figs.  270-271. — Stone  .sinkers.     Oregon  .... 

Fig.    272. — Stone  sinker.     I,a  Patera,  California 

I'''K'-    273.— Stone  sinker.     Georgia 

Figs.  274-275.— Stone  sinkers.     Coluuihia  (_'ounty,  Georijia 
Fig.    276.— Stone  .sinker.     Mitchell  County,  North  Carolina 
I^'g-    277. — Stone  snikcr.     Putnam  C<junty,  C.corgia 
Fig.    278. — Stone  sinker.      Mid.lltliorough,  Massachusetts 
Fig.    279.— .Stone  sinker  {?).     .Sanl.i  Cru/.  Island,  California 

Fig.    280. — Stone  sinker.     Ohio 

Fig.    2Sl.  —  Fskinio  sl(uie  sinker.     Arctic  America      . 
rig.    2S2.— -Stone  sinker.     Mound,  Licking  County,  Ohio 
'''iK-    2S3.— Sinker  of  specular  iron.     Hancock  County,  Illinois 
Fig.    2S4.— Stone  sinker.     .Santa  Rosa  Island,  California 
Fig.    2S5. — Cast  of  stone  sinker.     Louisiana      .... 

Fig.    2S6. — .Stone  sinker.     Tennessee 

h'ig.    2S7.—.'sionc  sinker.     Morehouse  Pari>li,  Louisiana 

Fig.    2S8.— Sinker  of  sjiecular  iron.     Carroll  County,  Tennessee 

I'ig.    289.— Sinker  of  red  liem.atitc.     Saint  Charles  County,  Missouri 

I'ig.    290. — Stone  sinker.     Tani])a  Bay,  Morida 

I'ig.    291.— Sinker  of  clay-iron  stone.     Shell-rlept)sit  near  Mohile,  Al; 

Fig.    292. — Siidier  of  specular  iron.     Huntington,  Cabell  Cmnity,  Wi 

'■'K-    293.— Sinker  of  .specular  iron.     Morehouse  Parish,  Louisiana 


lania 

t  X'irginia 


PAGl-:. 
14O 
146 
146 
"•J7 
'47 
'47 
14S 
14S 
'49 
'49 
'49 
150 

'50 

■5' 

'5' 

153 

'.s,5 

'5J 

153 

'.S4 

'57 

'5S 

'.W 

I  Co 

160 

160 

161 

161 

162 

102 

'f>3 

>f'3 

'03 

164 

164 

164 

i('>4 

105 

i(J6 

166 

166 

167 

167 

lOo 

169 

169 

1 69 

170 

170 

170 

170 

171 

'7' 

'7' 

'7' 


4 


LIST   OF    ILLUSTRATIONS. 


XVII 


Fig.    294._Slone  sinker,     MoumI,  IIcmlL-iMm  C.MMKy,  II 

Kigs.  295-296. -St,me  si„kcr,s.     Manatee  tlounly,  HnrMa 

'''K-    297. —Cast  of  Kone  sinker.     Ohio 

Fii,'.    29S.— Stone  sinker.     Franklin  Connty,  Ohio 

ly-    299,— Sinker  of  s|,ecnlar  iron.     iMuund,  Licki 

Fig.    joo.— Stone  sinker.     IJevcrly,  Massaclnisetts 

I'lg.    301.— Stono  sinker.     Kaslport,  Maine 

Fig.    302.-Stone  sinker.     .Sontl,  Kingston,  Kho.le  Island  ' 

I'lK-    303. -.Stone  sinker.     Gnadalonpc,  California 

Fig.    304.— Stone  sinker.     Massachusetts 

F'E-    305.-Stone  sinker.     Marblehead,  Massachusetts 

I'ig.    306.— Stone  sinker.     Sarasota  liay,  Florida 

'•■■g.    307— Stone  sniker.     Middlel.orough,  Massachusetts  ' 

Fig.    30S. -Stone  sinker.     .Santa  Cruz  Island,  California 

I'ig.    309.-.SIone  sinker.     Santa  Rosa  IsJamI,  California 

Fig.    3Io.-Stone  sinker.     Saint  Croix  River,  Maine 

Fig.   3' l--Stone  sinker.     Santa  Cruz  Island,  California 

rig.   312.— Stone  sinker.     California 

P>S-    313— Stone  sinker  (?).     .San  Miguel  Island,  Califorin'a 

Fig.    3I4.—Sinker  of  specular  iron.      Morehouse  I'arisli 

I'ig'    3'5.— Stone  sinker.     Arkansas 

Fig.    3>6.-Stone  sinker,     San  .Miguel  Island,  California 

'■'K-    3'".— -Stone  sinker.     Chester,  Illinois 

Fig.    318.— Stone  sinker.     Northwest  Coxst 

Fig.    3r9.— Cast  of  stone  sink 

I'ig. 


iig  County,  Ohio 


•  h,  I., 


Iig 


California 

20.— Stone  sinker.     Cleveland,  Ohio       ,         .         ' 

■ig.    321.— Kskimo  stone  sinker.     Ukivok  Island,  Alaska 

I'igs.  322-J23.-.Stone  sinkers.     Vellowsione  N.ational  Park,  Wyoming        '         '         ' 
I'ig.    324.— Copper  sinker.     M.nind,  Marietta,  Ohio  '         ' 

''ig-    325.— Copper  sinker.     Mound,  Fake  County,  Ohio     ,         .  '         '         ' 

Fig.    326.-Castof  shell,  prepared  to  serve  as  a  sinker  {?).     Ijon,:,,    '         '         '         ' 
I'ig.    327.— Shell  sinker.     .Sarasota  B.ay,  Florida         .         .  '         " 

Fig,    32S,— Cast  of  shell  sinker,     Florida 

Kig.    329.-Shell  sinker  (?),     Shell-deposit,  lileimerhasse.t's  wind.  West  Virginh       ' 
'■'g.    330— Stone  fish-cutter,     lilackstone,  Massachusetts  .  l-     •       ■ 

I  ig.    331. -Cast  of  stone  fish-cutler.     New.ark  Valley,  New  York  '         ' 

Fig.    353. -Stone  fish-cutter,     Xorristown,  Pennsylvania 

-    IV-  33,!-J34.-Stone  fish-cutters,  one  in  wooden' handle.  '  l-Nkimos,  N„„o'n  Sound   Alasl- 
'•'B^-  335-336.-Iron  an.l  sione  fishcutters,  th.it  of  iron  inse.ied  in,,,  a  wooden  handle 

li-iy,  Washington  Territory 
''Jg-    337.— lioal,  exhumed  near  Savannah,  Ceorgi.i 

I'ig.    338— Wooden  toy dra.it.     Santa  Cruz  Island,  California      .         .  '         ' 

H'-    339 -Wooden  l).iiling.scoop  (?).     S.anta  Cruz  Island,  California' 
Fjg-    340.-Paddle.      Long  I>|aml,  New  Vork  ...  '         '         ' 

1%    341— Anchor-stone.     .Sus.pK.fianna  River,  near  Sayre,  Peimsylv'^ni ,  '         '         '         ' 
•■g.    342.-Auehor.s,o„e.     Illinois  River,  near  the  month  of  the  San.,u„on,  Illinois  "         ' 

^  'g*    343.-    "     

l''ig-    344-- 

'•■|g.    34S.~-':.irthworks  in  the  Etowali  Valley,  Georgi.a 
F'g-    34<''.-Slone  lish-pen.     Saratoga  County,  New  Vork 
I'lg^.  347-34S.— Stone  pipes  representing  a  heron  feeding 

near  Chillicothe,  Ohi 
Fig. 


.Mak^ 


.N\Mh 


he  month  of  the  Sail" 
errunning  rock."     {Jloucester,  Massachusetts 
'Kiiliek."      Rockport,  Massachusetts 


'  Unde 


;on  a  fish,  an, I  an  oiter  with  a  fish 


F'g.    349.-Cl.ay  pipe  in  the  shape  of  a  fish  (?).     Chattanooga,  Tennessee 
•Jg.    350.-Piece  of  slate  worke.l  into  the  likeness  of  a  fish.     .Stikine  River   Alaska 
Mg.    3S'^-lM^h-sl,.aped  oi.ject  of  //„//.//..sl,ell.     .San  Nicolas  Island,  California 


PAtii-:. 
171 


172 
172 


/.) 


'74 

"71 

'7-1 

'75 

'75 

'75 

'75 

'75 

•75 

176 

17(1 

171, 

.76 

'77 

'77 

'77 

'77 

'77 

17,S 

I7,S 

17s 

'70 

I  So 

I.Si 

iSi 

I.S2 

1S2 

1S2 

1.S2 

I,S4 

1S4 

■85 
186 

.87 
I.SS 
190 

'91 

'9' 

'93 
'94 
I,/, 

'97 
19.S 
201 

205 

20(, 


Hgg 


HttMaMNn 


XVIII 


LIST  OF   ILLUSTRATIONS. 


'•'in-    352-— StDiiL'  carving  rc|iresciilini;  ii  lisli.      IpMyicli,  Massachusetts 
''if-    353'— •'^'o»<-- cirviiiu  ill  the  f.iriu  of  a  Ci.lact.Mii.     Sealmmk,  New  Ilamiisliire 
^'ig•    JSI.  —  Ktonecarvinurupiusemiiiii  a  cetacean.     San  Nicolas  lsl,aii<l,  Calirorni.-i 
l'''e-    35S-— Slum--  carving  in  tlic  sliape  of  a  so.al.    San  Nicolas  Island,  California 
I'ig.    356.— Clay  vessel  niiwle  in  imitation  of  the  sim-lish.      l'ljilli|,s  County,  Arkansas 

^">e-    357-— l'"isli-sliapecl  clay  vessel.     Southeastern  .Missouri 

Figs.  358-359._Kac  simile  ileline.itions  illubtrating  .\/tec  navigation  ami  fishing.  Kmni  ih. 
Kig.  360.— Plan  showing  the  location  of  the  princip.il  shell  ileposit  at  Keyport,  New  Jersey 
l''ig.    361.— Section  of  umler-grouml  part  of  a  hut.     Oiegon       .... 

''ig-    .562.— Canoe  of  the  lieothucs.     Newfoundland 

V'g-    3^'3-— Methods  of  fishing  practised  liy  the  Virginia  Indians.     After  Do  Dry 

l'''K-    364.— Virgijiia  Indians  smoking  fish.     After  Ue  llry 

l'"iB-    3<J5— Virginia  Indians  engagc.l  in  boat-making.     After  Do  liry 

I'igs.  3O6-J67.  — Hull  hide  boat  ami  p.iddle  of  poi.lar  wood,  made  by  .Minnetarees  at 

Fig.    36S.  — Makah  harpoon-head  and  line 

Figs.  369-370 — Makah  whaling-canoe  and  paddle 

J''g'    37'' — Mukah  canoe  showing  method  of  scarfing 

Figs.  372-373.— .Stone  sinkers.     Ometcpec  Island,  Nicaragua      .... 

l''g^-  374-377.— Sinkers  made  of  fragments  of  clay  vessels.     Omclepec  Island,  Nicar; 

l''ig-    37S.— Stone  carving  in  the  form  of  a  fish.     Costa  Rica       .... 

!•''«-•  379-3S0.— Fish-representations  of  gold.     Chirii|ui,  United  St.ites  of  <\.l,.mliia 

Fig.    3S1.— Cold  lish-hook.     Slate  of  Cauca,  Uiuted  Slates  of  Colombia 

Fig.    3S2.— Wooden  mask  « ith  appended  bags.     I'eru 

^''gs.  3S3-3S4.— Keel  with  line  ami  two  copper  fish-hooks,  ami  stone  sinker.     I'eru 

l''igs.  3S5-JS7.— Copper  fish-hooks.     Ancon,  Peru 

Figs.  3SS-3.S9.  — I'orlions  of  nels.     .\ncon,  I'ern 

•'ig-    390.— Fish  sha|ied  cl.ay  vessel.     IVru 

'■'ig-    39'-— '■'isli-shaped  clay  vessel.     Ari.-a,  IVru  

Figs.  392-393.  — Fidi-shaped  clay  ves.sels.     Trujillo,  IVru  .... 

^''gs.  394-395'—'  I'ly  vessel  and  ornament.alion  on  it  enlarged.     I'eru 

Figs.  396-403.  — Fish-shaped  silver  ornaments.     From  one  of  the  Chincha  Isi.mds,  IVru 

Fig.    404.— I'ish-shapcd  silver  ornament.     Gran  Cliimu,  Peru      .         .         .         . 

Fig.   405.— Piece  of  cloth  with  inwoven  lish-designs.     Pisco,  IVru      . 


agua 


Mendo 


llllc.ld.  I 


I,.. la 


I'ai:k. 
JuS 
200 
211 
211 
212 

2"3 
215 

228 

aja 

266 

2S5 
2S1) 
2S7 

-95 
306 

3<'7 
j<->9 
319 
320 
3-' I 
322 
323 
325 
326 
327 
32S 
329 
3JO 
330 
331 
33. > 
334 
335 


PART  I. -EUROPE, 


1— PAL.KDLITHIC  AGE. 


GEXEKAL  CllAKACTERLSTlCS. 

use  ot  metal,  and  made  h,«  Huploiuents  a.al  wc.,-,,m,„.  of  ,sah.staucos  loss  servi.v- 
a  ^,.   .uo.nnnpliatol,o«en.d   ,.,  the  hand  o,'  naUu-o.  such  as  ::d  J       .. 
1  o.n    but   ospccially  .stone,  ,s  gcuTally  tnu.ed   tl..  Stun..  Aue.     It  l.as   In.-n 
chvuled  nao  two  epochs,  nan.elv,  the  eavlie..  .r  paheo.ithie   (old-s.one,    ,.Z 
ho  later  o    neohth.c  (new-.tone)  a^e,  these  division,  n-arking  unlike  eo.:ii  i.„s 
n  t,^  existence  ot  iU.  ancient  inhabitants  of  Euro,..     Duvh,.  ,he  pala^litl  e 
ugo  the  elnuate  ot  Europe  was  ..ider  than  at  present,  owing  ^o  a  r.  ri..era      n 
cj.uscd  byg  .end  .„fl..„ces,and  n.an  then  eo-existed,  at   le.^t  in  son.e^       ' 
1      oont,nent,  w.th  annuals  .brn.ing  a  launa  distinct  fron.  that  of  later  tin  es 
0  c.nlences  ot  Ins  presence  at  that  reu,„te  epoch,  in  the  shape  of  relics  left 
%  Imu,  have  been  der.ved  fron,  .pndernary  drift-beds  and  fron/caves.  and  w 

son.cuhat    Id  e.ino  aspects,  a  sejmrate  treatment  of  whici,  appears  preferabh.  to 

synoptu-al  descr.ptu.n.     As  a  special  ieature  of  the  period  lowev  r.  it     h    . 
1.0  mentnuuHl  that  the  stone  in,plen,ents  pertainiug  „,  it.  and  neariv  alwavs  unnle 

<d  Hint,  are,  .so  tar  as  known,  simply  fas],ioued  by  fhdunu'  and'chipp'i the 

pmct,«3  ot  nuproving  such  iniplen.ents  by  gnnding  and  polisluu^  beiier^u- 
sidered  as  characteristic  of  neolithic  times.  The  art  of  .nnkint.  v.^s^N  „f  cbtv 
It  may  also  be  added,  appears  to  have  been  unknown  to  paheolithic  man.  '    ' 

THE  DRIFT. 

Tmplements  and  Animal  Ifemaw,.-Th,  tlint  imideiue.ds  lound  in  the  oua- 

ernary  deposits  along  certain  rivers  in  France  and  England  are  the  oldest  objects 

^humed  ^uan  ot^whichjvejhu^l^tr  have  any  positive  knowledge.-     Tliese 

(1) 


t 


/ 


2  liii'iiiiyi'iiiiii    i'isiiiN(i. 

(Irit't-l)C(ls,  t'oniicd  h\  Inyors  of  sniid,  ,!.'rav('l.  mid  loam,  also  coiilain  the  bones  of 
animals  of  tliat  jK-riod,  sonu'  of  wliicli  aro  now  extinct,  like  the  mammotli  and  a 
few  other  species  of  eleiiliant,  several  kinds  of  I'hinoceros,  tlie  nius,  and  ii'isli 
elk  ;  while  others,  as  the  hippojiolanuis,  the  cavediear,  cave-iion,  and  cavedivena, 
mav  still  survive  under  move  or  less  modiliod  forms.  Certain  (juadrupeds,  which 
have  left  their  osseous  rennnns  in  the  (|uatornarv  dejiosits  of  \\'estern  Knrope, 
still  exist  as  before.  Iml  no  longer  in  their  ancient  habitats,  as,  for  instance,  llio 
reindeer  and  the  musk-ox.  The  former  inhabits  now  the  coldest  district  of 
Europe,  and  the  ;nusk-ox.  entirely  extinct  in  that  part  of  the  world,  is  iit  present 
conlinod  to  the  snow-regions  bordering  on  Hudson's  Uay.  On  the  whole,  the 
fauna  of  the  European  drift  was  richer  and  more  varied  than  that  of  our  lime, 
for  it  com])rised,  besides  the  extinct  mammalians,  most  of  the  now  existing 
species.  Yet,  as  mentioned,  the  temperatui'e  of  Europe  was  lower  than  at 
pi'csent.  or  els(>  such  (|uadrupeds  as  the  irtammoth,  wocdly  rhinoceros,  reindeer, 
and  mu.sk-ox — all  titled  for  a  cold  climate — could  not  have  subsisted  in  the  lati- 
tudes whi-re  their  fossil  bones  now  occur. 

Th(>  ])rece(ling  condensed  statements  were  made  for  the  purpose  of  indicating, 
to  some  extent  at  least.  []\o  surroundings  of  the  hum.an  beings  who  lived  at  the 
long-|)ast  period  here  under  consideration.  That  thcv  occupied  a  very  low 
position  in  thescide  of  human  development  is  shown  by  the  character  of  the  flint 
tools  preserved  in  the  (|uaternary  deposits.  These  •  drifl-implements "  were 
tirst  discovered,  about  forty  years  ago,  by  M.  ]?oucher  de  J'erthes,  in  the  ancient 
gravel-beds  of  the  river  8o)nme.  in  the  neighborhood  of  Abbeville,  in  I'icardy, 
and  afterward  found  td  Saint-Acheul.  near  Amiens,  in  the  same  ])rovinc(\  Th(\v 
lnn(>  subsequently  been  exhumed  from  cnn-esponding  dei>osit';  in  dther  ])arts  of 
l'"ranci'.  and  in  various  Ine.-dities  ol'  Engl;ind.  'I'he  implements  were  split  fri)m 
nodides  of  flint  so  fre(|uently  occurring  in  the  chalk  :  some  of  tlicm  i'\en  exhii»it 
portiiMis  i)f  the  chalks  crust  whicli  usually  sui'i'ounds  these  tlinly  bodies.  The 
prevailing  forms  of  the  flint  lnols  .ire  tjiciseof  \cry  mughly  wrought  large  sp(>ar- 
heads.  .and  of  nx.al  nr  idnioiid-shajied  tl.-ittish  pieces,  sharpened  amund  their 
edges,  and  likewist'  exliil)iting.  .-il  least  in  most  cases,  no  high  degree  of  siiill  on 
the  part  of  theii-  makei's.  The  tools  of  the  latter  kind  are  sometimes  denomina- 
ted •'hatchets.''  it  being  believed  that  a  number  of  them  were  inserted  in  cleft 
sticks,  and  fastened  with  sinews  or  strips  of  hide  of  animals,  thus  fulfilling  the 
purpose  which  their  name  implies.  To  these  foi'ms  must  lie  Jidded  Hakes  of 
vjirious  shapes  and  sizes.  m;iny  of  which,  doutitless.  were  split  otV  during  the 
process  of  fashioning  the  more  finished  tools  already  mentioned.  Others  m.iy 
have  been  detached  inteiUionally.  to  ^erve  as  cutliiig-tools.  and  a  few  ;ire  worked 
into  ;i  rutle  scra|)er-l'orm.  The  shape  of  the  implements  design;iled  as  s])ear- 
he.ids  and  hatchets  dei)ended,  in  all  jirobability,  much  on  the  original  outline  of 
the  chalk-tliids  from  which  they  wei'e  manufactured.     These  nodules  are  mostly 


i 


l/^ 


^?\ 


mill  T-i.Mri,i;Mi;\Ts. 


8 


of  )i  romidiHli  or  .«l()im;iU.,l  Innii  ;  .iiid  in  making  tlii-ir  tools  tiio  nncioiit  poopk, 
kiioclml  two  of  ilicm  to-otlicr.  milil  lljiltish  fni-iiucMts  of  siiitiil)!.'  si/.,  (•.•mu.  oir. 
whi(!h  they  brouglit  into  tlio  mjuired  sliapc  by  blows  aimcl ;,(  WuAv  riiruinf..r<MiL'o' 
Honco  many  of  the  iiiiplcmonts  ,nv  not  r\:wl\y  of  ,,v,,l   or  spcvir-likc  forms. 

but  presoni  sli.-.pcs  intrrinodiidv  botwcon  fli-'iii.    As  ,-,  vnU:  tlic  iimitow.t  or re' 

pointed  cml  of  these  iiistnuiuMits  is  tlu- one  Mdjiplcd  for  ciittiiii:'.  The  tools  of 
the  spear-head  type  usually  vary  in  lon-tli  from  six  (,.  oi,-lit  inrhcs.  Ihoimli  larger 
ones  have  been  found.  Many  of  them  .oeui  to  havo  Imvii  us,.,!  with  the  hand, 
the  end  opposite  the  pointed  part  bcinu  oftrii  ihirU  and  massive.  f(.  farilitate 
handling:  and  in  some  the  lower  end  is  nut  fMsJiiuned  at  all.  but  left  in  its  ,,rigi- 
nal  state,  when  the  form  of  the  tlint  preseided  a  siiitaMe  h.indle.  Others,  whi\;h 
arc  worked  thinner  .d  the  |.,w,-r  end.  p.'rhaps  w,-re  fistened  to  ]M>les.  and  thus 
actually  .served  as  .speardieads.  Arrow -points  have  not  been  foiin<l  in  the  drift. 
;md  hence  it  appears  probable  tiiat  the  di'ift-people  were  i-iiorant  of  archery. 

It  can  hardly  be  suppo.sed  that  the  types  of  implements  here  l.rieflv  noticed 
exhaust  the  stock  of  tools  (.r  weapons  used  by  tli..  early  con  tern  por.-irv  of  the 
mammoth,  for  others.  ina<Ie  of  loss  durable  mat«-rials.  si'iel,  as  b„n..  aiid  horn. 
may  have  decayed  in  the  ,i;-ravel-i)eds,  leavin-  no  traces  to  indicate  their  former 
])resence.  None  of  the  hitter  kind,  a.s  far  as  1  know,  have  been  discovered  in  the 
drift-deposits. 


Hi 


Fiu.  1.— Drift-impiemfiit.    Saiiit-Atheiii.     (350!t.j 


T 


4  PKKllISroilIC    KISIIINO. 

hnpleinetiiH  lined  a»  Iir-pichu  {>]■ — 'I'lnmuli  llic  wnvajro  iiicii  who  t'oriiuMl  tlio 
siiiiplt' stone  iiistriniii'iitH  iiikUm'  iioli((>  (Ifpi-iKk'tl  lor  siihsistciur  on  tlic  rlinsc  .•mil, 
|irc.Hiinial)lv,  on  li.sliinu,  wc  an'  in  tlic  dnrk  iis  to  tlio  nictliods  cniployoil  Ity  tlieni 
ill  these  pursuits.  'I'in' ipiatcrniiiv  linls  liavi'  vieliU'tl  no  olijects  directly  rot'oraMf 
to  tishiiiii ;  yet  it  has  been  thoiiulit  that  some  of  tlie  tliiek-lmndh'd  pointed  flint 
implements  may  have  lieen  used  tor  makintf  lioles  in  the  ice,  in  order  to  oateh 
lisli  or  ;i((uatic  mammals  t're(|nentim;  tlie  jj:reat  rivers  at  that  lime,  in  the 
iiretic  regions,  it  is  known,  the  natives  din  holes  in  the  ice,  and  jtationtly  wait  for 
hours  at  tht;  apertures,  until  the  seals,  comiuu  to  the  surface  to  brenthe,  can  be 
struck  and  .secured  for  food.  Amphiiiinus  animals,  perhaps,  ascended  the  (|uater- 
nary  rivers,  and  were  capturi'd  .as  stated. ■■ 

I  give  in  Fig.  I  on  pagi> '{  a  n-presentatioii  of  a  ilrift-implcment  from  Saint- 
Aciieul,  near  Amiens,  which  may  have  served  as  an  ice-pick.  The  lower  part, 
or  handle,  as  will  lie  seen,  shows  the  unaltered  surface  of  the  chalk-Hint;  the 
worked  portion  is  .somewhat  chisel -shapeil.  It  belongs  to  the  series  of  European 
drift-implements  exhibited  in  the  United  States  National  Museum. 


m 


CAVES  AND  ROCK-SIIELTERS. 

Retreats  of  Man  ilnriug  the  liehiilecr-perioil. — More  linite  results  hearing 
upon  the  condition  of  the  early  inhabitants  of  Europe  ha^  Ween  obtained  of  hUe 
years  by  the  careful  exploration  of  caves  in  England.  France.  Bi'Igium.  (Jerniaiiy, 
Switzerland,  and  other  European  countries.  The  caves  to  which  1  slnill  refer 
were  resorted  to  by  jjaheolithic  nian,t  who  has  left  in  them  such  tr.aces  of  his 
occupancy  as  enable  us  to  form  a  n.ore  or  less  distinct  view  of  his  mode  of  life. 
Explorations  of  these  early  sheltering-places  of  man.  I  may  state,  .are  carried 
on  with  great  energy  in  Eurojie.  and  already  liave  given  rise  to  i. literature  of 
considerable  extent.  The  results,  however,  present  only  local  tlill'erences.  while, 
on  the  whole,  the  conclusions  arrived  at  arc  the  same,  namely,  tli.it  in  times 
anteceding  any  historical  recorvl  or  tradition,  tribes  of  sax.age  men  lived  in  cer- 
tain parts  of  Europe  conteniiiorani'ously  with  various  species  of  animals,  which 
have  either  iiecome  extinct,  or  ha\e  migrated  to  other  piirts  of  Europe,  or  even  to 
other  continents,  However,  as  it  is  ni.it  my  puri)ose  to  give  .an  account  of  cave- 
researches  in  Europe,  but  of  prehistoric  tishing,  my  observations  will  chiefly 
refer  to  those  caves  which  have  furnished  the  most  abundant  material  for  illus- 
trating the  latter  subject.     Among  them  a  group  situated  in  the  valley  of  the 


■•'SiiMvngo  (Dr.  U.  E. i :  On  Kishiiit;  iluriii!;  tlie  liciiulwr-l't'rind ;  Kdiiiiiiie  A(|uiti>iuru!;  I,  |>.  'iiU.  Tim  editor 
of  this  wcirk,  I'riil'e^si.r  T.  I!.  .lones,  iidds  in  ii  iuili> ;  ■'  Smne  nmylily  dri'ssed  fliiils  t'omul  in  llie  ■|iiiiternury  yriivela 
limy  Imve  lieeii  'sinkers'  and  iiiiitiition  biiits,  siicli  iis  tlii!  Gskiinus  use  in  tlsliing  mid  uiii,'ling," — It  in  (iiitstiuniiblo 
uiieilier  the  dril'l-Piien  were  fur  enciiiij;li  iidviineed  Ici  ri'scrt  In  Mieli  deviecs. 

t  Sdiiie  caves  in  Europe  undnuhtedly  servi-d  as  liiiuiaii  lialjiiulinn.s  in  neolithic  times. 


if 


Ji^ 


ROCK-SlfKLTEns.  g 

V<:./m..,m  ,.(ll,u.n(  of  tli.  l)onl.,n,„,  ,vl,i..|.  (lows  tl.n.u-Ii  a  portion  of  South- 
wosti-rn  h\,uu-i>.  knuw,,  i„  ai,..i,.nt  tinios  .....lor  ll...  „;nuo  of  A.|uitania,  d.ioflv 
clnun.  om  attonti.ni.  Tl„.  valloy  of  tl...  V.'./.'-.v  is  v.tv  rirl,  in  cavo...  whioh 
<'<Tiir  111  till.  |,i,.(„rc.s.,.i<  funnatio,,..  „f  ..n.tMccM.us  liin...stoiio  bnrdoriii-  on  i|,o 
meand.-nn.'  river,  and  form  a  pwi.iiar  fontmv  in  its  Loantifiil  smu>r\'  Tlio^o 
oavos.  iMAvcvfr.  aiv  not  at  all  .lislin.auisJuMl  l.y  vast  proportions,  sonio  hein--  mere 
hollows  or  ••ro.-k.sl,c.|t..rs  ••(«/.,/«  in  Fr<>n.-li),  owino.  flu-ir  ori.i,,  to  the  .nsintc 
pration  ot  soft  strata  wliirl,  olVrro.l  less  rcsistaiwo  to  atinosphori.  influonces  than 
tli(.  harder  rocks  rovcrin-  Ihoni.  In  tinios  lo,.-  past,  rude  hunters  and  iishers 
used  these  hollowed  roeks  as  .Iwelling-plaees,  leavii.o.  tln.re  abundant  tokens  of 
their  oecnpaney.  whieh  atVord  the  means  of  jndoin-  of  their  con.litions  of 
existeiiee. 

The  he'itdvnown  of  those  cav<.s  and  shelters-situated  on  both  sides  of  tho 
Vezere  at  short  .listanees  from  eaeh  other,  an.l  all  embraced  in  the  Department 
ot  tlu.  Oordogne-are  U  Mo»sfia;  La  MaMnine.  Lnnqerle  ll„„te,  La,u,erie 
Basse  (inrriTEnfrr.  Los  K:;zies,  mA  (h'o-Mmjnun.  They  wcn-e  conjointly  oxph. red 
by  M.  Edouard  F.artet,  a  distinouished  French  paheontologist,  and  Mr  Henry 
rimsty.  an  l<]nglish  nentlenian  of  w.-alth  and  givat  scientith-  acrp.irements 
Iheir  efVorts  resulted  in  the  publication  of  the  '•  Ueli.p.ia.  A.piitanicje,-  a  com- 
prehensive and  richly-illnstrated  work,  which,  notwithsfinding  its  f.atiii  title  is 
written  in  the  Eiiulish  laiignajie.'' 

fn  prehistoric  times  the  almvo-nanied  localities,  ur  ••  stations,"  as  tliev  have 
been  .-ailed,  undoubtedly  were  inhabited  by  man  for  a  lengthened  period,  Ilurin- 
which  tlu-  numeri.-al  i.roportio,,  of  son...  ,.f  the  then  .-xisting  species  of  animals 
seems  to  have  u.,.l..ro,.ne  .-hanges,  while  in  the  same  ..[.och  a  .leci.led  progress  is 
traceable  in  the  mechanical  ac.iuiremeiits  .,f  man.  S..  much  niav  be  inferred 
from  the  animal  ivmaiiis  and  works  of  art  foiiii.l  in  the  ditleivnt  caves  of  the 
Ve/ere.t  Gen..rally  sp.-aking.  the  refuse  left  by  the  cav.-men.  or  Iroqloibites.  in 
tlle•cav.^s  un.ler  noti.'e  consists  of  b..nes  (many  of  them  broken  for  extracting 
the  marrow),  pebbles,  ami  articles  of  Hint,  horn,  an.l  bone,  intermingled  with 
chara.al  in  fragments  and  dust:  the  whole  often  being  cemented  t.,gether,  and 
forming  a  kind  of  tufa.     Tlie.se  accumulations  s.imetimes  extend  to"-!  depth  of 


*  Reliq„i»  Aqui.»nic.x.  ,•  bei,,,  Cntnbutions  to  tho  Arch.olo.y  ,u,.l  P.>h«o„tc;ogy  of  P.-.rigo„l  ,uul  the  adjoin- 
ns  1  ■ovuu.os  of  bo,„h,.rn  iTunc.,..  «y  Kdo„ard  Lur.et  ,„ul  n,.nry  Chrhty.  Kditod  bv  Thoma.  ItunoK  .1  „c, 
18li5-(.'j.     London,  1875.  ' 

tSir  Churlo,  Lycll  remarks,  conccr„i„K  the  uneqnal  representation  ufaninial  remains  in  theeave.,  as  follow,  • 

.  M.  Larlet  has  founded  a  ehissi.ieation  upon  tl,e  prevalence  of  eer.ain  »„i„,aU  in  the  debris ;  ,l,e  n,a>«,„oth 

and  eave.bearcharaeteri.in!;  the  earlier,  and  the  reindeer  ll„.  later  deposits.     Jiut  as  the  .ame  speeies  oeenr  Hu-ouHi- 

out,  and  as  most  of  the  ren.ains  were  bronght  there  by  man,  the  abnndanee  of  any  particular  anin.al  n>ay  not 

indieate  the  prevalence  of  that  speeies  at  the  tin.e,  but  only  the  sueeess  of  the  lumters,  or  the  sojourn  of  n.i.ratorv 

ammals  in  the  nei.^hborhood.' -r/,-  G.„l.,U-al  KMn.c..  of  the  Aniijuiiy  of  Man;   London  and   P .del ', 

loci ;  p.  loo. 


"^i^^i'^i^ii'iiimmmmmmiKm 


6 


t'liioirisToiirc;  kisiiint;. 


eight  or  ton  foot.  .„,!  ;,   length  of  sixty  or  sovonty  feel.     The  eavo-pooplc  of  the 
\  c/ere  d.stnc-t  wore-  more  advanced  and  lived  at  a  later  period  than  the  num 
whose  implements  are  fonnd  in  the  drift-heds  ot  the  Sommo  and  of  other  rivers 
Iheso  oonelnsions  have  heon  drawn  from  the  fauna  of  the  caves  and  from  the 
greater  skill  displayed  by  th.M-ave-dwellers  in  the  man ufactm-e  of  their  imple- 
ments ol  war  and  peac.^     At  the  tim.^  when  these  eaves  served  as  tlie  abodes  of 
huntmg-tnbes,  the  mammoth,  cave-hyena,  cave-lion,  cave-bear,  gigantic  Irish 
•Kvr,  and  others,  had  not  yet  becom.-  c-xtinct,  but  liad  apparently  rnudi  decreased 
III   number,  while  the  reindeer,  now  inhabiting  tli..   northermnost  portions  of 
i^uroi)c,  was  prevailing.— for  whi.h  reason  this  epoch  has  been  stvled  theK..in(l..er- 
period  by  arclueologists.     Togvth.-r  with  the  ivindec-r,  as  common  in  the  time  <.f 
Its  lU'eponderance.  must   l,e  mentioned   llu-  horse,  aurochs,  il,e.\-.  and  chamois 
tiie  last  two  of  which  have  now  left  tli.^  lowlands  and  souo-hi  refu-e  in  the  more 
congenial  temperature  of  Alpine  h.Mgl.ts.     The  Anfi/opc  sair,a,  aii  animal  which 
now  inhabits  portions  of  Russia  and  Asia,  belonged  at  that  time  to  the  fauna  of 
Euroi)e,  as  shown  by  a  number  of  its  bones  found  by  ^,l.  Lartet  and  otln-rs.     Re- 
mains of  the  mammotl,  and  of  llu  other  (-xtinct  (pia<lrupe<ls  i)reviouslv  mentioned 
■■ifo  of  \ery  rare  occurrenc(>  in  these  caves,  insomuch  that  it  would  appear  doubt- 
ful whether  the  cave-men  ro-existed   with  them,  if  their  r.'presenfations.  traced 
"'I  linrn  and  bone,  or  carve.l  from  such  substances,  had  not  been  found  in  s.mie 
ol  the  caves.     The  character  of  the  cave-fauna  indicates  ;i  still  rigid  climate. 

Tlie  animals  most  lVe(pu'ntly  hunt.'d  by  the  troglodytes,  ami  furnishing  their 
pnnripal  food,  were  the  reindeer  and  the  horse ;  the  tirsi-named  .pmdruped^being 
"1  .-id.litional   valueto  them  on  account  of  ils  antlers,  which  they  worked  very 
skillfully  into  implements  of  various  ,leseriptions.     It  appears,"  however,  that 
Ihey   fed  on   every  kind  of  anim.-d   they  could  obtain   by  force  or  cunning,  not 
.-\<-epting  carnivores,  sncli  as  wolves  and  foxes.     Remains  of  the  stag  are  said  to 
I'o  rare,  and  still  rarer  thos,>  of  the  wil.l  boar.     At  some  stations  bo'Jies  of  birds 
and  lishesoc.-ur  abundantly.    Further  on  I  shall  speak  more  in  detail  concerning 
the  l;,tter  remains.      It  (U.es  not  app,>ar  thai   lhes<>  people  kept  any  domesticated 
animais;  neither  the  reindeer  nor  the  liorse  seems  to  have  been  tamed  by  them. 
They  had  no  sheep,  goals,  or  cattle,  and  liiere  were  no  dogs  to  prot(>ct  tlie  cave- 
HHMi's  ru.h>  dwellings  or  to  share  with  them  the  excitement  of  the  cimse. 

The  reindeer-hunters  of  the  |),,rdogn<'  displ;,ye.l,  as  has  l,een  stated,  much 
more  skill  in  the  manufacture  of  impbMiienIs  than  the  peoph-  whose  relics  are 
found  in  the  river-gravels  ,ind  in  the  cave-deposits  of  earlier  .late.  Flint  con- 
•'iiiK'.I  to  !.<>  the  kind  of  stone  almost  ex<-lusively  used  by  them;  but  the  articles 
made  of  this  material  .show  a  great  variety  of  forms,  and  sometimes  a  tinish 
which  almost  assimilates  them  to  the  n:anufactures  of  tiie  later  or  no.dithic  phase 
of  the  stone  age.  Yet,  the  peo])le  of  the  Wwre  A^alley  were  still  ignorant  of  the 
art  of  grinding  and  polishing  stone  implements,  noarticl.>  thus  improved  having 


Jftk^ 


v^ 


Jtk^ 


rmo  iiK[.\i)[;r;i{-i'i'Rioi).  7 

been  discovorod  in  tlie  cavc-deiKwits.  cxwptiii.n-  siiiall  liouldcr.s  with  a  shall.tw 
ciip-shapod  cavity  ground  in  on  one  side,  wliicli  wore  found  at  sovoral  s<tations. 
They  may  have  served  as  paint-niortavs  or  for  bruising  vegetable  substances. 
The  accumulations  in  the  caves  contain  "innumerable  chips  and  countless  thou- 
sands of  blades  of  flint,  varying  in  si/e  from  lancedicads.  long  enough  aiul  stout 
enough  to  have  been  used  again'^t  the  largest  animals,  down  to  lancets  not  larger 
than  the  blade  of  a  pen-'-iife,  and  piercing-instruments  of  the  size  of  the  smallest 
bodkin."*     Quite  numerous  are  the  so-called  nuclei,  or  cores,  that  is,  blocks  of 
flint  fi-om  which  flakes  have  been  detached,  to  be  afterward  preparetl  for  definite 
uses,  SUCH  as  cutting,  sawing,  etc.     Well-made  spear-heads  of  flint  have  been 
found,  and  also  objects  resembling  arrow-heads  in  size  and  shaiie.    Flint  scrapers, 
like  those  still  ur-d  by  the  Eskimos  for  cleaning  hides,  have  occurred  in  great 
number  at  difl'erent  stations,  as,  for  instance,  at  Cro-Magnon.     Tlie  flint  imple- 
ments of  Le  Moustier    omewhafc  approach  the  drift-types,  and  are  generally  of  a 
ruder  character  than  flie  chipped  articles  found  at  the  other  stations,  which  fact, 
in  connection  with  -.-arious  other  circumstances,  renders  it  almost  certain  that  this 
cave  was  inhabited  by  man  at  a  much  earlier  epoch  than  any  other  of  the  group 
under  notice.     The  contents  of  the  caves,  I  may  state  in  this  place,  exhibit  no 
uniformity  in  the  products  of  human  industry,  having  been  inhabited  by  the 
hunters  for  a  vci'y  long  p<>riod,  during  which  they  improved  perceptibly  in  the 
niechanical  arts.    1  must  refrain,  however,  from  entering  upon  a  detailed  descrip- 
tion of  each  cave  or  .-^belter,  as  it  appears  sutficicnf  for  my  i>urpose  to  present  a 
g(>neral  view  of  ti-oglodytic  life  in  the  valley  of  the  ^\''/ere. 

The  implements  of  horn  and  bone,  which  evince  still  more  skill  and  patient 
labor  than  the  flint  tools  just  briefly  noticed,  were  likewise  manufactured  in  tlu! 
caves,  many  unfinished  articles  of  this  cla.s's  having  been  discovered  in  the  rub- 
bish. Among  such  relics  I  will  mention  chisels,  awls,  needles  with  diminutive 
holes,  round  and  tapering  lance-heads  (with  l)eveled  lower  ends  for  insertion  into 
wooden  sliafts).  harpoon-shaped  darts,  large  and  smallt  spoon-like  instruments 
(supposed  to  have  served  for  extracting  m.arrow  tVom  boiu's),  whistles,  and 
\-arious  other  objects,  the  us(>  of  which  is  not  always  quite  evid(>nt.  These  tools 
and  weapons  are  mostly  cut  from  reindeer-horn,  a  mat(>rial  of  o-reat  hardness, 
.■iiid  therefu-e  well  (itted  f(U'  the  purposes  to  which  it  was  applied.  Generally 
speaking.  articl(>s  .,f  reindeer-antler  are  most  aliundant  in  the  <-aves  supposed  to 
liave  been  the  later  retreats  of  the  ancient  hunters  (.f  the  ^•e/^re  N'alley. 

There  are  indications  that  the  cave-dwellers  were  not  insensil)le  to  the  charms 
of  personal  decoration.  They  probably  i)ainted  themselves,  in  the  fashion  of  still 
existing  savage  tribes,  with  red  color,  which  they  scraped  ofl'  fr.mi   pieces  of  soft 


*  r.nili'l  nil. I  Chri'ily.-    I!,'li,|ui;i'  .\quiliuiic!0 ;   I.  p.  '_'!. 
tTii  lip  I'diwidc'i'i'd  hiTi'ul'liT. 


mmmmm 


[ 


8 


PnEHISTORIC   FISHIiVG. 


red  hemfttito.  Siu-li  pieces,  with  the  m.u-ks  of  sci-apiug,  have  been  found  in  the 
caves.  They  also  employed,  for  ornamental  puvpose.i,  shells,  which  they  pierced 
with  holes,  in  order  to  string  t],em  togvtiior.  In  the  cave  of  Cro-Magnon*  were 
found  about  three  hundred  pierced  shells  (mostly  Littorina  litforea),  all  belong- 
ing to  still  existing  marine  species,  and  prol)ubly  obtained  from  the  shores  of  the 
Atlantic  Dcean.  At  other  stations  pierced  fossil  marine  shells,  doubtless  derived 
froni  the  Faluns  or  shell-marls  of  T(.nr,iine.  have  occurred.  They  further  wore 
small  o\al  plates  of  ivory,  pierced  for  suspension,  and,  perhaps,  as  trophies  of 
the  chase  or  as  amulets,  perforated  teeth  of  the  wolf,  urus,  ibex,  reindeer,  horse, 
and  other  animals. 

Strange  as  it  appears,  these  jieople  evinced,  notwitiistanding  their  otherwise 
low  condition,  a  decided  taste  for  drawing,  and  even  for  carving.  Their  delinea- 
tions, traced  with  a  pointed  Hint  on  honi.  bone,  ivory,  or  slate,  consist  occasion- 
ally of  geometrical  figures  composed  of  i)arallel  lines,  rows  of  dots,  lozenges,  etc., 
but  mostly  of  outlines  of  tishes  or  of  ([uadrupcds,  such  as  the  horse,  reindeer,' 
stag,  ibex,  au.ochs,  mammoth,  and  others.  These  animals  appear  either  singly 
or  in  groups,  and  often  exhibit  llu'ir  diai-acteristic  features  in  a  degree  to  render 
them  recognizable  almost  at  the  first  glance.  Sometimes,  however,  the  drawings 
resemble  the  lirst  attemi)ts  of  children  at  delineating  animals.  Such  represen- 
tations have  chierty  been  found  at  the  stations  of  Les  Eyzies,  Laugerie  Basse, 
and  La  Madelaine.  Of  special  interest  are  those  (.f  the  mammoth,  of  which 
several  have  lieen  discovered,  engraved  as  well  as  carved,  and  showing  the 
characteristics  of  the  extinct  proboscidian  so  faithfully,  that  no  one  could  have 
executed  them  who  luul  not  seen  the  living  original. 

The  figures  of  animals  are  often  fr.iced  on  the  stems  or  beams  of  reindeer- 
antlers,  which  are  in  such  cases  carefully  workctl,  and  pierce<l  at  the  broader 
extremity  with  round  holes,  varying  in  number  from  one  to  four.  These  remark- 
able objects  cannot  ha\e  served  as  weapons,  l)eing  too  light  for  such  an  applica- 
tion ;  yet  their  fre(|uent  occurr(Mice  and  uniformity  of  type  show  that  they  pos- 
sessed a  conventional  signilicance.  and  therefore  have  been  regarded  as  badges 
of  authority  or  distinctioM  worn  by  the  chiefs  or  promiiu-nt  men  of  the  tribe,  like 
the  batons  which  in  our  day  indicate  the  dignity  of  a  marshal.  The  number  of 
lioles  in  these  decorated  reindeer-horns  is  tli.>uglit  by  some  to  have  been  propor- 
tionate to  the  iiosifion  oceujiied  by  the  wearer.  Supposing  this  interpretation  to 
lie  correct,  it  would  follow  that  the  troghtdytes  .■ilready  were  sufficiently  numerous 
to  form  a  society  in  which  the  distinctions  of  rank  were  recognized 

BefVu-e  concluding  this  short  general  account  of  the  troglodytes  who  once 


*  This  civo,  .lispnvurwl  i»  1808  in  tho  cMirs,.  of  niiln.ii.MalK.i-.s,  wa^  to  jndi;o  fr,>m  tlic  .liflorcnt  I.ivlm-s,  llrsl 
nioi-ely  .•.■sorted  U>  ,a  dU\W,;a  tinii's  l.y  luii.lnr.s  l.ut  iirtcrwiitd  i.?cd  iis  ii  li,,l,itati..n,  until  lli<.  iicT.Mniilnted  riil.hisli 
grmUn.lly  lai,-,  d  the  fl,.,,,-  so  „s  l„  lonvo  l.ut  litth^  room  iM'twoon  it  ,ind  the  ruuf.  The  i-nvo  was  then  abandoned  by 
the  living,  but  8till  served  them  us  a  burial-iilace  for  their  dead.     Tho  remains  of  live  individinils  were  found  in  it. 


A 


THJ';   RKINDKER-PERIOD. 


9 


^■» 


dwelled  in  the  valley  u\'  the  Vezore,  it  may  not  be  out  of  place  to  review  their 
condition  of  existence  in  a  few  words,  in  order  to  show  in  what  respects  they 
differed  IVom  later  and  more  advanced  men  of  the  Eiiroj)ean  stone  age,  to  whom 
reference  will  be  made  hereafter: — 

They  subsisted  by  hunting  and  tisliing.  adding,  as  may  be  assumed,  to  their 
animal  food  such  fruits  as  were  spontaneously  offered  l)y  nature.  They  had  made 
no  stci)s  toward  an  agricultural  state,  and  domesticated  animals  probably  wore 
entirely  wanting.  As  dwellings  they  used  caves,  overhanging  rocks,  and  "doubt- 
less rude  huts  constructed  of  boughs,  skins,  or  other  materials.  Their  tools  i^nd 
wca])ons  were  mad(\  sometimes  very  skillfully,  of  stone,  horn,  and  bone.  Thev 
employed  only  c/iijiped  stone  implements,  and  were  unacquainted  with  the  art  of 
niakiug  vessels  of  clay.  Their  dress  consisted  of  skins  sewed  together  with 
sinews.  An  artistic  tendency,  whieh  manifests  itself  in  primitive  attempts  at 
diMwing  and  carving,  must  be  regarded  as  a  feature  distinguishing  them  from  the 
populr. ions  of  the  later  stone  age. 

As  may  be  imagined,  the  stations  of  the  reindeer-period,  in  France, are  not 
confined  to  the  valley  of  the  Ve/ere,  many  others  having  been  discovered  in 
different  jwrts  of  that  country,  ami  in  Europe  generally.  But  I  know  of  a  ic^x 
only,  in  addition,  which  have  yielded  relics  perhaps  designed  for  fishing-purposes, 
and  these  are  the  "  Kesslerlurh."  near  Thnyngen.  in  the  Canton  of  Schaffhauseu! 
Switzerland,  and  Kent's  CMvern,  near  Torquay.  Devonshire.  England.  The  .Swiss 
cave  containcHl  a  largo  number  of  animal  remains,  among  them  those  of  the  rein- 
deer and  alpine  hare  in  greatest  abundance,  implements  of  flint,  harpoon-heads 
and  other  ol,j,rts  of  bone  and  horn,  and  even  engraved  designs  of  animals. 

Kent's  ('Mvern  ajipears  to  have  been  resorted  to  by  man  at  an  earlier  period 
than  any  of  the  French  caves  previously  mentioned;  for  there  were  found  in  it 
abundantly  not  only  the  remains  of  the  horse  and  reindeer,  but  also  those  of  the 
cave-hon.  cav.«-hyeiia.  and  cave-bear;  and  while  bones  of  the  mammoth  are  not 
very  common,  remains  of  the  woolly  rhinoceros  have  occurred  .piite  frequentiv  '^^ 
The  flint  implements  of  Kent's  Cavern  are  not  unlike  tliose  from  the  caves' of 
the  W./cT.'  A'nlh.y.  ()„l_v  a  few  ol.jects  of  horn  and  bone  have  c-ome  to  Hahi, 
three  of  tlnMu  i)eing  harpoon-heads.  '     ' 

As  far  as  1  know,  .nily  (Mie  rei)resentation  of  an  animal  has  been  discovered 
m  an  English  ••av.-.  n,-nnely.  the  delineation  of  ;i  Imrse  (head  and  fore-quarters) 
on  a  smoothed  fragment  of  a  rih.  This  specimen  of  ancient  art  was  met  with  in 
the  Hobin-llood  Cave,  ;it  Cresswell  Crags.  Xortheastern  Derbyshire. 

The(|uestion  to  what  rnce  or  races  the  men  of  the  paheolithic  epoch  belono-ed 
is  yet  und(>cid.-.l.  Conip.iratively  (o^v  humnn  remains  referable  to  quaternary 
times  have  been  discovered,  and  the  skulls  which  were  in  a  condition  to  permit 
examination,  exhibit  both  the  brachycephalous  and  dolichocephalous  types.  The 
attempts  to  identity  Uiese  men  with  historically  known  or  still  existing  popula- 


*  Teeth  of  the  ,.„t,„..to„tl,P,l  li..o,.  fMa.>,a!rn,l„.~,  MUl.nA.  H.-'.  Mnfiro,!  in  t!,o  Urfun-^^^^], 


2k 


Iso  found. 


10 


IMiRiriSTOHir    FISIIIXG. 


tions,  suol.  as  Lapps  and  Finns,  axv,  for  the  present,  merely  speculative  in  char- 
acter.  Their  surronndin.o-.s  compelled  tl.em  to  live  mudi  in  the  manner  of  the 
Eskim<.s,  but  this  is  no  proof  that  they  were  Eskimos,  as  some  arc  inclined  to 
l.elune/-^  At  any  rate  they  are  regarded  as  men  diilering  in  race  from  those 
."•(•ui.ying  Europe  in  •  ae  later  (,r  neolithic  ])eriod,  to  which  reference  will  bo 
niade  in  tlie  sequel. 

[  now  pass  over  to  a  consideration  of  the  piscatorial  pursuits  carried  on  by 
th.'  (^•l^•o-men  of  the  Vezere  and  of  other  districts,  treating  Hrst  of  the  fisli- 
remains  discovered  in  tho  -.-.-js,  then  of  the  implements  supposed  to  have  been 
employed  by  the  troglodytes  for  obtaining  fish,  and  lastly  of  the  engraved  delin- 
eations of  fishes  and  aquatic  mammals  rescued  from  the  cave-rubbish. 

Jus//-tr,naiiis.—ThG\  have  occurred  abundantly  at  La  Madelainc,  in  the 
cave  of  Les  Eyzies,  and  particularly  in  the  rock-shelter  of  Bruniquel,  situated 
on  the  left  bank  of  tlie  river  Aveyron,  in  the  Department  of  'rarn-et-Garonne, 
and  not  tar  from  "^rontauban.  In  some  caves  of  the  Vezere  V^alloy  (Lo  JNEoiistier' 
Gorge  d'Eiifer,  ('r)-Magiion),  which  ;in' supposed  to  have  l)een  inhabited  at  an' 
early  time,  wlieii  tlie  rcin<leor  was  less  numerous  than  it  became  afterward,  no 
iish-bones.  and  hardly  any  binl-rcmains,  have  been  found,  and  tiiese  are  Just  the 
stations  in  whidi  Ijarbed  darts  nf  ivindeer-horn  were  absent.  "  There  was  not, 
therefore,"  says  M.  Edouard  Lartet,  -  in  the  mode  of  living  an  absolute  conform- 
ity between  th(>  people  of  tliesc  two  periods,  though  inhabiting  (he  same  country, 
and  ill  the  neiglilwrhood  of  the  riv(n-,  rich  probably  with  lisli  then  as  now.  Coul'd 
it  be  that  the  more  ancient  peopl(<  liad  no  good  fisliing-impleinents  ?  Or,  per- 
haps, were  tliey  in  the  habit  of  eating  their  fish  raw  on  the  banks  of  the  river, 
whilst  their  descendants,  or  successors  of  a  different  race,  preferred  to  take  their 
fish  to  the  caves  and  shelters  where  they  cooked  their  other  articles  of  food  ? 
Indeed,  some  modern  travelers  tell  us  of  existing  savages  living  near  the  sea  and 
yet  ignorant  of  the  means  of  obtaining  fish  therefrom  as  an  article  of  food."t 

Dr.  Paul  Broca.  in  speaking  of  tlie  earlier  retreats  in  the  Vezere  Vallov, 
expresses  himself  quite  positively  on  that  point.  ••  .\[an,"  ho  says,  "  hunted  then 
the  smaller  animals  as  well  as  large  game,  but  had  not  yet  learned  how  to  reach 
the  fish. "I  It  does  not  appear  at  all  probalde  to  me  that  the  more  ancient  cave- 
dwellers  should  ha\e  neglected  the  practice  of  obtaining  fish  in  some  wav.  The 
absence  of  Iish-bones  in  certain  caves  may  be  owing  to  causes  whicih  escape  our 
lierception  at  this  time. 


1 


•i 


■Till'  I'>liiiiio<  ;ii'u  ilcfiilc.'dl.v  dcilic'li(H'0|iliul(Hi-. 
■I- r.iirti't   lEiloimrd):   ItmiiiiHis  nn  tlio  Kaiiim  foiiml  in   tlir- Cmvo  of  Cm  Matfrinn  ;    Hcliqiii^o  AfiuitimiL'aj ;    I, 


|Rror„:  Tim  Troglcilytcs  or  C.ivp-Dwc1I,m-s  of  tlio,  Viillcy  of    tlin  Vozr.rc  ;  SniiUi.^oniim    lloport  for  1H72; 
p.  n-J;!.     [Trnnsliition  of  „„  iuMm's-s  lUilivfica  liofore  Uio  Knmcli  Assnoiiill.m  fov  (ho  Advaiu'omont  of  SoiunopJ, 


rrsii-iuoMAixs. 


VB> 


•'!» 


The  ruinains  of  the  salmon  have  been  found  abundantly  in  the  bi 
nuinbor  of  caves  in  the  Dordogno  district  and  in  nei.i,dibor 
Suiitli  of  France,  and  licnco  it  may  1 
largely  for  food  among  the  ])oople  of  the  rciiidcer-agc.     Yet 


11 


eccia  (if  a 


ing  regions   in  th(i 
)e  concluded  thnt  this  species  of  fish  served 

among  the  numerous 
auvage,  not  a 


salmon-i-ein;iins.  wliich  wore  carefully  exfimined  by  Dr.  H.  E.  S. 
single  entire  skeK'ton  lias  l)een  discovered.  He  has  seen  only  iiortions  of  the 
vertebral  column,  as  if  nothing  but  the  edible  part  of  the  fish  had  been  brought 
to  the  caves.  Had  the  salinon-lieads  1)een  there,  they  would  have  been  as  well 
preserved  as  those  of  th(>  small  cyprinoids  which  are  found  in  the  same  deposits. 
He  refers  to  some  species  of  salm<ui  common  in  the  Northwest  of  Americ^a,  as 
Salmo  qnlnnat,  Richardson,  Salmo  Qairdneri,  Richard.son,  Salmo  paucidens,  Rich- 
nrdson,  8ahm  h/cantlnti.  Pallas,  and  Salmo  proteiis,  Pallas,  nnd  then  continues:— 

''  Unfortunately  we  have  no  materials  for  the  study  and  comparison  of  the 
osteology  of  these  ditTerent  salmons;  hence  it  is  impossible  for  us  to  refer  any  of 
the  salm.m-lu.nes  foiin<l  in  the  reindeer-caves  to  one  rather  than  another  of 
these  speiiies.  Iiuleed.  we  have  been  unable  to  recognize  any  differencje  betwe(^n 
the  salmon  vertebra"  from  the  caves  an< I  lho.se  of  the  living  Salmo  salar,  Linne, 
although  we  have  taken  care  to  compare  vertebra)  from  the  same  region  and  of 
the  sanu>  size,  derived  from  individuals  presumably  of  the  same  age. 

••  \Vv  know  that  th(>  smIuiou  has  ,i  very  wide  geographical  distribution, 
the  same  sp^-cies  being  met  with  in  Scaiulinavia.  Puissia.  (Jermany.  France, 
(i;ilicia.  F.rilain,  L^eland,  and  in  North  America,  according  to  Mitcliill.  Storer, 
Riclnirdson.  DeKay,  (iiinther.  and  other  naturalists ;  the  sahnou  re:icliing  verv 
high  latitudes.  "        . 

"'riie  mammalian  fMunn  of  the  reindeer-age  is  th.at  of  the  boreal  regions  of 
to-day;  the  birds  killed  by  the  cave-dwellers  of  Perigord-  are  the  birds^of  this 
region:  the  shells  tlmy  used  tor  ornament,  obtained  from  the  shores  of  the 
Atlantic  and  .Mediterraiu-.m,  are  such  as  live  tiiere  still.  Ft  is  theref.uv  hiahlv 
prob.-ible,  not  to  say  certain,  that  the  existing  .Sff/mo  mhir  was  tiie  eonunon  snhnon 
of  tli(-  |)oi'(|(igii(>,  affording  food  to  the  cave-dwellers  of  the  Vezere."f 

It  is  worthy  of  notice  that  ni  the  present  time  the  salmon  does  not  com(>  up 
as^  liigh  as  the  Vezere,  nor  ,>veii  to  that  part  of  the  Dordogne,  into  which  the 
Vezere  ei.ipti(^s.  -A  U-w  |.>agues  lielow  the  conHuence  of  the  two  streams,  not  tar 
;Vor'  r.;.:  iide,"  s;. ,  :  Dr.  Mroca,  ••  tluMv  exists  in  the  bed  of  the  Dordogne  a  bank 
of  rocks,  which  in  liigli  water  forms  a  rapid  and  at  low  water  a  regular  cascade, 
called  the  Sunt  dc  la  (iirttiissf.  This  is  the  present  limit  of  the  snln^on,  and  as,  in 
the  days  of  the  troglodytes,  they  did  not  stop  here,  we  must  conclude  that  the  level 
of  the  Dordogne  since  then  has  lowered,  either  by  the  wearing  down  of  the  bed 


*  An  M  division  of  Fnuuv,  whiel.  now  f..rm.s  the  Dopi.rtmont  of  Dordoiinc  nnil  n  pan  of  that  of  (iirondo. 
t  Siiiivnijo:  On  l'i<liiiiu- (liu-ini;  llir  l!.iii,l,.,.r-|'rHo.;  ;    l!rli,|niM'  .\.|nilanicM.;   1,  p.  2L'I. 


T 


12 


PREHISTORIC   FISHING. 


of  tho  rivor,  wliicli  uncovered  the  rocks,  or  by  loss  of  a  portion  of  the  waters/* 
Anotlior  fish  of  the  s.ihnon  tribe,  a  trout,  doubtless  the  common  trout  (Salmo 
fftrio  or  Trutta  fario),  was  also  caught  by  the  cave-men,  but  it  docs  not  seem  to 
have  been  extensively  used  as  an  article  )f  food.  Remains  of  the  pike  {Eso.r 
hiciii^)  are  not  wanting-  in  the  Dordogno  c.ives ;  but  they  are  loss  abundant  than 
those  of  the  salmon.  The  pike,  says  Dr.  Sauvage,  is  common  throughout  Europe, 
from  Scandinavia  to  Turkey,  Northern  Asia  and  North  America,  and  attains  a 
large  development  in  cold  countries. 

Together  with  the  species  just  mentioned,  some  other  tishes  were  taken  by 
the  troglodytes  of  the  Vezere  district.  Dr.  Sauvage  found  in  tneir  hearth-stuffs 
the  remains  of  the  white  bream  {Abmmis  blicca),  now  common  in  Holland,  Eng- 
land, Franco,  and  (fermany ;  also  bones  of  the  bream  or  carp-bream  {Ahramh 
hmma),  of  the  dace  {SqualiKs  leitcincus),  and  of  the  chub  {Sqiialiiis  cephahis),  all 
of  which  are  now  distributed  from  the  North  of  Europe  to  the  Pyrenees,  and 
belong  to  the  cyprinoid  or  carp  family. 

"  To  resume,  the  salmon  appears  to  have  been  of  great  importance  as  food 
with  the  cave-dwellers  of  Perigord.  and  it  is  probable  that  they  migrated  in 
search  of  this  fish:  whilst  in  their  every-day  tishing  they  caught  trout,  pike, 
bream,  white  broani.  daco.  and  cliul).'"-|- 

Fishing  and  Fishing  -implements. — It  seems  to  be  a  prevailing  opinion  that 
nvAW  was  i,  lish-hunter  before  he  l)ecamo  a  tish-catcher,  or.  in  other  words,  that 
the  spearing  and  shooting  of  tish  preceded  the  methods  of  capturing  them  by 
means  of  line's  and  nets.  However  that  may  be.  there  have  i)een  found  in  the 
ca\o-debris  of  Southern  France  bone  implements  which  are  identical  in  shape 
with  a  class  still  used  for  catching  tishes  and  birds.  I  allude  to  small  bone  rods 
tailoring  toward  both  ends,  and  sometimes  grooved  around  the  middle,  to  facili- 
tate the  fastening  of  a  line.  Such  a  primitive  fishing-utensil — it  hardly  can  be 
called  a  lish-hook — is  properly  baited,  and  when  swallowed  by  a  fish  or  bird, 
cannot  be  disgorged,  and  the  creature  falls  a  prey  to  man. 

These  pointed  rods  are  employed  in  tishing  on  the  Northwest  Coast  of 
America,  as,  for  instance,  by  the  Makah  Indians,  who  inhabit  the  region  about 
Cape  Flattery,  in  Washington  Territoiy.  •'  For  very  small  fish,  like  perch  or 
rock-fish,"  says  !^[r.  James  G.  Swan.  "  they  simply  fasten  a  small  piece  of  bone 
to  a  line  of  sinews.  The  bone  is  made  as  .sharp  as  a  needle  at  both  ends,  and  is 
tied  in  the  middle. "J 

I  give  in  Fig.  2  the  representation  of  one  of  a  sei'ies  of  double-pointed  and 

*Hrocii:  Tho  Tr.)^'loaytes ;  p.  328. 

tSiuiviino:  On  Kisliiii^  (Uirini;  thn  Him lulcer- Period  ;   Ki'liiiiiiio  A(|uitnnioin;   I,  p.  22''),  el  passim. 

JSwaii:  Tlip  Indiiins  of  Ciipc   Kliittnry,  hI  the  Kritniiioo  to  tho  Striiit  of  Fiicii.  Wiuhiiigton  Torritory  ;  No. 
22(1. if  SMiilh^opiiiiii  CoiitrilMitioiis  to  Kiiowli'di;e  ;   Wiifhinijtoii,  18C9;   p.  41. 


It 


4b 


DOiruJ.E-POlNTKI)    HONE    IMPLEMENTS. 


13 


grooved  bono  iniplenionts  in  the  United  States  National  Mu.sonin,  obtained  from 
Eslviinos  of  Norton  Sound,  in  Alasiia,  by  Mr.  E.  W.  Nelson,  wli.,  went  t(.  tl.at 
region  in  1877,  and  reumined  there  about  four  years,  engaged  in  investigations 


*«' 


Fio.  2.-Doi.ble-poiute(l  boue  implement  used  iu  eatching  birds.    Eskimos,  Nortou  Souud,  Alaslia 

(48571;. 

in  the  interest  of  the  United  States  Signal  Offlee  and  the  National  xMuscuni. 
These  pointed  rods,  Mr.  Nelson  informs  n.e,  are  used  bv  the  natives  for  catehin- 
sea-gulls  and  murres.  which  they  cat.  using  also  the  skins  of  the  latter  as  a 
material  f.,r  c.jats.  A  cord  made  of  braided  grass,  and  from  fifteen  to  eighteen 
inches  long,  is  looped  to  the  grooxe  of  tiiese  pointed  bones,  and  fastened  laterally 
with  the  other  end  to  a  trawl-line  kept  extended  by  anchored  buovs.^Mhe  bono 
being  baited  with  a  small  fish,  into  which  it  is  inserted  lengthwise."  Tlic  trawl- 
lines,  with  the  short  baited  cords  attached  to  them  at  intervals,  are  set  near  the 
breeding-places  of  those  birds. 


«» 


'J 


Wti 


I 


Fl<i.  3. 


A 


Hi 


i^ll 


1-l.i. . 


All  -}• 


Pju,  ». 


Fiua.  0-8.— Doiil)le-]K>iiiLe(l  Ijoue  imiilcmouts.     Ijii  Madelaiue. 

Similar  bono  rods,  as  stated,  have  occurred  in  French  caves  inhaliilcd  durin.. 
tiie  reindeer-period.    Figs.  3  to  Sj"  represent  a  number  of  such  point.xl  implements 


■»T1.0  bu,,vs  arc  .ith..,-  worked  blocks  „f  w„od  „r  inllutcd   bbuldw^  „f  sc-aln,  walruses,  ete..  and  the  anchors 
ordmiiry  stones  of  siiitahle  si/.e.     The  stone  is  ntluclied  to  the  buoy  by  a  raw-bide  line. 
tReliciiiiiuAiiuitanieie;   Figs.  10-15  OH  B  Plate  VI. 


14 


I'liimiSTOIUO    I'ISlllNO. 


of  chftc-on    sixos.  nil   found  .t  the  st.-.(io„  of  U  M.-ulel.ino.  wlii.-I,.  I.owovcm-   is 
not  the.  only  one  n.  .Southorn   Fnnco  that  has  f,„,,isluHl  such  ohjcrts.     Two  of 
hos.  here  hgurcHl  show  notchings,  ,nul  ll.o.e  is  at  least  sonu,  ,,n,hal,ili(v  (hat 
tlicy  served  in  the  inaimer  before  described. 

M.  LnHot   lK.w.-ver  gives  it  as  Mr.  Christy's  opinion  "that  thev  n.av  havv 

lu.ned  part  ,.t  h.sh-hooks,  having  been  tied  In  other  bones  or  stiek.;  oblim.elv  • 

a.ul,  indeed,  m  the  specimen    l^ig.  !:>  (l.e.e  Fig.  5)   there  are  notehes  made;,! 

trvas  a,  ,..  the  .stem   and  one  of  its  ends  is  flattened  on  one  side,  , so  a.  to 

.  lo.  o    Its  being  laid  against  another  piece  and  tied  seeureh-  on.-^-     [n  order  (o 

'^::TT:      :'•  ';•  '^T  ^^--t  wlmt  ,.  cans  a-..,ishing-impi.: 
tion    ^ootka  Sound,  •  yet  without  indicating  for  what  .special  pun.ose  and  in 
what  manner  it  was  used.     ••  8ueh  thin  tapering  pieces  of' wood  or  lin.  tied 

jvecuiv  y,  .,t  a  certain  angle,  on  the  thicker  part,  and  within  tlu-  curve  of  a  stick 
bent  like  a  .shepherd  s  crook.  .Sometimes  the  spikes  are  sharp  at  i,oth  ends  but 
more  otten  they  are  blunt  at  the  outer  eiul.'^t  ' 

The  imi^ement  figured  by  him  is  a  f^aliMoo^;  identical  in  sha.-c  with  one 
epresented  by  Mr.  Swan  m  his  work  on  the  Makah   Indians  of  Cape  Flatterv 

luilibut-hooks  being  generally  from  tive  to  ten  inches  long  § 

'"Hie  lialibut-hook,-'  he  says,  '-is  a  peculiarly-shapJd  instrument,  and  is 
■"■•Hie  of  splints  tron.  hemlock-knots  bent  in  a  form  soniewliat  resemblin...  an 
nx-bow      Jhese  knots  remain  perfectly  sound  long  after  the  body  of  the  liJlns 
<h-c,-,yed   and  are  exceedingly  tough.     They  are  selected  in  preference  to  those  of 
•spruce,  because  there  is  no  pitch  in  them  to  oifend  the  lish,  wliich  will  not  bite 
■•It  a  hook  that  smells  of  resin.     The  knots  are  first  split  into  small  (slender  V) 
pieces,  whidi,  atter  being  shaped  Mith  a  knife,  are  inserted  into  a  hollow  piece  of 
the  stem  ot  the  kelp  and  roasted  or  steamed  in  the  hot  ashes  until  they  arc 
pliable  ;  they  arc  then  bent  into  the  re.,uired  form,  and  fed  until  thev  are  cold 
when     hey  i-eta.n   tin.  shape  given   them.     A   barb  nnule  of  a   piece  of  bone  is 
iHMHly  lashed  on  to  the  lower  si.le  of  the  hook  with  slips  of  spruce  .-ul   thin  like 
a  ribbon   or  with  strips  of  bark  of  the  wild  cherry.     The  upper  am,  of  (he  hook 
IS  s  .ght  y  curved  outward,  and  wound  round  with  bark,  to  ke.-p  it  trom  splittin.- 
A  thread  made  of  whale-sinews  is  usually  fastened  to  (he  hook  for  the  purnor,; 
Hi  tying  on  the  bait,  and  another  of  the  same  material,  looselv  twisted,  serves  to 
asten  the  hook  to  the  kelp  line.     As  the  halibufs  mouth  is'vertical,  instead  of 
^':^'''''^±^^'^;;^^^^'^^^_M^,  it  readily  takes  the  hook,  the  upper 

,u,.|y  ..V  thc,r  n„dJle  to  ,ho  bovel...a  end  of  h  .In.f,,  n..,v  „,.,  „av„  ...,..,.1  fo.  UnU  „oi,„  and  b.rb      '     1 
M.ch  aMl,e  Australmns  ,„ake  out  of  „  ,...n,  .tick  and  a  kangaroo.  ,i,„„a  .,,.,,,,.,.1  at  1,'„1,  ,.,.,...■  ' 

T  il)iil. ;  J  I,  1).  ,')], 
.tibid. ;  U.  p.  iV,. 
«Scl,o„l..,aA  ligu,..  o„  l-lato  ,,  of  Vol.  11.  of  ,,i,  ,a.ge  work  a  M.nilar  book  ,Vo,n  On.gon,  but  .ives  no 


^'w 


JL 


i)omiM';-i'oiNTi;i)  konh   imimjcmknts. 


*♦ 


»» 


>4| 


Itnrtioii  of  whirli   pnssos  oiitsido  mid  ovor  tliu  cuniov  of  tl 


10  UlOUtll,  JlIK 


•"ort  of  .sju-iiii--  to  fjistoii  the  barl»  into  tlio  li.sli's  Jiiw.     The  Tiul 


I  net 


S    MS 


iiui.s  prefer  this 


kind  of  liook  for  hfilihul  iishiiig,  although  they  can  readily  procure  metal  ones 

from  the  white  traders. 

"The  lines  used  in  the  halil.uf-tishiiig-  are  usually  niade  of  the  stems  of  the 
gigantic  kelp.  A  line  altached  to  one  of  the  arms  of  tlie  halil)ut-liook  holds 
it  in  a  vertical  position,  as  shown  in  Fig.  9.     The  bait  used  is  the  cuttlelish  or 


I'Ki.  9.— Hiilibut-liodk.     Jliikiili  Imliiiii.s  Capo  Flattery. 

squid  {Octopii>i  fidwrnthfns),  whh'h  is  plentiful  and  is  taken  by  the  natives  by 
means  of  barbed  sticks,  whirli  they  thrust  under  the  rocks  at  low  watei-.  to 
draw  the  animal  out  and  kill  it  by  translixin-'  it  with  the  stick.  A  porti.Mi 
of  the  scpiid  is  tirmly  atta.'hed  to  the  hook,  whicii  is  smdc  by  means  of  a  st„ne 
to  the  bott-.m.  the  sinker  keej.inii  the  hook  nearly  in  a  stationary  position.  To 
the  ui)])er  portion  of  tli(>  li)ie  it  is  usual  \n  attach  liladders.  which  serve  as 
buoys,  and  several  are  set  at  one  lime.  A\'iicn  th(>  tish  is  hooked,  it  pulls  the 
bhuid<T.  but  cannot  draw  it  under  water.  Tlie  Indian,  s.ring  Uw  sionai.  i)ad(lles 
out:  hauls  up  the  line:  knocks  the  llsh  un  ili,.  inwid  with  a  club  ;  r<-adjiists  his 
bait:  casts  it  .,\erboard:  and  jmurcds  to  the  ne.\l  bladder  he  si-cs  -ixii,;;-  i,,k,.,i 
of  a  lish.  Wlicn  a  niimlier  of  Indians  are  together  in  a  lar-v  ranu...  and  tli,. 
tish   bite  readily,  it   is  usual  to  lish  from  the  canoe  without  usin-'  the  biiov."- 


Imo.  10.— (.'(HJIWi-liudk.     Miikali  Indians,  C»\h'  Flmlm-. 

Fig.  10,  als„  one  of  Mr.  Swan's   illi.straliuns.  sh.nvs   (he  form   nf  .a   ,Makah 
'■'""""'■' ><•  ^vl'--'MlH.ngl,   mn.-h   siu.pler  than   th..   iialibut-hook.  is  sonunvhat 

-KvMui;   Tlw  Iniliiuis..,-  Ciij.o  KiMlt.T.v;   i.).,   1 1  ii.ul  i;:l,  ~      " 


16 


i'i{i:iiisT(inic  I'isiriNo. 


tllo  »usBM,i„„  ,|,„t  ,„„!,  „       ,„„.„  1^   ;  "  'I' •  l'>'  ™fo  (..  g..  boyoiul 

;l«ism,l  for  o,l,„,.  „,,,,u«li; ,..    He ;  f,      ii       ,"    """■        "'""■'■  "">'  '"•' 

«..,«;';r: : :  ■^";i;;.'t:':L:::;'V"'»';'^™  ;■■  »"*-^"^'  «.o  «..-.-.or  ,„• 

Ho  ,„v,:_  "     ''"■'"  """"'  '"  '1"^^  '■"■<-■»  ..r  S„„ll,o,„  FrancT. 

'-'  "ill,  ,„■ ,.  „„,,.  ,„„,„  tr  "  '  » """■  ir'  """"'""'•^-  ""'•"■»  -'■■■ 

-Kl   .oil   shaped,  arc   ,!^h  !    ^"  eu     r"  ""'''^7'"^;  •-•i--lilu-  in  cha.^ete.- 
stubbonM.e«sof  theuudenal       n  h  i:^^^  -tun,..,...    ...  eo...ide..ati,...  ..f   H,o 

'''^'^Firlnty:;;-';--^ 
i.-s.:^;.eL:"i;:;;;::;;;'r::t:;;:r:,"^^"*'-^^^ 

*Sw«„ :  The  [„di..,,,  „f  Capo  Flattery  J  ,,.  .1..  ~  ~  . 

t  'I'lio  (loinleil  pieces  of  bono 


i 


i 


f 


I'M 


llAUl'()()N-lli;.\l»H. 


17 


|.rovi(l(>(l  with  incisions  „v  jjimmivcs,  sii|.|.nsc(l  l.y  smmio  U>  Iimvo  hitvimI  for  tlio 
n.-wptioii  (.f  poison.  ,in  opinion  wliidi  I  inmlly  <';in  sjnirc.  in  <-onsi(kTiition  of  tlu- 
fact  tliat  tli(!  arrow-sliafts  of  many  Iii.lian  tribi'.s.  hiicIi  ns  tli(>  .Sioiix,  Clioyenno.«i, 


■ 


Kiu,  I  l.-l.a  Ma.l.hiiiiu.       I',,;.  lj.-I)iu.,i>iMul.       Kiu.  l:;.-l,a  M,„l..hiiiie.       I'lu.  M.-I,„  ,M,„|.|i,lii...       l-io.  i.o.-Lb  JLidelnine. 

AIM. 

Fkis.  1 1-15, — Harpooii-luaiis  of  reiiuk'tT-liDrn. 

TiMiivaways,  Xnvajos.  I'ai-Utcs.  .-nnl  otjicrs,  cxliihit  lonLiitmlinal  uroovcs,  intended 
to  ra<'ilitat('  tiic  How  of  the  wonmlcd  animal'.^  hlood.'''  Tlicrc  iirc  tliivc  of  lln-sc 
grooves,  cat  in  at  o(|ii;d  distanri's,  and  nsnaliy  forniin!^-  irrcunlar  wave  linos,  as 
sliown  in  Imu.  1'>  which  rcpivsonts  an  iron-hoaded  Sioiix  arrow.  ()['  course,  onlv 
one  of  the  grooves  is  visible  in  tlie  tiuiire. 


i 


Fk;.  10.— lri)iilieu(lc'il  !sii)ii.\  ainiw. 


*Tli('y  riMiiiml  uiiu  of  t\w  lilu.iil-gi vi'.s  (lUuir'mne.n]  on  T.ilcdo  aiul  otlior  sword-l.lmlc^ 


|; 


18 


IMIKHISTOUIC    I'lSUINO. 


Witli  n  Hiiiiilnr  vi(nv  flu'  tntirlndvlrs  iiiny  lifivc  i-iit  ;;T()ovi's  in  flic  l>,irlis  of 
tlu'ir  \V('n|tiiiis.  if.  indi'iMl,  llicsi'  iiicisidiis  were  iml  iiicrcly  dcsi^iu'd  rue  iinidiiu'ii- 
tatioii. 

In  doci'iliini;' III!'  li;ii'|>iiiin-iilM' nhjccts  uf  I'l-indt'crdinrn  ligiii'i'd  <iii  |)ji;;,('  17, 
I  t'dl'uw  more  or  less  M.  liiirlcl's  ri-nnirUs. 

I''i^.  II. — Tliis  s|u'('iiM('n  t'\hil)ils  only  two  lijirhs  on  one  side.  'I'lic  top  has 
litvn  cart'l'iilly  tapi-ri-d  to  it  point,  and  the  uroowy  of  liic  l)arl)s  aro  deeply  cut, 
e!*pi'eially  tliat  in  llie  second  one  Tlic  shank  is  sliylitly  cnrxcd,  willi  an  c\  idcnt 
.svvellinj;'  at  the  inidillc.  and  liic  Unolis  near  llie  lowcf  extremity  are  ((uito 
proiiiineid.     From  La  Madclainc/' 

Kiu'.  I-. — Tins  line  specimen  was  fonnd  liy  M.  IJriin,  conserxalor  of  llu« 
Mii«eum  of  Montanban,  nnder  tin- rocU-slielter  of  l{rnnii|iiel.  Its  npper  point 
is  short,  and  it  has  niuo  grooved  barbs  on  one  side.  'I'liere  is  only  one  Unoii  near 
the  lower  end.t 

Fig.  l."{. — This  is  a  perfect  specimen,  havinu;  its  original  tapering  end  and 
suddenly  sharp  point,  and  threo  iniiva  of  .dtornaling,  single-grooved  barb.s. 
From  La  .\ladelaine.| 

Fig.  14. — This  specinuMi  measures  nearly  idno  inches  in  length,  .-ind  is  oiio 
of  the  largest  fouml  by  .Messrs.  I..,irtet  .and  Christy.  Its  point  is  elong.afe  and 
somewh.at  slnirp.  and  the  stem  regularly  rounded.  The  b.-irlis.  cut  out  synimet- 
vicilly  and  marked  with  single  groo\cs,  ,ire  three  on  one  side  (liM't)  .and  live  on 
the  other  (right)  ;  the  tirst  on  the  right  side  is  placed  forward,  and  has  none  to 
cornvspond  with  it  on  tiie  otlnu'side.  The  others  jire  nearly  opposite  or  aUeriiidi'. 
The  knobs  at  the  lower  end  are  very  ]iromin(iit.     Krom  La  .Mad"l.aine.>^ 

Fig.  1"). — A  distinct  lype,||  with  the  point  form  ng  a  triangle  iiy  the  meeting 
of  (wo  b.irbs,  which  like  the  others.  ,ire  ne.irly  Ihd.  .and  provi<led  with  (wo 
paralKd  groovi's  on  i.,  '  ''ices.  The  li.irbs  |iroJect  ojiposite  e.icli  other.  'Che 
stem   is  marked   liy  two  loni;,,,  '   lines.  betwe(>n  wiiicli    is  a  sonu'wh.al  raised 

tillet  dying  out  .at  the  point.     The  knobs  at  the  lower  end  are  tolcr.ibly  prominent. 
From  La  Madelaine.'; 

Fig.  17  represents  a  tV.igmeid.ary  h;ir])oon-sh,apeil  object  of  rcindeerdioru 
from  La  Madelaine.  tlu"  lower  n.art  of  which  is  not  t.-iperiiig.  but  teruMii.ites  in 
"a  butt  coincx  on  one  face  and  iie.rl\  Hat  on  the  other."  and  exhibits,  uioreoxcr, 
above  the  lowest  p.iirof  ba!"ii>-  all  that  rem.iinsof  them — a  longitudinal,  dceply- 


*  Hcliquiio  Aciuitanicio;  rpdiiotinn  m   I-';,'.  -  uii  li  I'lato  VI. 
flbiil.;  rediu'tiiMi  ol'  Fit;.  ',i  .ui  |i.  ."lO,  II. 
illiiil.;  reduction  of  Fii,'.  i  on  I!  I'hilc  XIV. 
4  lliid.;  ii'duotion  of  Ki(;.  -I  on  It  Plato  I. 
i  "  Unless,''  II...  Jl.  Larti't  mi\s,  "it  wiis  oriniiuiUv  lonu'ir.  Ki\d  liius  been  rccut  and  sliaiiu'iii'darier  Imvinj;  lioi'u 

lllolv.Ml." 

"   Ui'li.|Uia' Ai|nitanii'U' I  ri'dinli.m  ol    l''ig.  Ton   It  I'iatu  1. 


f 


I 


II  Altl'iKiN-lllvADS. 


H) 


i 


f 


<Mit  pcrfdrnlidii.     II   is  (lie  uiilv  ultjivt  of  tliis  spceifil  t'unu  tiij;iiro(l  in  "  lli'li((iiia! 
A(|iiiliinic!i'.''''     1  pluco  iildnysido  of  it    Kig.  IH.  rc] nrsL'iiliiiu-  n  s|K'ciiii('ii  fuiim! 


% 


Fin.  17.-l.:i  .Mh'I.'Iium  .  I'l'i-  li-.— l.iiiiKi'i  i'J  Mhwo. 

Fids.  17  anil  18. — (liir|)iiiiii-liracls  nf  rt'iiiiitvi-iiurii. 

Ity  M.  Rlic  Massciiiit  at  Laiigcric  IJasso.f  [Is  Inwci-  cxtrcMuity  ta|icrs  to  a  point, 
and  liicri'isa  iicrloraliiiii  al  siinic  distance  tVuin  it.  TIr' drsiun  is  iidt  sidlicioidly 
characteristic  {,,  slmw  win'liirr  the  ulijcct  lias  a  llattisli  or  iMiiiidrd  funii. 

'riicrc  can  lio  iiu  duiilit  tli.al  many  (if  tiic  points  of  rciadccr-iiurii  I'mmd  in 
the  French  caves  were  the  arniatni'es  i\\'  huntin;;--spi>ars.  if  nut  of  arrows,  whidi 
fad.  if  it  neeih'd  veritic.alion,  is  proved  iiy  tiie  diseoverv .  al  the  station  of  Les 
Ey/.ies.  of  a  lioiie  in  whicli  a  iiroUen  l),ii'l)ed  dartdiead  still  i-einains  tixi'd.i  It 
wonld  he  iiupossihle  to  decide  at  this  lime  which  o,  the  .irmatiiivs  provided  with 
hnrhs  served  as  the  lie.nls  of  liiiidin;ji,-spears  or  of  harpoons.  I'ossildy  the  cave- 
nu'ii  wei'e  not  wry  chui(\'  in  the  selec\ion.  and  used  them  ;is  the  occasitm  re(piirod, 
though  it  is  (piite  prohaMe  that,  in  spearing  tish.  they  preferred  shafts  purposely 
provided  with  heads  having  unilateral  harhs.  which,  of  eoiir.se,  [)eiietrated  with 
greater  ease.     JDr.  Jiruca  i.s  very  .strict  in  his  detinition  of  the  harpoons  u.seil  hy 


*Fi,i,'.  "i7,  I,  |..  I  DO. 

f  JlaUM-iuiix  iMPUr  I'llL^tnirc  rriuiitivc  r.l  Niitiii'i'llo  ili;  I'Hoiiiiiu:;   \u\.  V,  ISO'.l,  I'ImK;  'Jll. 

I  Kifjiiri'd  ill  l''i;;iii(T'-  ■'  I'liijiilivi'  Mini,"  j..  10(1. 


i* 

h 


i 


20 


I'KKII  ISTOIfIC    KlSIIIXCt. 


i 


the  cavc-mcn.  "The  harpoon,"  he  says,  •'  was  a  smiill  dart  of  rpindcor-horn,  very 
like  the  largo  btirbeil  arrows^,  except  tliat  the  barlxs  were  only  on  one  side ;  a 
slight  protnberanee  at  the  base  allowed  a  e(n'd  to  l)e  attached,  which  was  held  in 
the  hand  of  the  iishcrman.  It  lias  been  frequently,  and  is  still,  confounded  with 
the  arrow.  It  is  dear  that  t\n  arrow  barbed  only  on  one  side  would  be  very 
defective  in  flight,  as  it  describes  a  long  curve;  its  course  is  necessarily  affected 
by  the  resistance  of  the  air  which  sustains  it ;  but  in  the  short  flight  of  the 
liarpoon  this  inconvenience  is  much  less,  and  besides,  the  direction  of  the  harpoon 
is  downward,  and  it  does  not  need  to  be  sustained  by  the  aii".  The  instrument 
barbed  only  on  one  side  is  then  not  an  arrow,  and  must  be  a  harpoon.  The  use 
of  its  barbs  was  to  catch  and  retain  the  tish  after  it  was  struck ;  but  why  were 
they  all  upon  one  side?  To  diminish  the  width  of  the  dart  so  that  it  might 
penetrate  more  readily  ?     I  cannot  say. 

*'  One  of  my  colleagues,  M.  Lecoq  de  Boisbaudran,  in  a  conimunicatinn  before 
the  anthropological  section,  makes  some  very  interesting  remarks  u[hhi  the  mode 
of  action  of  the  unilateral  barbs  of  the  harpoon.  While  pa.ssing  thron';ii  the 
air,  these  barbs  do  not  cause  the  harpoon  to  deviate  pcrceptii)]y.  but  as  soon  as 
it  enters  the  water,  the  unequal  resistance  it  encounters  must  necessarily  ch.inge 
its  direction.  It  would  seem,  then,  that  the  tisherman  who  aimed  straight  for 
the  tish  would  miss  it.  Now.  it  is  well  known  that  a  straight  stick  appears  to  be 
broken  when  plunged  obliquely  in  water:  in  like  manner,  in  consequeiu-e  of  the 
refraction  of  the  luminous  rays,  the  image  of  the  tish  is  displaced,  and  if  direct 
aim  were  t-iken  at  this  image,  it  would  also  l)e  missed.  Here  are.  then,  two 
causes  ot  error.  Now.  it  is  evident  that  if  they  can  be  brought  to  act  in  opposite 
direction..^,  they  will  counteract  each  other,  and  M.  Lecoq  shows  that  when  the 
barbed  side  is  turned  downward,  the  harpoon  will  reach  its  destination.  This 
arrangement  of  the  Inirpoon  was  then  intended  to  rectit'y  its  cour.se,  which 
indicates  great  sagacity  of  observation  in  our  troglodytes. 

"The  inhabitants  of  T('rre-de-I<\'i(  still  use  a  hiirpooii  l),irl)ed  on  one  side 
only."'^' 

At  this  diiy.  however,  the  hlskiuios  and  Imlians  of  the  Xo'lhwest  Const  of 
America  u.-se  h;iri)oons  with  heads  li,irl)i'il  cither  on  one  sid(>  or  on  l)otii.  As  an 
example  I  repre.<eat  in  Fiu'.  lit  .1  -cMl-h.-irpoon.  ;il)oiit  live  leei  long,  used  by  tlie 
l']skimos  of  IJristol  I?,iy.  in  .\las|;a.  Fig.  :,'()  siiows  its  upper  part  enlarged. 
The  head,  made  of  w;drns-i\  ufv.  Iiarlied  on  l)oth  si<les,  and  provided  with  .an 
eye,  lits  with  its  tajterinu'  lower  rad  into  .a  eori'esponding  (.avity  in  a  k'nd  of 
socket    iiiade  of    lioiie,  into  uiiieii    tin'  wooden    shatt    is  inserted.      An   inflated 


I 


lii 


m 


'linic'n-  Till!  Tni'^lodyli"^;   p.  32!l.  —  \    Kuoi^inii    huiii-    li«r|p.i.iTi-ln'iiil.  i'it;ht    inrlioi  aiiil    In ii^luli-    Inii';, 

liiivirii;  II  ^ini;li'  liiuli  mi  rnr/i  siili',  is  liijun'd  in  "  l{i'lii|iii!0  AqiiitiiiiicM\"  II,  p.  ITU.  It  was  nliliiiiii'il,  willi 
cilJHTs,  iluriiiL;  111"  voyii{;u  nf  till-  "  l!''Mn1i'."  Ui'lrnMii-i'  will  III!  iimcl"  licri'iiriiT  in  ili"  tiin'  mtIpi  uI'  Imni'  liiir|i<iiiii- 
lipiid-  rnwii  Ticrru  di'l  Knogn  in  Ihi'  I'nilod  Sliiti!s  Xuliniial  Miim^iiiii. 


__l 


HAKPOONS. 


21 


stomaoh  of  a  seal,  attacliod  to  its  lower  |)art,  .serves  as  a  float  or  buoy.  A  loiiu' 
line  of  braided  sinew,  fastened  at  some  distance  from  tlie  end  of  the  sliaft, 
connects  the  latter  with  the  ivory  iiead,  as  shown  in  the  figure.     The  lino  lo.,s»iv 


I 


1 


Fill.  ■.;n._rp|.pr  |..irli.iii  i.l  rig  ni,  erilaiK'"! 


P.a.W.-K..klmHs,li,i.,t„ln,5,Ala-l<..    (lllM).  F.i.  ^l.-RsUim...  Yukon  liiv,.,,  Alaska.    W44,. 

Fir,R.  1!)-21.— Hnrpoona. 

coiled  around  the  shaft  and  closely  below  (he  siu-ket   lias  notliMm-  to  do  with  the 
arrangement  Just  described,  but  serve^^  to  •.(rcMigtheii  the  connection  of  tiie  siiaft 


*1 


h^ 


I 


22 


PRKHISTORIC   I'lSHINTi. 


il 


with  the  socket.  In  launching  the  liarpoon  at  ;i  se;il,  which  is  done  liy  means  of 
tlie  throw ing-board,  the  head  becomes  (h^tached,  remaining  in  the  body  of  tiie 
animal,  v.'Iiich  dives  under,  pulling  down  the  emli  irrassing  float,  but  reappears 
after  a  while  on  the  surface,  when  the  pursuing  hunters  in  their  skin-boats 
(bidarkas)  finally  kill  it  with  dubs.  The  animal  is  claimed  l)y  the  individual 
who  first  sti'uck  it;  but  if  two  have  fastened  simultaneously  their  spears  in  its 
body,  the  one  who  wounded  it  nearest  the  head  becomes  the  owner. 

Fig.  21  represents  a  lighter  kind  of  seal-harpoon,  derived  from  Eskimos  at 
the  mouth  of  Yukon  River,  Alaska.  It  somewhat  resembles  the  one  just 
described,  but  lacks  the  buoy,  and  is  feathered  at  tlie  lower  end.  The  hunter 
likewise  employs  the  throwing-ljoard  in  connecli.>n  with  this  harix'on,  whii-h 
measures  about  iive  feet.  The  ivory  h(\ad  has  five  l)arl)s,  two  on  one  side  and 
three  on  the  other.  The  line,  passing  through  the  eye  of  the  head,  and  properly 
attached  to  it,  is  fastened  below  the  socket  and  at  some  distance  fro\n  the  feather- 
ing. When  the  head  is  buried  in  the  seal's  body  and  has  become  detaclied  from 
the  shaft,  the  latter  floats  in  a  direction  crossing  that  in  which  the  animal  swims 
or  dives,  and  thus  impedes  its  motions. 

Arrows,  in  every  respect  similar  to  this  kind  of  spear,  but,  of  course  smaller 
(about  two  feet  eight  inches  long),  and  iiaviiig  a  notch  at  the  lower  end  of  the 
shaft,  arc  used  for  the  water-hunt  by  I'^skiums  of  the  Xorthwest  ("oast,  for 
instance  by  those  of  I'ristol  13ay.  When  the  arrow  has  reached  Its  victim,  and 
the  point  has  come  ofVtlie  shaft,  the  litter  floats  like  that  of  the  seal-spear  just 
described.  These  arrows  are  shot  from  short  liowr',  stifVened  on  the  back  with 
whalelione  and  sinew,  and  not  easily  lient. 

I  have  given  a  somewhat  detailed  account  of  thes(^  harpoiuis  and  .arrows 
with  detachable  heads,  because  it  has  been  suggested  the  harpoon-like  heads 
from  the  French  caves,  wliirli  nearly  all  show  a  tapering  termination,  served,  in 
part  at  least,  as  detachable  armatures.  Tiie  projections  or  knobs  at  their  lower 
ends,  it  is  supposed,  facilitated  the  fastening  of  a  line.  If  such  really  was  tiie 
ca.se,  the  liart  must  !ia\-e  been  inserted  into  a  I'oiiical  cavity  at  the  upper  extrom- 
ity  of  the  siiaff,  for  no  horn  or  lioue  sockets  made  for  receiving  the  tapcrii  g  ends 
of  the  dart-heads  ha\e  been  found  in  tiie  l''reiieli  ewes,  it  would  lie  hazardous 
to  asstn-f  that  the  ca\'e-men  of  Dordogne  made  use  of  an  apparatus  so  i-oiiipiieatcd 
as  an  Eskimo  seal-spear,  their  ;ittarks  being  chiefly  directed  agjiiust  large  lisli, 
such  as  salmon  and  the  li!<e.  No  one  can  say  whether  their  flsh-spears  h;id 
detachable  or  fl.xetl  points.  In  the  latter  c.ise  llu'  kiiolis  witli  which  the  dart- 
heads  iire  provided  may  siniply  have  served  to  bold  iig.iliires  by  which  the  head, 
after  being  inserted  into  the  lioHowed  end  of  the  shaft,  was  more  lirmly  lashed 
to  it.  Yet  armatures  like  those  rejireseiited  liy  I'ius.  17  and  18  certainly  have 
the  appearance  of  detachalile  hciids. 

It  will  be  seen  hereafter  that  certain  North  American  Indians,  in  c;i|»tiii-ing 


{ 


1 


rr. 


HARPOON-HEADS. 


23 


salmon  and  sturgeon,  used,  and  still  use,  a  long  spear  with  a  detachable  sharj) 
bono  point,  connected  by  a  string  with  the  shaft.  The  ])oint,  however,  is  not 
inserted  into  the  shaft,  but  the  shaft  is  made  to  tit  into  a  cavity  at  the  upper 
extremity  of  the  point. 


Fici.'<.  22  and  2.1. — Harpoon  or  arrow-heads  of  reiiuleer-horii.    La  Maileluiiio. 


I 


1 


Figs.  22  and  2'{  represent  small  harpoon-like  objects  of  reindeer-horn, 
iigiired  in  "  Rolii|nia>  Afjuitanica'."'^-' and  both  found  ;it  La  Madelaine.  Tiie  tirst 
of  them  is  thus  doscrilxvl : — "A  small  specimen  cut  in  tin"  sha])e  of  a  barlied 
harpoon,  with  a  long  ixpjnt,  which  has  licen  broUen.  There  a)'e  four  barbs  on 
one  side  only,  distinctly  separate,  sliarji.  and  very  oblique,  but  without  the  usual 
grooves.  Th(>  lower  part  tapers  ro  a  (joini  without  any  indication  of  knobs. 
Tills  diminntivo  weapon-head  may  have  served  as  an  ariMw-head."  The 
descriptiini  of  the  si'cond.  repi'csented  in  l''ig.  J;{.  is  as  follows: — -'Another 
minute  har|)o(Mi-like  lioad,  of  similar  dimiMisions  to  the  last,  l)nt  showing  oidv 
two  l)arl)s  cut  distinctly,  wliilsl  al»ove  them  two  otiu'rs  are  intlicateil  by  shallow. 
obli(pie.  nntinished  noicho.  This  specimen  li.is  preserved  its  sharp  point.  Xe.-ir 
the  pointed  liutt  there  is  a  kind  of  notch,  which  may  have  been  of  use  in 
fastening  this  little  weapon  on  a  shaft. "t 

If  not  arrow-points,  these  litth>  darts  may  !i,mv(>  served  as  armatures  of 
<linnnnti\-e  tishing-spcai's  in  the  hamls  of  juvenile  ca\e-dw(>lli>rs.  'i'hey  hardly 
resemnle  the  liarbed  prongs,  two  or  three  oi'  mu'e  of  which  form  the  heads  of 
what  are  now  c.dled  tish-gigs;  ;ind.  inileed,  in  looking  caret'ully  ovei-  the  pl,at(>s 
of  "  Ridicpiia'  A(piitanic;e,"  I  have  not  noticed  tli(>  ligure  of  a  sin-ie  specimen  of 
a  form  to  be  thus  employed. 


»  KiL'-.  S  iiii'l  !i,,n  II  I'liiip  VI. 


•  l{i'lii|iiiii'  Ai|iiiliiiiii'ii';    II,  |i.  57,  e'.r 


■c: 


34 


I'KEHI.STOKIC    KISHINO. 


station  ..,;,,.  o"l^    '  '  •  ,     i  r  r'  ';    ^  ^••^:'"^'^-     '^J--  --  ^-..Hl  at  tl.is 
}  u,ht  l.a.pooi.-l.ke  objects,  differing  in  the  exeouti-.n   as  well  as  in 


lil 


m 


Fia.  li7. 


I'l.i.  i4. 


All     ' 


FlO.  28. 


*  Sec  p.  9. 


HAKPOOX-riMADS. 


2o 


thoir  .stnto  ot  prcsi-rvation.  Tliroe  l.avo  ui.il.-itor.-.l  barbs,  wl.ik-  fiv(-  aro  barbo<l 
on  both  sKlos.-  TI.e  autlu.v  dosignatos  those  chirts  in  the  list  of  illustrations  as 
h»oehn>lmrp,n>e„,  or  bono  harpoons ;  but  in  oonsi-loration  of  his  ron.ark  thd 
roiiuloor-hor.,  was  noarly  always  nsod  as  tho  material  for  iniplon.onts.  it  n.av  be 
interred  that  the  darts  in  question  also  eonsist  of  that  substance. 

\y  ivprosonts  tiv.>  of  them,  all  of  which  are  here  reproduced  as  Fi-s.  i>4,  2o 
liO,  2,  and  28.t  The  pe.-uliarities  of  these  dart-lieads  are  sufTicienilv  .sliown"  bv 
th.;  MInstratn.ns,  and  hav  ing  ligurod  an<l  described  characteristic  objects  of  the 
sa.,H...lass  from  French  caves,  I  may  leave  it  to  the  reader  to  make  his  own 
comparisons,  in  or.ler  to  .liscover  analogies  and  differences.  Mr  Merk  -ives  it 
as  h.s  opinion  that  the  dart-heads  im.n.l  by  him  serve.l  as  tho  armatures  of'spears 
wh.ch  were  ,.nly  thrown  at  birds,  a  view  which  I  foel  disinclined  to  accept 
Some  ot  them  may  have  served  in  the  tish-imnt. 


Pi.i.  ii. 


V:i 


I'^'is.  '_>!)  and  .iO.— Harpooiiliciuls  of  iviii,l,.or-lu)in  (?).     K't-iit's  Cavoni. 

F.iconclusion.   I   pn-sent  in   Figs.  I'i.  ,,nd  .'^0  .hOineations  .,f  two  harnoon- 

'"';;';  *''""•    ''^""^■^  ''^"^-•"-  "•  '''"•••1»''y.  Ii^nre.1    by    Mr   .b.iu,    Evans   in   his 

well-known  woi'k  <mi  tiio  aiuMrnt  stone  implements.  ,.f.,  of  Great  Hritain  ^ 

•'The  h.vpoon-heads,-  he  observes.  -  are  ,.f  two  kinds,  son.e  bein^  barbed 
"••  l".H.  snh-s  others  on  one  only.  Of  the  fornuM'  kind  but  one  exan.ple  has 
'"--.  •''...Hi.  winch  ,s  shown  in  Fig.  403  (here  Fig.  -)).  It  lav  in  the  second  tn„t 
;■'  ''"I'/''  '"  '••;•.':''  '•■•'^'-'■•"•'1'  i"  '1'"  vestibule.  Above  this  was  the  black  band. 
1  hive  inches  thick,  containing  Hint  flakes  an,l  re.nains  of  .vxtinct  mammals;  and 
ub.n-oJln^  again,  the  stalagmite  tloo,..  eighteen    inches  in   thickness.     Jt    is.  as 

I  ri?,'^^. -KK  iiniUlM  on  lip  4.V.1  iifKUiiO, 

r4 


^MWMiMHtMlliiaBli 


28 


IMtKniSTiiUIC    I'ISIIINII. 


\     .J. 

i 
i 


■    i 


usual,  iiiipcrfpct,  Imt  tlio  two  and  (Hio-fourtli  iiiclics  wliicli  remain  slmw  the  tapering 
liiijut  and  l"ur  liai'is  on  eitlicr  .si(U>.  windi  are  opposite  to  each  other,  and  not 
alternate,  ll  is  preeiscly  of  the  .same  eharaetiM"  as  some  of  the  harixiondieads 
from  the  cave  of  La  Madelaine.  in  the  J)ordouiie.  which  are  usually  formed  of 
I'cindeer-horn.  TIk^  material  in  this  instance  is,  I  believe,  the  same.  The 
striated  marks  of  the  tool  hy  wliicli  it  was  scrjii>ed  into  form  are  sti'l  distinctly 
visilile  in  places.  Siu-Ii  harpoon-heads  have  been  regarded  as  characteristic  of 
the  latest  division  in  the  sequeuce  of  this  class  of  caverns,  and  have  been  found 
in  numerous  localities  on  the  Continent. 

"Of  the  other  kind,  which  have  the  barbs  along  one  sid(>  only  of  the  blade, 
two  e\aui|)Ies  have  been  found.  One  of  these,  though  in  two  ])ieces,  is  otherwise 
iie.'irly  perfect,  and  is  shown  in  Fig.  4(14  (here  Fig.  •JO)-  It  has  also  its  analogues 
among  the  harpoon-heads  found  in  the  cave  of  La  .Madelaine  and  el.sewheri", 
espe<'ially  at  Uruniipiel.  Its  stem  shows  the  pi'ojection  for  retaining  the  loop  or 
cord  by  which  if  w.is  connected  with  thi-  shaft,  though  it  was  prolial)ly  still 
susceptible  of  iM>ing  detached  from  innnediate  contact  with  it.  in  this  respect, 
as  indeed  in  general  cliar.'tcter,  tln^se  early  we;<pons  seem  closely  to  resemble 
those  of  the  l^skimos  of  the  present  day. 

•'The  otli(-r  instrument  of  this  kind,  shown  in  Fig.  4(1")  (not  reproduce  is 
the  terminal  jiortion  of  a  similar  point,  but  witii  the  l)arbs  ;dl  broken  otV  at  tiie 
liase.  It  is  about  three  aud  three-fourths  inches  long,  and  was  found  in  the 
black  l)and."''-' 

!t  is  riot  known  whether  the  cave-men  of  the  reindeer-period  in  France  and 
other  parts  of  Ruro])e  undei'stoud  lishing  with  nets,  no  pre]iared  nc^t-sinkers 
h;i\ing  bt^en  discovered  among  the  delii'is  left  liy  them.  The  aliseiice  of  the 
latter.  howe\er,  is  no  |)ositiv(>  proof  of  tin'  non-e\istence  of  nets  in  pal;eolitiii(^ 
times,  for  pel)bles  without  any  .irtiticial  moditlcation  could  have  served  as  sinkers. 
It  would  be  equally  fruitless  to  ni.ike  it  a  snl)ject  of  inipiiry  whether  they  had 
l)oats.     Referring  to  \\\o  cave-nn-n  of  the  N'ezere  \'alley.  Di-.  IJroc.-i  observes: — 

'•These  antique  tishermen  evideidly  did  not  use  nets,  for  with  nets  all  kinds 
of  tisli  are  taken.  •  Their. solo  instrument  was  the  harpoon,  with  which  they  could 
only  catch  the  large  lish,  and  among  these  thi'v  cliose  the  one  who.-e  tl(>sh  th(>y 
]>referred.;-  Had  they  boats  tor  tishing  .'  There  is  no  evidence  i>f  it;  besides, 
the  river  was  then  snfticiently  nari'ow  to  allow  the  ns(>  of  the  liai'poon  from  its 
b,inks."t 


I'.VMii-:  'I'lif  ,\iiri,.nl  Sloiw  Iiiiiili>iiicnl-,  Wi':ip"n-^,  iiimI  Oriiamoiih  of  (iroiit  ni-ilniii :  r.onil.in,  IST'J; 
,,.-1.71..!,. 

t  'I'lii'  Miliiiiiii.  Tt  Ims  bocji  M.'on,  Iiowvit,  lli.ii  ihc  ii'..^l.i,ly|i-  m1-m  .iuil'IiI  -iii.'iHit  .-|iiH'ii..i  nl'  iMi  Dr. 
■'^:invii'j;i'  i-  vci'V  positive  on  iIimI  imiiit.     S.'i.  p.  11. 

X  lir.H'ii:  Tli.>TMul..,lyt.-:  p.  MS. 


\ 


(  '  ■'    .; 


1 


DESir.NS   OK    I'TSiriOS,   KTC 


27 


I^<'lineatwns  of  J'lshos  ami  Aquafic  Mammah.-\{^hvenvc  w.,s  marlo  to  tl.o 
peculiar  nrtisti.  penchant  of  tl.o  ,non  of  tl.o  roin.lco.-po.-iorl,  wlnH,  rovoalo,!  itsolf 
m  tl.o  ,.,-act.oc  of  onoravino.  o„  l.o,-,.  and  oti.o,-  s„l,stanco.s  tl.o  outli,.cs  of  ...nimals 
wl.u-h  tlioy  h.n.tod  0.-  ol.tainc.l  l.y  otho.-  ,.km„s,  a,..l  which,  it  mav  bo  as.sin.iod 
woro  r.-anlo.l  with  special  interest  on  a.ron„t  of  th(>  advantaocs  (leiMvotl  fro,," 
thorn.     The  fact  that  a  nnn.ber  of  those  sketches  .-opresent  tishcs  seems  t..  indicat. 
tl.cr  partiality  for  tl.o  spoils  of  the  wato.-,  whi.-h,  as  wo  havo  soon,  contribute, 
lai-geiy  to  their  supplies  of  food. 


Fro.  31.-n,,„r..ontulinns  „f  lislies  a,„]  a  hoi'se    ,,  n  baton  nf  rpin.lcei-horn.    La  M.ulohiine. 

FiH'.  81  ropi-esonts  a  -b.iton"  of  .•eindeei--l.orn,  one  foot  in  lenivth.  ajmn 
wliich  two  ilsl.es  .and  ;.  h,„-se  ai'o  tivinHJ,  the  forn.er  b.-in-  verv  badly'^oxocuted, 
inso.nuch  that  it  wo„M  be  {...possible  to  in.lul.oe  i„  ..„,y  speculation  as  to  the 
-enus  to  which  they  l)elo,|o..  ()„  the  side  opposite  to  "that  shown  by  Fin^  ;J1 
other  lish-like  tlg.i.vs,  four  in  nmnbe.-.  are  .l.-aw„.  Ti,is  spo.-imen  was  foiinu  at 
L;.  .Madelai.ie.-'- 


Fro.  .S2.-Drawing  of  a  fish  ,n,  a  piuec  of  rci.Kleer-horn.     La  IVfa. 


Iclii 


Alu.  h  better  ,s  ,he  .les,.„  of  a  tish  on  a  .-od  of  .vindoer-ho.-n,  here  .iven  as 

,;;■';;.  - 1     "  ""';;.^'^^^"''":'':'  ^--'^  ^•^"■"1--'  1--  "f  veindoor-horn,  on  which 
;'*'    •"^<-'l  •-'-•n.nes  ,.,  lishes.one  on  each  side.     I„  tl.o  tio,u-o  he.-e  .nven 

V;?' '  "-''-!•  "-l'^U..-i'  tl.o,ills,anobscu..oin.licationof  thebal-^;; 

a   d    he  p,.opo,,,,.„.  .„d  .e„e,.al  appearance  pern.i,  us  to  .vter  this  lish  to  one  of 

bi    .      a    b,„h  ends  :  .„d  we  ...,.  sca..ce]y  tbrn,  a,,  opini..,,  as  t„  its  original  use, 
.  n.l  M.ethe...  ,.,.leed,  ,.  was  an  ur,.anient  or  not."-!-     The  piece  was  obtained  a 
iaA  i\Lad(>laiiie. 


•  Rcli^uin,  Aquilani™;   v\.,,  ,,  „  ,,,„„„  ,„  ,„„,  ,v._  .,.:;^,  ,,  .,  „  ,.„,,,„.„^| 


ili-liiKi  thiiii  III  KiM,  :;-j 


w  trnciiii;'  ,.n   ih,.  1,,,,.,,  j..   |,,,.j 


28 


I 


i'ukhistouic  iisiii.\(i. 


Tlioiv  is  in  Hh.  coll.vti,,,,  „(• 


, — v>\\\\. 


r..-in-orio  Basso.  „pc,n  wl.i.-l,   is  ,M,oT.n,.,l  H,.       fi"         . 

'"tcM>,iocI  fur  ,,  .,v/w/..v      Fi„.   -n  ;   "  ^  "'""f'-.o  ul  a  (is],,  supposo.l  to  l,o 

'"-i^i".. 'U::;:::;  :^;^^^^^^^^^^^^  -....not 


('(I 
fho 


*  «"»  or  M.  Kcloiinrd  L,i,-u.|. 
t  V-1.  rX,  1874,  p.  142,  Fis.  37. 
X  l£eIi,|ui:L'  Aijiiitiinici;;   I_  j,.  22.",, 


I 


IUvSIUNs   OK    riSHKS,    KTC. 


L'n 


M.  lMlu,.,-u-,l  Dupunt  l.as  publislu.l  th.  dosci-iptiun  an,!  figure  of  a  "  l.at.m  " 
with  a  rough  tHh-desigu  upou  it.  wl.ieU  was  tb.uul   i„   the  ;ave  of   Goy.t,  in 
llif  .llustration  is  hoiv  rq)i-oduced  a.  Fig.  35.     "It  i.s  oniamontod 


Bolguuu 


Fi,;.  Jio.-TnuMi,^'  ,.|'  a  lisl,  „a  a  baton  ul'  i-oiu<krr.huni.     Cavo  uf  Goyel. 

on  i|s  larders  a..d  on  its  two  faces  with  incised  lines;  I  have  n..(  vet n  aide 

o  discover  what  the  anceut  engraver  intended  (o  re,.resent  on  ..„;  of  the  faces 
because  an  nnportant  part  .,f  the  design  was  traced  on  the  lost  p„rtiun  „f  th.: 
object;  there  are  seen  lines  whi..h  cross  each  other  and  son.o  hatd'in.,. 

;•  Ihe  ..ther  tace  sh..ws  the  lignre  of  a  iish.  the  posterior  part   uf'  whirl,   is 
an  mg  on  acconnt  of  ,1.  fracture.     The  <lo,s  engraved  .,n  the  bad.  of  the  tisi: 


would  seem  to  indicate  the  characteristic  .spots  onlhe  back  of  a  tro 


ut."  '■■■ 


F.o.  :;h.-I;,„1.  Jnnvi,,;^  „1'  a  lisl,i„.-s..uo  un  thu  scapula  of  a,,  ox.     Laug.ric.  Jia.sc. 

I'V.  ;!<;  is  a  n.prud„cti„n  „f  .„  ,.x|,vn,ely  nnle  drawin-  of  a  tishino-scene 

;;,;':  p:":";  '"  ■ -'-••'-'--M,    M.MassenatatLan.eri;iW: 

I  lie  >lv.'t,-h  IS  tlnis  d,'s,Til.ed  l,v  him  .■_ 

^^_    "''''''^   -l™.-  .vpn.s,.nts  a  rudely-exe..Ht,.d    nan  fWrn.  will,  an  inunense 

*lii,|,„„i:    Us  ..  B,u„„s  ,1..  ('..i„„uoi,l..incnl  •'  ,1,.  la  Cuv.Mn.^  ,1,.  (;.,v,.,  ■    \t   ,■  •  r-7T.  " 

ll.un.,,,,  l.,a„.  l,;„-l.,„,,s.„.  W.  ll„v,I  (..wl.i,.n,i„K    ,hi"         ,      '  ^  ^"•— ^   ^  "I-  V.  '^"^:  V-  :.m 


i  ? 
:  I 


3f) 


I'HEIItSTunir    KISIIINO. 


".^  i 


•  i 


nriii,  lit  least  tlircc  tiiiii's  a.s  loiisj,'  ns  the  rost  of  the  ImkIv.  Tliis  .•inii.  it  jippi'.-irs, 
tries  to  seize  ji  tin  nl"  mii  ciinrniniis  lisii.  wliicii.  tVoiu  I  lie  Hli,i|)e  of  tlio  tail,  easily 
iiiiitlit  be  taken  for  a  cetacean.  Was  the  (Irauiilitsuiaii  inspired  by  the  recDlioiitien 
of  sonio  groat  uiaritinie  tishinu'-exjiloit  ?  And  why  not?  ITave  we  not  the 
(rrtainly  that  the  alioriuiuvs  made  e.xrursions  to  the  sea-slioi'e?  The  did'en-nt 
kinds  of  shells  wldch  we  liiid  in  tolei'al)h'  niiiMl)er.  sonietinu's  piercrMl  and  cut  l»y 
man,  among  the  fragment^;  of  tlint  and  reindeer-horn  are  an  irrefniable  proof  of 
the  fact."- 

Dr.  liroca.  however,  gives  the  following  e.vplanation  of  the  sketch  : — 

"It  rejjre.sents  a  man  in  the  act  of  harpooning  an  ,ii|naiic  animal.  The 
latter,  although  it  has  the  form  of  a  lish.  is  so  much  larger  than  the  man  tli.it  it 
has  been  supposed  h>  be  one  of  the  cetacea.  jiroliably  a  whale,  and  that  tin- artist, 
in  conseipience,  must  have  found  his  way  to  the  (iulf  of  (iascogne.  1  am  not 
disposed  to  admit  this  interpretation.  It  is  hardly  possilde  that  llu"  men  of  that 
time  were  sutlicieiitly  e.xperl  navigators  to  venture  upon  the  ocean  to  harpoon 
the  whale.  It  is  said  the  tail  and  back  suggest  the  form  of  a  cetaceous  animal  : 
liut  may  it  imt  rather  be  a  porpoise  than  a  whale?  Porpoises  sometimes  sport 
in  the  (tiroiule,  and  1  saw  once,  in  my  childhood,  one  of  these  animals  carried 
by  a  flood  even  into  the  Dordogne,  wiiert-  it  w.is  stranded  between  iiibouriie  antl 
L'aslillon.  It  was  killed  by  tishermeii  with  boatdiooks,  and  exhibited  from 
villagi'  to  village.  If.  as  is  probalile.  the  tide  ro.se  higher  in  those  days  than 
now.  and  jiarticidarly  if  the  Dordogne  was  \viiler  and  deeper,  it  is  conceixaiih; 
that  .-I  pm-poise  might  ascend  the  river  iiigli  I'liough  to  come  within  reach  of  the 
liaritooiis  of  our  troglodyti  s,  and  so  unusual  ;<\\  e\eiit  would  naturally  inspire  the 
enthusiasm  of  an  artist — ih  this  case  very  nnskilli'ul. 

"  Dut  I  am  tom|>ted  to  believe  that  this  pretended  cetai-ean  is  only  a  badly- 
drawn  lish.  The  rel;iti\'e  size  of  the  man  pinvcs  iioiiiing.  |ui'  the  artist,  thi'oiigh- 
oiit  the  whole  sketch,  has  manifeslcd  entire  contempt  for  j'roportioii.  This  too 
diminutive  man  h;is  ;i  gig.-inlic  ;iriii.  ;ind  the  li.irpoon  ho  tlimws  is  proi)ortioiicd 
to  the  size  of  the  tisii.  We  .ire  i^'iiiiiided  of  certain  jocose  di'.awings  of  the 
pi'esent  day.  in  which  puny  iiodie-  ai'e  supi'lied  with  enormous  heads,  'i'iie 
great  inti'rcst  of  tlii^  pai'ticniar  work  ot'  art  consists  in  the  un.inswei'alile  proof 
it  gi\t^s  that  the  troglodytes  w^rd  tin-  liar] ii  in  lishing."  r 

Tli('  original  of  Fig.  ''57.  found  at  I. a  .Madel.iine,  .•ind  e\ideiitly  a  part  of  a 
batiui.  is  thus  descrilied  in  the  "  Keliipii.e  Aipiitanica'"' : — 

"The  olijects  here  represented  are  engraved  on  the  face  of  a  cylindric.d  rod, 
which  our  artist  has  rendered  diagrammatically  in  two  sep.irati!  tigures.  so  as  to 
r(>produee  the  whole  in  halves. 


*Mii«eimtt  Olijci'ls  (inivi's  I't  SiMil|iti'S  ili;  LiiUL'iTii'   Hiissi;  ( I-)ni-.l,i:,'Tii>) ;   MaLniaiix  ;   Vcl.  \'.  ISr,!);   p.  .IjJ. 
Skulcli  tiikiMi  fiuiii  I'liili'  'J'i  111'  llie  ■'■Mill-  vuluiiio. 


'1: 


i 


'W 


f 


I 

i 

i 


l»i;si(iN.s    Ol'    IISIIKS,    KTC 


81 


"On  .mo  ..f  (lies,.  l,,.,lv(-s  iivpivsci.l.Nl  .-.s  a  ilat  .Hunn.v)  wv  soo  (wo  hv.uU 
ono  nttei-  the  ..tluT.  ovi.l.ntly  .vf-n.l.lc  (.,  a  bovine  nv.u.s.  W..  „,,,.  ,kI.I  tl.al 
cliamctor«  ior  a  detoni.ii.arioM  of  tl...  sptrics  aiv  not  altoudluT  uaMtiii-      'I'lic 


Fu,.  ;^7.-0„Llincs  „r  two  lK.a.I,s  „f  tl,.  nur.K.l.s,  a  lm,n,.„  lig„r...  a„  orl  r/,,  tw ,rs...l,o;uls,  ,n„l  ,lnco 

i-uw.-s  (it  marks  on  a  pice,  cil'  iviiiiU'ir-linrii.     [,a  Madilaiiio. 

p.'iiits  of  aKad.uR.Mt  a.i.l  tlio  Wi.vtion  of  the  Imnis  si.flW.  for  (I,rnis..]v(w   t„ 
.lec-Kl.-  for  (Ik.  auroH.s;  whil.si.  nmnMn,-.-.  a  ,uon.  si.„iiinn,t   inau-a(ion  r„uM  'n,.t 
K>  oIl.Mvd  (l,a„  tlu'  ronvoxity  of   (lio  f,„v!„.,ul  ami  (ho  prosc-uco  of  l.air-tuf(s, 
Ixitli  on  tin' iac'c  and  iiiidor  t!i(>  tlir.iat. 

"Oil  (Ii,.  opposite,  si.lo  of  tlio  otli.M-  Iialf-fyliiidrr  (r(.prodM.-,.d  as  a  pla.ir)  w« 
sr...  in  a   nu-dloy  of  tij,„res.  sonK'tinu's  upside  ,lown,  lirst.  a   Inunan  forni,  willi 
tlu"  Iinil.s  not  tinisln.d  v.-ry  ineorreelly.  alllin„-l,   tiie  l-nv  is  wilhonl  anv  expres- 
sion—a  n.-li-onee  i.rol.al.ly  intentional  on  tli..  part  of  the  anrionl   artist,  who 
I'.-is  perfectly  .•iiaraelerize.l,  eh.se  l.y  it.  a  In.rsoV  jiead  and  part  ..f  its  ehe-l    witli 
their  details  protly  well  remh.red.     More  to  the  ri^hl  wo  pereeiN  e  a  soeond  horse's 
liea.l,  nut  so  well  ent.     To  the  lot!  of  and  l.ehind  the  linnian  form,  anmn-.t  rows 
"I    dashes,  ur  il,oiir.-.  ,,f  whieh   uo  .•annut  e,nii|.ivliend  either  the  intention  or 
value,  there  is  an  outline  (reversed  with  respect  to  the  other  li-ure.V,  nf  a  .erpent 
or  ruthn  „f  an  ,rl  mUh  UuUrafm,.  of  Ih.  fnil-fi,  r^  and   its  head,  will,   nnnilh' 
"l";ii-  .•i|.l"-".n'l,es  the  h'-  of  the  1  ;'..,,„  f,.,,,,.      In  this  l.izarre  urnnp  of  li..„,,,s. 
"I'  iM  the  ti-ures  lluMuselves,  w  ...  ,  ■   we  cannot  see  anv  intention  or  pn.nn'ditate.I 
••irran.n-en.ent  :  and   if  others,  more  kin.win-  think   th.it    Ihev  hen-  r.^co^nize  the 
expression  of  an  alle-ory,  .,r  <.f  any  symholism,  we  very  wil'lin-lv  leave  to  tlu'in 
tiio  merit  .-i.s  well  a.s  (he  re.sponsihility.'-j- 


*Tla'  lliilii-  Mn>  Miy  uwii. 

tlt.-li'|lli:i>  .V.liul.llli,;,.;     11,,,,    I,-,;    |i^„,->,  „„    Ii    I'i;,!,.    11,  S;,  ;ui.lSl,. 


'.f 


1- 


I'llKHIsiuKK     IISIIIN,;. 

»..-:':,:;;tr,;:n:;;:;;;:r':;;;;;r^^ --' ^'- 

liimpivv.  ors,.n,r„t    it  w„s  n..f  .1,.,..      i  ,       ""'"•'"'   '"   '■''l"vs..nt  an   ocl, 


1 

Ull 


111-  r"'l;i(ii|M-  (,,  it 


F„,  ;)^.-FiJ;„n.  „t  ,  s.al  hn.r.l  .„.  a  .Irill..,;  l.oar'.  !„„( 


iMinilliy  Cmlto. 


or  Hn, (;,,. „„       ,  ,,      ,  ■'■  ';••"••""-'■'•'- of  (i„„nl,.n,.  I.,,.,,,,,,,..,,, 


''''•"'"<   <l'c'.irtisfsin(,.|.(i.ui  (u,|r,vM]M. 


;;,!;^;::;::;:;;::;'::t:'7""" -n,,;,.,,;::;:,,:,;;;:';::::, - 


:.'.— XKOI.ITIIIC   A(i|-:. 


'■HNKiiAI.    ntAI.'ACTIlI.'isTHK 

tl.«  tunnor  .-iin.,!..    ..vi,,..  .r  K         l  '';'"1-m<.-v  u.s  m.-u-  (MWaili,,;,, 

•"•  ""•■  H..U-.     The         nn.'  I  •  '       '"    ''^  '•'^"'•- '""'  '" ' •'•  'i'"  ^'"-t 

_____"J'^i""n'.tl..  .iMnnceros.  I,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,..  .,,,„    ,„,.„,   .,,^,,   ,^^.^  _^^ 

•  MMlMriHiUj   V„|    IX,  In-,,   |,    I,.,    |,.^^    .,^ 


Ni;(ii,iTiiic    \(ii;. 


:v.\ 


I 


I 


li.Nl  wnrk,.,l  „„(  tlH'ir  iiiissi,,,,  in  K,,,.,,,,,.,  ul,i|..  H...  nnisk-ux,  iviinLvr.  HiNuinis. 
il.c\,  .Mini  Mtli(M-,|u,„lni|H.,ls  .•KlaphMl  I,.;,  Inw  |,.|ii|„.ntmv.  \uu\  ..it!.,..-  miun'Mt.Hl 
'i'TlInvMnl,  „r  diusci.  (lie  c.,!.!  lieiVhts  nf  iM<.mil,'niis  ms  (1,,-ir  al.n(l,.s.  (Mi  llic 
nthcr  Land,  soviT.-iI  spock-s  „r  animals.  prWiaps  .Irriv.Ml  fi-mi  .listaiit  .•oiintri.-s, 
til.poar  !is  tlii^  (lonwsti.-af.Ml  assuciatcs  „(  man,  \vli<.  was  im  Iniin,.,.  ,,  „„.,,.  sava-o 

liimtcr,  hut  lin,l  \h w.  in  s,Mno  .listricts  at  irast,  a  lillci'  of  ||„.  s,,il,  and.  ( so- 

<|ii.-ntly,  a  ('onsnnuT  nf  vouvtal.Ic  WuhI,  (hnimli  still  assi,l„,,u<l.v  a|.|.lvin-  iiiiMs,.ir 
1..  the  c-haso  nnd  to  lishin-;-.  During  the  iiaia'ojithi.'  a-vs.  it  ;i!,|„..irs,  man  uuuU- 
hi.s  stono  f(.(,]s  and  weapons  almost  ,.\eliisively  of  Hint,  reducing  them  to  the 
intended  sliap(>  l.v  llakin-  or  ehippinv  nione.  not  havin-  leannul  yt  to  improv(. 
their  form  and  etlieiency  hy  the  proeess  nf  u'rindini;'.  Ft  was  (piite  ditVeivnt  in 
tlie  times  now  nnderconsi.leralion.  The  stone  implements  of  the  neolithic  p(-riod 
e.xliil.il  a  -real. T  variety  of  well-deliin'd  fnrnis.  and  are  no  longer  Generally  made 
of  tiint.  hnl  also  nf  other  kinds  of  stom*.  sneh  as  diorite,  .serpentine,' ha>ait, 
'pi.ift/.ite,  ami  similar  snitalile  materi.als.  Many  nf  ij,,.  ncnlithic  axes,  ehisols, 
ite.,  are  hrnii-ht  iiiln  llicir  linal  shapes  liy  ,i;rindin,i;-  ami  [lolishinu'.  Yet  the 
praeliee  of  •■hippinu  (lint  into  arrow  and  spc-ar-heads,  knives,  scrapers,  and  other 
niensils  wascarricd  on  with  ■,M'e;it  industry,  the  artieles  pmdneed  in  this  way  lieiiii;- 

""'  ""1.^'  ^''''.^   1" '•"ii-^.  I'lil  al-n.  Mvneraliy  spi'akin-'.  nf  Mipi.rii.r  wnrkmanshi].. 

insnmucli  that  tlint-chippin,!?  may  be  .said  to  have  a.ssunied  in  this  period  alnmst 
the  eharacte;-  of  ;m  art.  Some  of  tlu^  Danish  handled  dau'^ers  are  marvels  of 
skill.  The  mainifarlure  of  elay  vessels  was  --eneral  durin--  tiiis  epoph  :  and. 
thoii-li  ahv.ays  hand-m.ade.  tjii'y  fre(|iirnlly  e.\liil.il  ele-ant  forms.  Tlu.  carliei' 
meL;-aiithie  m.muments  of  Kui-oih'  (dolmens,  eliamliered  tumuli,  ete.).  pertain  to 
tiie  same  era. 

^^ '''■'' ""'   II   of  ncdlithie   times  tlio  ih'seendants  of  the  cniitemporaries  of 

tiie  m.ammntli  ;ind  tin-  -iv.it  he.ar.  or  immii:-rants  from  ahroad.  ulm  hmn-ht  with 
them  new  .arts  ;ind  the  ;inim;!ls  they  had  t.-inied  in  tlicir  nld  Imnies?  There 
eertainly  e,\ists  a  pip  hetween  p,il;i'olithie  .and  luMdithic  implements,  the  uradiial 
transiliuii  from  tnw  class  to  the  other  not  hein--  represented  with  siitlicient 
distinctness  i,y  intermedi.iti'  forms.  It  is  hi-'Iily  prnliahle.  tn  say  the  h'.ist.  that  the 
neolithic  pi<riod  w.as  iiiaii,n-ur;ited  in  I'jirope  liy  the  spreading'  <<\  ,a  new  |inpulatinii 
in  which  some  are  inclined  to  reeoi;-nize  the  lirst  wave  of  .Vry.m  immiirratioii. 

.\I!Tll''l('IAIv  SlIi':Ll,-l>Kl'(»SITS. 

Characfry. — On  the  indented  co.ists  of  thej)anisli  islands  nf  Sceland.  I'linen. 
;Moen  and  Saiiisoe,  and  alou^-  the  fjords  of  tlii>  Teninsula  of  .liitlainl  there  occur, 
mostly  ill  the  ncighliorhood  of  the  sea.  considerahle  accuiiuilations  (.f  shells, 
wiiicli  were  foriiierly  supposed  to  have  been  deposited   tiy  the  sea  at  a  time  when 

11  r> 


fit 


Vi 


A. 


^ 


34 


rREHISfORlC   FISHING. 


I'l 


the  level  of  the  land  was  lower  tii.ui  at  pivsont.  It  waj  mitiecd,  however,  that 
tae  shell-hoaps  showed  iio  tvaee  of  tlie  stratification  which  always  characterizes 
marine  deposits,  and  that  they,  instead  of  inciosini;'  slieils  of  niolliisks  of  every 
age,  contained  merely  those  of  I'tdl-Lrronn  specimens,  whidi,  moreover,  belon:;ed 
to  a  limited  mnnher  of  spei-ies  not  liviiKf  together  umler  natural  conditions. 
Upon  further  t'.\amiiiatiun  there  were  found  among  the  shells  the  liroken  bones 
of  ilitVerent  >pccies  ■>{'  wild  (piadrupeds  and  birds,  and  the  remains  of  tishes  ;  also 
implements  of  Hint.  horn,  and  bone,  fragments  of  a  rude  kind  of  ])ottery,  char- 
coal, and  ashes,  but  no  ulijects  of  niei.il  whatever.  Tlu'  artilicial  origin  of  these 
accumulations  being  now  established,  they  were  recogid.'.ed  as  the  amassed 
remains  of  the  rejtasts  of  ;i  popul.itioii  that  dwelled  in  early  agi-s  on  the  shores  of 
the  Baltic,  pursuing  the  chase,  but  chietly  the  capture  of  fish  and  shell-tish. 
The  Danes  denominate  shell-heaps  of  this  description  Kji>hlccninuddin(iii\-'  a  word 
meaning  ■•kitchen-refuse,"  lint  the  term  ••  kitchei-nddilens  "  is  often  employed 
in  English,  niiih'cn  being  a  name  still  used  in  the  ^'orth  at'  England  to  designate 
a  refuse-heap.  A  large  number  of  kitchen-middens  have  been  examined 
conjointly  by  Messrs.  Fur>.hhammer,  Steenstruji,  and  Worsaae.  distinguished, 
res))ectively,  for  their  iiroticiency  in  the  departments  of  geology,  natural  history, 
and  arclneology ;  and  the  results  of  their  investigations,  contained  in  several 
reiiorts  adilressed  to  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  ("ojieidiagen,  have  aihled  in  a 
great  measure  to  our  knowledge  of  prehistoric  man  in  the  North  of  Europe. 

Artificial  shell-deposits,  however,  have  al.-o  been  dixovered  in  other  parts 
of  Europe,  as  f-.r  instance,  in  Sweden,  Norway.  Kiigl.iinl.  .Scotland,  and  on  the 
co.ists  of  France,  both  north  .iiid  south.  Yet  nowhere  in  Europe  ;ire  they  .so 
numerous  and  well  characterized  as  in  tlie  country  to  which  my  .account  refers.-i* 

One  of  the  largest  kitchen-middens  is  that  of  Meilgaard,  in  the  Northeast 
of  Jiitland.  It  is  more  than  a  huiulred  metres  long.  ;ind  in  places  three  metres 
deej).  Very  e.\tensive  accumulations  sometim  -  jiresent  an  undulating  surface, 
the  refu.se  having  been  heaped  u[)  more  al)uudantly  in  some  jioints  than  in  others  ; 
;ind  o'-.asioiially  the  heaps  surround  an  irregular  iVce  space,  wlu're  the  cojist- 
l>eo[)le  doubtle>.  h.id  built  their  huts,  which  m;;y  li:ive  been  of  the  most 
primitive  descri|ition,  prob.ibly  poles  stiU'k  in  the  ground  and  covered  with  skins, 
liuile  hearths  con^'sting  of  a  kind  of  p.ivement  of  pebble-,  not  excei'ding  the 
size  of  ■.  man's  list,  ha\e  been  disi-overed  in  the  refu?i -iiea]is.  lin-se  lire-|ilaces 
are  more  or  less  circidar,  onlv  a    few  t'eet   in   diameter,  ;ind  surrounded  with 


*  In  KMi;li=li  |.iil]li>:iti.iii-  tlii'  phir;il  lurni  "  ICjiiliki'tiiiuiJJiiiKS  "  is  jjoniTiilIy  uiipriud. 

t  As  !imy  111'  r'mijini'il,  -lii'll  ili'in»il.-  ul'  artilKial  iiii:;in  ,iri'  riu!  (■.nilirn'il  tci  KiirM|.i',  Iml  :iUci  rmiir  ul.iiii;  [}['■ 
lillunil  districts  nt'  I'-'ier  oiiii.lin'iils.  C'.p;i.-tti-ilii>-.  .liTiviii;^  tlu'ir  nu'iitu  nf  siili-islcnio  chicUy  tVniii  llii'  m'u,  iirii'^- 
s:irily  wi'l  It'iivL- tlicru  llic  li)ki'n«  (iT  tliuir  [irusi'iKi'.  In  AM"ric:i  Micli  i>lii'll-lii'ii|>9  uri' riTi|iii  ilI,  and  hiivo  liwri 
olisi'ivcd  iVcin  Wi'-t  <ir"  iil:m.|  U<  Tii'ini  Ji'l  I'lir^ii,  iii.d  ii  so  i>n  tin;  wostiMii  sen  lidurd.  I  -liall  dcri'lr  a  portion 
ul'  lliis  |>ubliculiun  tu  North  AnicricHii  .'.|'i'll-du|n>.'.its. 


AitTinciAi,  s(iETj,-i)Krosrrs. 


35 


; 


i 


chimroiil  and  adu-s.  Tho  o,,is1-|h...|:!c.  niaiuifacturod  a  kind  of  very  primitive 
pottery,  tVagiuoiits  of  whi.-li  are  found  commingled  with  tiie  shells.  The  clay  is 
always  mixed  with  coarse  sand,  produced  by  the  trituration  of  stones,  and  added 
for  the  jmrpose  (,f  preventin.ij;  tlie  crackin,--  of  the  vessels  while  in  the  tire. 

Th.>  Danish  kjoUkeiimod<iii)gs  haveyiehled  a  number  of  awls,  chisels,  eomb- 
shaped  articles,  and  other  tools  made  of  h..rn  and  bone,  and  in  irrcat  abundance 
chipped    tlint   implements,  sucii  as  flakes,  piercers,   lanccdiea.l-shaped   objects, 
slin-ston.'s(?),  and  n<itably  ;,.x.'s  of  a  jicMdiar  shape,  and  therefore  called  -shell- 
iiii'und  axes."     They    pn.liaMy  served    iiinpeiiin-    bivalves,      f  am    not, aware 
that  any    objects    directly     vferabh.    t,,    tlshini:-,    such    as    tish-hooks.   harpoon- 
heads,  sinkers,  etc.,  have  occurred  anion-  tli.'  refuse.     The  tlint  implements  are 
mo.stly  of  ;i  rude  character,  ana  inferi<.r  to  the  well-llnished  .sj)ecimens  of  chipped 
flint  so  rrei|uenl   in   Denmark,      roli>hed   stone   implements,  however,  are  not 
entirely  wanlin-  in  tlie  kit<-hen-middens.     Takini;-  into  .-iccount.  additionally,  the 
fauna  of  the  period,  presently  to  be  coii>idcred.  it  may  not  lie  amiss  to  refer  the 
Danish  kitchen-middens  provisionally  to  the  e;irly  part  of  the  lU'olitliic  period. 
-Messrs.  Worsaae  ,ind  Steenstrup  themselves  are  nut  (piiti-  in  .accord  concernin^' 
the  anti(piity  of  tin-  Danish  kitchen-mid.ieiis.     Whij,.  the  l;ist-n;nned  genflem.in 
attributes  tiiem  to  th.' dulmen-lmilders,  the  former  considers  them  .o  belonuiin,-- 
to  an  earlier  ei-och.-     There  i>  no  evidence  ;'iat  man  lived  in  the  .Scandinavian 
rs'iirth  durin;,'  (piaternary  times.v 

'riie  ceast-people  certainly  led  .a  very  rude  life,  l)ein-.  ,ts   it   appc.irs.  nn;ic- 
cpiainted  with  a-riculture.  and  c.impelieil  .o  subsist  entirely  on  the  spoils  of  tin' 
sea  and  the  t'erest.      Xo  traces  of    carinmize.!  cereals  h.ave  been   found   in  the 
kitchen-miihh'ns:  but   masses  of  vvii,-,i  is  thou-ht  to  be  the  reHdue  .if  burned 
eel-urass   [/ostrra  mariiia.  I. in.)  .,ecur  in  their  immedi.ile  neisrhborhood.     Not 
many  centuries  .-I-...  salt  was   produced  di  the   D.'uiish  se.i-shores  by  sprinklin- 
sea-water  over  burnin-  heaps  ,,f  this  mafi.ie   plant  :  ,aud   hence  it  is'thou,ght  the 
ancienl   co.ast-dwellers   had    obt.iined  s.alt   by  the  .s.ime  j.rocess.      It  is  not  quite 
cert;iin  ulietlier  these  peopj,.   inhabited  tli.- sc.a-board  only  in  summer  or  dbrim;- 
the  whole  ye;ir,  thou-h  t he  rharacier  of  the  bones  ;ind  .in'tlers.  which   belon-  to 
animals  of  ditl'erent   a-es,   would  tavor  the  \  iew  tli.at  they    i^ved    tln're   thron-h 
sur.v.-sive  seasons.      .Mtliouuh   they  derived  their  su-tenaiice   m.iiidy   from   the 
•"'•••'•   '•"•   •"""•■  "I'    iiianniials  and    liin[>   sraltere<l  thron-h  the  refuse  show  th.al 
theehase  furnished  ;.  p.rt  of  li;.,      provisions.     The  li^t   of  the  former  cempri.scs 
the  stair,  roe.  wild  lioar   iirus     ', -■,  f,,\.  wolf,  m.ai'ten.  ottei',  porpoise,  seal,  watcr- 


'  liiill.lin.,  du  f..iii,'iv.s  ifAivluMl..-!,.  I'lvlii-i.Ti^uc  a  ( '..iliiIi..,-"-  in  !>'  ..i ;  (;,.i...m1i;ii:.-ii,  |s72;  p    1 1.",,  olc 
r'V..n..ii„.,-oii;.„ili,.l„.„  |!,.si,.,|,.|„„u'  '\'<  1„.1„„   -,:„Mlii,nvi^.l,r„    .N,.,.|.  i,.  ,  „.  r  ,1,  -   i,..,-,|..mIu  I,,  n    Kr.iv 


|.a- 


iilicrlmiipt  In  ..■„.t  IVn..,|e  ,l.r  .Strin -...it,  wol,  lio  di.i  .Muininmli-ui.d  Ilri,nllii..rpori,.do  oder  di.^  '  pal.-.olilhi«l,.. 
Zcit'  t'eiminit  Hird,  sind  n..,li  ken,.'  Spiucii  imcli-fwio^on,"  -  ll'..™,!,'.-  /),>  i;.r,,rv/,lc/,>r  ,trs  .\ur,/ni,  w,r/, 
jlfiehrcitiyrii  nrnhmdern;  h,f  Deulsthf  uherlnigi;,  lort  ,/.  Me.-tuiJ  ;  Haiiibiirg,  ISTH;  p.  17. 


il 


'S! 


36 


I'llKIIISTOKIC   KISIIINO. 


til  :     !' 


rat,  beaver,  lynx,  wild  cat,  licclgvliog.  blade  boar,  and  ithmisc.  Nox<  to  tlio 
sea-animals,  the  stag,  roc,  aiid  wild  boar  cvidiMitly  coiistituted  the  principal 
food  of  the  coast-peoplo.  The  dog,  which  is  represented  by  a  small  I'acc, 
seems  to  have  been  their  only  domesticated  animal,  and,  as  the  bones  show, 
was  also  eaten  by  them,  as  it  is  by  our  Indians  wlio  keep  dogs  as  companions, 
and  use  them  as  food,  especially  on  solemn  occasions.  The  urus  {Bos  primi- 
genhts,  Bqj.)  has  become  extinct  within  historical  times,  and  the  wolf,  black 
bear,  wild  cat,  lynx,  and  beaver  ar(>  no  longer  found  in  Denmark.  No  bones 
of  the  hare  have  occin-red  among  the  sliell-heaps.  perhaps  for  the  I'eason 
that  those  ancient  ])eople  were  ju-evented  l)y  su])erstitious  motives,  like  the 
Laplanders  of  our  day,  from  rating  that  animal.  The  reindeer  and  elk  are 
missing  in  the  kjokkenmoddings,  tlmugh  their  formci'  presence  in  Denmark  has 
been  proved  by  the  di.scovery  of  their  bones. 

Remains  of  aquatic  birds,  sucli  as  wild  ducks,  geese,  and  swans,  are  often 
met  with  among  thesliells.  Tlie  great  i)enguin  or  aidv  {Alca  imprimis.  Lin.)  and 
the  capcrcailzi'j  >)r  niountain-cock  (Tetrao  iiro(/nllin<,  Lin.)  deserve  sjiecial  mention. 
The  great  auk.  a  bird  incapable  of  flying,  being  provided  with  mere  apologies 
for  wings,  is  .said  to  have  been  totally  exterminated  e'.  erywhere  by  man. 
According  to  Professor  Carl  Vogt,  it  was  found  in  Iceland,  its  last  retreat,  until 
the  year  1842.  after  which  it  became  cxti-'ct.-'-  The  ca|K'rcailzie,  a  l)ird  no  longer 
found  in  Denmark,  though  still  inhabiting  the  forests  of  Germany,  feeds  in 
spring  chiefly  on  the  bu(b'  <if  tlie  ])ine.  a  tree  not  growing  naturally  at  iire.sent 
in  Denmark,  but  very  coninion  during  the  stone  age.  as  has  been  ascertained  by 
the  examinaiion  ot  Danish  peat-bogs,  'i'hus  it  would  seem  that  the  disajjpear- 
ance  of  the  pine  from  Denmark  caused  tju;  capercailzie  to  leave  that  country. 
Remains  of  the  domestic  fowl,  the  stork,  swallow,  and  sparrow  are  wanting  in  the 
kitchen-middens. 

The  coast-people  broke  all  the  long  Ixiues  of  mammals,  ur  split  them  length- 
wi.se,  for  extractinij  the  marmw  ;  those  containiiiii  no  marrow  .ire  K'ft  entire,  but 
gnawed  both  liy  men  and  degs.  as  the  impressions  of  the  teeth  indicate. 

Human  remains,  attril)utalile  to  the  people  of  tliis  period,  h.ive  not  been 
met  with  among  the  debris. 

CrptKir  of  Afolliis^-n  and  Fish. — Tiie  oyster  {O^frrd  nlnlis,  lAn.)  is  tiie  species 
of  shell-tish  occurring  nnisl  ;ilinnd,iiitly  in  the  kitchen-middens,  its  sliells  x.me- 
times  (constituting  almost  entirely  their  contents.  Next  fnlhiw.  in  the  urdei'  ol" 
their  fre(piency.  tlie  cockle  iC'nnliiini  nln/r.  Fiiii.t.  mussel  {M//filiis  n/ii/is.  Lin.i, 
and  periwinkle  {Jjifforinti  Hffono.  I<iii  ).  all  of  which  are  eaten  by  man  at  the 
])resent  time.  Other  marine  and  even  terrestrial  shells,  such  as  Massn  rrfiriilnftt. 
Lin.,  aiul  s|)ecies  of  JlKccinitm,    Venus,  J/rH.f,  etc.,  are  meniioned  as  occurring 


*  Vi>i;t:  Vork'siiiiyuii  lilier  Jiii  Sluiisolieii ;    Uii'.'<acii,  18i!.S;  Vul.  II,  p.  111. 


'I 


tl 


I 


i! 


ARTIFICIAL   SHELL-DEPOSITS. 


37 


ill  the  n'fuse;  Init  tlioy  appo.-ir  in  sin.-ill  iminboi-,  ami  have  added  but  little 
to  the  I)iilk  of  thoslu'll-hoai)8.  In  regard  to  the  oyster,  it  is  worthy  of  remark 
that  this  bivalve  has  disappeared  from  tlie  neighborhood  of  the  kitehen- 
middens,  being  now  contined  to  a  few  h)calities  on  the  Cattegat.  Yet  even  there 
it  never  attains  the  large  si/e  eharacterizing  the  oysters  of  the  old  shell-beds. 
The  ooekles  and  periwinkles,  too,  though  still  living  in  the  same  waters,  arc 
much  smaller  than  those  of  ancient  times.  These  changes  have  been  attributed 
to  a  diminution  of  the  saline  matter  in  the  water  of  the  IJaltic  Sea. 

The  crustaceans  are  represented  in  the  kitchen-middens  by  a  few  fragments 
of  crabs. 

Fish-remains  are  (juite  abundant,  especially  those  of  the  herring  [Clupea 
harengns,  Lin.);  but  bones  of  the  dorse  {amlns  mUarrns,  Lin.),  dab  {Flpuronectcs 
liiiiaiiflrt.  Lin.),  and  eel  {Mitrwim  mif/nilla,  Lin.)  are  also  quite  common. 

Xothing  definite  is  known  concerning  the  methods  employed  by  the  coast- 
dwr'llers  for  obtaining  their  prey  from  the  sea,  no  implements  having  toon 
discc '\er(Ml  that  altbrd  any  clue.  The  nature  of  their  captures,  however,  indicates 
that  they  had  to  venture  upon  the  open  sea,  in  order  to  make  them ;  and  they 
probably  availed  themselves  of  small  boats,  perhaps  formed  of  trunks  of  trees, 
hollowed  by  means  of  lire.  That  they  used  nets  appears  highly  probable,  though 
direct  indieatijMis  of  that  practice,  in  the  shape  of  prepared  net-sinkers,  have  not 
l)een  fdund. 


LAKE-DWELLINGS. 

Chanuid-. — The  facts  hitherto  considered  in  these  pages  l)oar  rather  indis- 
tinctly upon  prehistoric  fishing  in  Europe.  Though  we  know  well  enough  that 
the  cave-men  and  the  p 'o'  wlio  left  the  kitchen-middens  practised  fishing,  wo 
have  scarcely  any  positive  Keiwledge  concerning  the  nu'tlinds  employed  by  them 
in  their  piscatorial  luirsuits,  juid  must  lenc  it  in  a  great  measun-  to  imagination 
to  supply  tliat  want.  Far  more  prei'js,  intorni;iti<>n  con. ■■ruing  lisjiiiig  in  ancient 
limes  w.is  nbtaini'd   in   tlic  course  of  the  c  .aiaiuation     ,i"  pile-buildings  in    the 

lakes   of  Switzerland    ami  otliei-  countries   of    i''iin>p,>.     Tl xistence  of    tiie 

remains  of  thes(>  lacustrine  settliMuenls  Ixvame  know:,  in  llie  winter  of  ISo-l. 
when  the  water  in  the  Swiss  lakes  had  sunk  much  lidow  its  .n-dinary  level,  laying 
liare  large  tract  -  nf  j.-uid  along  their  shores.     A  rare  chance  was  thus  atlorded  to 

the  people  of  the  iiriuliiiorli 1  for  adding  to  tiieir  lands  liy  building  walls  n(>ar 

the  wat(M'"s  edge  as  a  means  lor  <'utting  otV  dtMuided  area-  So  it  happened  at 
Meilen.  on  the  iiake  of  /ilrich.  wliere.  during  the  pm-ress  of  such  operations, 
pieces  of  a  rmle  kiml  of  pottery,  ai'iicles  of  stone,  bone,  .and  horn,  hard-shelled 
Iruits  ;iml  other  vi>getalile  remains,  and  rows  of  decayed  woodcMi  pil(>s  were 
disc.ven'd   in  the  mud  of  )|i,.  Like.     The  late   Dr.  Ferdinand    Keller.  President 


38 


I'kkiustouk;  fishinq. 


of  the  Antiquarian  Society  of  /iiricli,  wiio  afterward  acqiiirod  so  much  reputation 
by  the  reports  in  which  ho  olucidatos  the  suhject  of  Swiss  lacustrine  setth'monts, 
proceeded  to  Meilen,  in  oi'(kn'  to  inspect  the  relics  and  the  place  where  they  had 
been  exhumed.  IJeing  an  experienced  antitiuarian,  he  recognized  without  diffi- 
cidty  the  character  of  the  relics,  and,  suniniing  up  his  observations,  concluded 
that  the  piles  had  served  as  the  supports  of  platforms  on  which  the  ancient 
inhabitants  of  this  locality  erected  their  dwellings,  thus  living  above  the  surface 
of  the  water  and  at  some  distance  from  the  shore,  with  which  they  communicated 
by  means  of  a  narrow  bridge.  To  Dr.  Iveller,  therefore,  belongs  the  merit  of 
having  first  i>ointed  out  the  true  character  of  lacustrine  remains,  and  of  having 
inaugurated  a  series  of  discoveries  hardly  surpassed  in  importance  by  any  yet 
made  in  the  domain  of  i)rehistori(^  arclneology.*  It  \vr  now  remend)ered  that 
in  times  not  long  jtast.  fishermen  had  lived  in  cabins  built  in  the  liiminat,  a 
small  river  issuing  from  the  fjake  of  Ziiricli.  The  works  of  modern  travelers 
were  found  to  contain  accounts  of  certain  Asiatic  and  I'olynesian  ])opulatioiis 
who  still  inhabit  imildings  erected  on  piles  iu  the  water,  thus  perpetuating  a 
custom  prevailing  in  times  l»(>yond  record  and  tradition  in  the  lake-regions  of 
SwitziM'land,  and  a  passage  in  Herodotus,  relating  to  the  Pav>nians,  a  triiie  that 
dwelled,  520  years  before  the  Cliristian  era,  on  Lake  I'rasias,  in  Thrace  (modern 
lloumelia),  was  now  oft(<n  (pioted  as  illustrative  of  the  ancient  Helvetian  mode 
of  life.     There  are  also  pile-dwellings  in  America.f 


•  Till'  KiiKli"!!  verniiin  of  Dr.  Ki'II^t's  rt'porls  \m\rs  Uin  title:  Tlio  Liiko  D\vi'lliii:r«  "f  HwitziTliincI  mil  ntlior 
I'lirts  of  KiiMpi',  liy  I'r.  l'"i'r<liii;in.l  Ki'lliT,  I'ri'.-iili'iit  nf  iIim  .\iitii|ii:iriiin  Ai-iiciiitinn  of  Ziirioli.  SitoikI  I'Milion, 
jmiillj-  •'nliiri;«l.  ""ruiU'liili'd  iiii'l  iiiriitigiMl  liy  ,li>hn  Kilwiird  I.i'c,  V.  S,  A.,  V.  (1.  S.,  Aiillior  of  •'  Imh  Silii- 
ruin,"  I'lc.      Ill  two  Volunii's.      I.onilon,  IS7S.  — lIiT^'.-iftc  r  I  -li:ill  ofliTi  liavi'  oi'i-nsion  to  nnotc  tliis  triirisliitioii. 

f  AI"nzo  ill' Oji'dii,  II  S|iunisli  noliloiimn,  who  li;ii|  I n  h  i'oni:i:uiion  of  (Joliiiiiliiis  oil  liU  >oi''iiiil  cx|>i'ilitioii, 

undertook  in  M'.l!),  indcpondi'iitly,  ii  voyii^ii  fir  llii'  imiiin^o  of  oxploriii;;  tlio  nnrllicrii  c'oii'<t  of  South  Aiiiorii'ii. 
He  was  iiri'ompiinii'd  hy  thi'  Klori'ntiii'',  Aini'riijo  Vuspucoi,  wlio  hn^  Iffl  im  luroiint  of  tliis  voyn^^i',  from  whii'li 
Wusliini^'toii  Irviiii;  derived  tin"  f  illowin;;  stiitt'ini'nt :  "  l'rociH'diri:<  iilon;^  t'lo  coiKt,  tlii'V  iirrivi'd  iit  ii  viisl  divp 
gu\(,  ri'siMii'.ilini;  :i  triiinpiil  liiki'.  I'literin;;  wliii'li  tlioy  li"hiild  on  tho  I'li-ili'  ..  sido  n  villii'^i",  tlio  conslriu'tion  of 
wliich  struck  tliioii  Willi  sui'prisi'.  It  cmsistrd  of  twi'iily  liirgi'  hcuiscs,  sluipwl  like  liclls,  iiiid  Imilt  on  piliN  drivon 
into  till"  liottoin  of  til''  liiki',  wliieh  in  this  piirt  wiis  limpid  ;uid  of  hut  lilllo  di'plli.  Kuoh  lioiiso  wiis  |>rovi<l('d  with 
H  dniw-liridii'i  iind  with  niii'ii'-i,  hy  which  the  i  oiiiiiiiini('iili'>ii  was  carried  on.  From  this  n'seinlilniice  to  the 
Italian  city,  Ojeda  ijavo  the  hay  the  name  of  ili"  (inlf  of  Veiii  •'■,  an  I  it  is  called  at  the  present  day  Vencziiela,  oi 
Little  A'enice;  the  Indian  name  was  Coipiihio-oa.'"  --/.'■iw"»f/ ;  T/f  Lil'r  inut  \'(ft/aijfA  nf  ('/tristop/i^r  d'hiin/int  ■ 
Now  York,  IH,-,!>;  V.d.  III.  p.  '.'H. 

It  is  worthy  of  notice  that  in  the  (iiilf  (Laki')  of  Maracaih  >.  syuth  of  the  Hay  of  Venezuela,  and  c  iniiiiini- 
eatini^  with  it,  pile-lniildini;s  are  still  i-recteil  hy  the  litill*-civili/.--d  (toajiro  Indians.  A  (ieriiiiin  traveler,  Mr.  A. 
(Joerin:;.  );ives  Hii  acc.miil  of  a  visit  to  these  Indians  in  "  lllus'.riied  Travels  "  ^V'll.  II,  p.  Ill  'Jl),  an  exiraet  of 
which,  Hccoinpaiiied  hy  representations  of  the  dwellin^js,  Is  coiilaiii.'d  in  ICelli'r's  ••  Lake  l)\vUiiij;s  "  ^  Vol  I, 
p.  77H  y).  "The  houses,  Willi  l.iw  slopini;  r.iofs,"  lie  says,  "  were  lik"  so  many  little  cock-lofts  perched  on  lii;;li 
over  the  shallow  waters,  and  they  were  connected  with  each  other  hy  means  of  hriili^es.  iiia<1eof  niirrow  ptaiiks,  the 

split  stems  of  palm-lrcf'. —     We  wre  invited  to  enter  one  .»f  the  liiit^.     To  d'l  this  we   had  to  pei-f.trni  a 

feat  worthy  of  •^onie  of  the  monkeys  in  the  nei:;liliorin^  woods,  for  W"  hail  to  <'liiiih  an  iiprii;lit  pole  hy  mean-'  of 
nolclies  cut  into  its  sides.  Kaeli  li'iu-e,  or  cock-loft,  cmsisted  of  two  parts,  the  pent-roof  shelter  lieini;  partitioned 
ofl"  in  the  middle;  the  fr.int  aparlnient  serveil  the  doiili'..  purpose  of  ''iilrance  hall  and  kitchen,  the  rear  apartment 
US  It  reception  and  dwelliii^-chaniher.  and  I  was  not  a  little  surprised  to  oliserve  how  cleiin  it  wils  kept.     The  Hour 


I 


«     : 


'N 


LAKi;-i)\vi;i,MN'ns. 


39 


«§ 


Wlion   tlip  roHiilts  of    Dr.   Kollcr's   invostiftatioiisi   hocamo  known    by  his 
writings,  a  general  soardi  for  similar  nicmorials  of  former  times  was  made  in 
tlie  many  lakes  of  the  repnhlic,  and  such  unexpected  success  rewarded  the  eflorts 
of  the  explorers,  that  more  than  throe  hundred  lacustrine  settlements  arc  now 
known  to  exist  in  Switzerland  and  a  part  of  Germany  bordering  on  the  Lake  of 
Constance.  an<l  others  have  been  discovered  in  the  Lonibardian  lakes,  in  Savoy, 
I'avaria.  Austria,  >.recklenbnrg,  Prussia,  and  in  some  districts  of  France,  oven 
at   the  foot  of  the  I'yrenees.      lleiu-e  it  is  evident  that  the  habit,  of  erecting 
dwellings  in  lakes  was  at  one  period  widely  spread  over  Eui-ope.     Nowhere, 
however,  have  these  remains  been  found  in  greater  number  than  in  Switzerland, 
a  country  abounding  in  lakes,  which   naturally  invited  such  aipiatic  colonies. 
In   fact,  the  shore-lines  of  most  of  the   Helvetian  lakes  are  marked  witli  the 
traces  of  these  ancient  habitations.     In  this  connection  should  be  mentioned  the 
lakes  of   Neucliatel.  (ieneva,  Constance.  Uienne.  Morat.  Zug.  Ziirich,  Semi)ach, 
I'fiiffikon  (Canton  of  Ziirich),  Aroosseedorf  (near  Heriie).  Xussbaunien  (Canton  of 
Thurgau).  Inkwyl  (near  Soleure.  oi-  Solothurn).  and  W'auwyl  (Canton  of  Lucerne). 
The  oldest   lake-settlements  date  back  to  the  neolithic  period,  and  those,  of 
course,  are  first  to  be  considered  in   these  pages.     The  jiile-work  at  the  bank  of 
liake  IM'iitlikon.  near  Itobenhausen.  for  instance,  has  not  yielded  any  articles  of 
bronze,  but  some  earthern  crucibles  containing  lum|)s  of  melte»l  bronze,  ami  ,i( 
AFoilen  only  a  l)ronze  c(dt    (or  hatchet)  and  .-t   l)rMcelct  of  the  same  alloy  were 
found;  which  facts  demonstrati"  that   these  colonies  still  tlourished  at  the  time 
when   l)ronze  was  introduced.     There  are  many  other  l.ake-settlements  in  which, 
among  hundreds  of  ;irticles  of  stone,  horn,  bone,  or  wood,  not  the  slightest  trace 
of  mi>tal  has  occurred.     Thes<' stations  of  the  pure  stone  ;ige  are  chietly  found  in 
Eastern  Switzerland.      Most  of   tho.se  in   the  western    lakes  of    (he  llolvotiaii 
repul)lic  have  furnished  articles  l)otli   of  stone  and  of   bronze,   and   in   some 
stations  tools  and  we.-ipons  of  iron,  tiiouglit  to  Ite  (iallic  in  character,  and  even 
coin.-*  iind  other  objects  of  Honiaii  origin.  Iia\e  conic  to  light,     it  thus  appears 
that  these  lacustrine  colonies  existed  for  a  wvy  long  periixl.  which  was  character- 
ized by  remarkabl(>  clninges  in  the  ccjndition  of  man,  whose  progress,  whatever 


WHS  lariniHl  of  split  stems  „f  trci'a,  set  cluso  tiii;i'thnr  iiiul  enviTi'd  willi  iimts.  Weiipnris  unci  utensils  wore  pliieed 
in  oiiiiT  in  tliu  idi-ners  ••  .Mr.  (i.ierini;  hiis  iilsi>  |uiMislieil  ii  ilesi-riplinn  •:(  tlu'se  Iiiiliiiii  pile-dwellintts  in  thu 
"(iartLMilmilio  '  ( 1ST!),  p.  404,  ele.l,  with  a  kdihI  view  nf  h  };ri)iip  ol'  the  iiqnutii'  liiiWliiliim.s.  "Siniilar  pilc- 
liuililiiiijs,"  lie  nl)<erves,  "lire  nnnienms  iiloiit;  tlio  shores  nt"  the  lake;  iliey  iiften  I'orni  whole  villaijes,  whieh 
proenl  a  must  eiirinu.s  aspeet  in  a  dark  niijlil,  when  the  lighted  Imi^are  mirrored  in  Iho  waters  of  tlii'  lake."  All 
this  tends  to  erify  Vespueei's  aeeoimt  Trlhe-,  at  the  nioiilh  ,if  tlii^  Orinoeo  and  .\maz.pn  resort  to  pile-dwellini^s 
more  or  less  similar  to  those  here  ih'seriliej.-  -Sec  also  a  very  fjond  artieli'  l.y  Dr.  A.  Krnst,  enlitli'd  '■  Die  (ioajiro- 
Indiani'r,"  in  "Zeitsehrifl  fnr  Kthmdoc^ie.'  Vol.  II,  IS70;   p.  :)'28,  ete. 

Theeilyof  .Me.xii'o  was  originally  a  village  hiiilt  on  piles,  ami  other  Aztec  plaees  sitnaled  near  lakes  were 
thus  eonslriieli'd.  1  am  not  awiire  that  remains  of  aboriginal  pile-dwelling"!  have  hcon  noticed  in  tho  United 
SlHti's;  hilt  it  winild  not  at  all  he  surprising  to  Iind  them.  Italize,  a  small  pilot-town  near  the  mouth  of  tho 
.Mississippi  Itiver.  i<  hiiilt  .01  pile>.      I  -aw  this  eniioiis  village  in  184S. 


i 


40 


IMlKItlSTOltrC    FISHING. 


its  causes  inny  liavc  been,  can  hv  Iraccil  in  an  iiiiintcrruptod  line.  Tlu>u«;li  some 
of  tlio  settlements  are  supposed  to  have  been  al)anilouetl  towanl  the  bcLrinning 
of  the  Christian  era,  it  is  notable  that  they  are  not  nientioned  by  Ciosar,  who 
had  become  acquainted  with  the  Helvetians  by  liia  wars,  nor  by  Pliny,  an  author 
particularly  fond  of  (hvellinu;  on  details.  No  account,  no  tradition,  alludes  to 
these  ])cculiar  structures,  which  evidently  were  designed  to  protect  their  occu- 
pants from  the  attacks  of  wild  beasts  and  human  enemies. 

A  detailed  description  of  the  lake-dwellings  pertaining  to  neolithic  times 
would  bo  out  of  place  in  this  publication,  which  is  devoted  to  a  special  subject; 
and  I  therefore  confine  myself  to  a  general  account  of  these  early  lacustrine 
structures. 

They  were  located  in  shallow  places,  and  never  very  far  from  the  shore,  with 
which  each  communicated  by  means  of  a  narrow  bridge,  as  before  stated.  The 
upright  piles  were  mostly  whole  stems  of  trees  growing  in  the  neigIil)orhood, 
usually  from  four  to  eight  inches  in  diameter,  and  roughly  jjointcd  at  the  lower  end 
by  means  of  lire  or  the  stone  hatchet.  Upon  tlicie  piles,  brought  to  a  level  several 
foot  above  the  water,  and  strengthened  by  cross-timbers,  rested  the  platform,  often 
merely  composed  of  unbarked  stems  lying  parallel  to  each  other,  but  sometimes 
consisting  of  boards  two  inches  thick,  which  were  fastened  with  wooden  pegs  into 
the  frame-work,  thus  forming  an  even  and  solid  floor.  The  lacustrine  settlement 
near  the  (Jerman  village  of  Wangen,  on  the  Untersee,  the  northwestern  detached 
part  of  the  Lak**  of  Constance,  contained  from  forty  to  lifty  thousand  posts,  and 
formed  a  parallelogram  seven  hundred  paces  long  and  one  hundred  and  twenty 
broad;  but  in  other  lake- tillages — at  Robonhausen.  for  instance — probably 
twice  as  many  piles  were  required.  When  the  bottom  of  the  lake  was  roi-ky,  or 
afVordcnl  no  sufficient  bold  to  the  stakes,  stones  were  heaped  up  between  and 
around  them,  in  order  to  consolidate  the  erection.  These  stones,  of  course,  had 
to  be  iirouglit  in  boats  to  the  designated  spots.  Some  dwellings  were  not  erected 
on  piles,  but  on  a  kind  of  fascine-work,  formed  by  layers  of  sticks  and  stems  of 
trees,  stones,  and  loam,  built  up  from  the  liottom  of  the  lake  until  the  foundation 
was  high  eiiongb  to  receive  the  i>latform.  The  upright  piles  found  in  these 
sulistructures  only  served  to  give  them  steadiness.  These  fascine-structures, 
reminding  one  of  the  Irish  and  Scottish  crfiniiof/s.  only  occur  in  small  lakes. 
The  huts  erected  on  the  platforms,  it  has  been  ascertained,  were  nmstly  of  a 
rectangular  sli,i|i(>.  and  coiisiste<l  of  ;i  wooden  iV.-ime-work  watthnl  with  rods  or 
twigs,  ■•ind  covered  lioth  insidi'  and  niitsiile  with  a  layer  of  clay  from  two  to  three 
inches  thick.  The  roois.  it  seems,  were  made  of  bark,  straw,  or  rushes,  the 
remains  of  which  havent'ten  been  found  in  .i  carbonized  state.  A  plaster  of  day 
mixed  with  gravel  was  spreail  on  the  tloor  of  the  hut  to  lill  tlie  chinks,  and  a 
rude  hearth,  composed  of  several  sl.alis  of  sandst(tne,  occii|)ied  the  middle  of  each 
cal)in. 


t 


hAKE-rrt'KIiLIXGS. 


41 


Dunng  the  l.,ng  occupatieu  of   the  lac-u.strino  villages  inanv  objects,  no 
doubt,  toll  accKlontally  into  tlie  water;  wiiilc  largo  quantities  of  rJfuso,  such  as 
t  10  b..nes  of  (ho  consumed  animals  and  bn.ken  clay  vessels,  were  intentionallv 
thrown  over  the  platforms,  and,  as  may  i,e  assumed,  through  the  interstices  of 
tlu.    sten.s    or    planks    forming    them.      These    heterogeneous    accumulations 
bocan.e   .ml.edde.1     in    the    mud,    forming   what   are    now-ages   afterward- 
callod  the  ard.eologioal  strata  or  relic-bods,  upon  which  for  many  years  the 
drodging-imploments  of  antiquaries  have   operated,  and  brought  to  "light  the 
oM.lonoos  ..t  a  most  curious,  long-forgotten  phase  of  human  existence.     In  a 
number  ot  cases  the  bulk  of  these  relic-be.ls  has  been  increased  by  the  ruin  of  the 
villages  themselves,  some  of  which,  there  can   be  no  doubt,  were  consumed  by 
hve.      I  hose  conflagrations  cannot  lune  taken   place  in  consequence  of  hostile 
attacks,  because  human  skeletons  are  exceedingly  scarce  in  the  pile-works  and 
tl.orolore  n.ust  bo  ascribed  to  accidental  ignitions,  which  were  likely  to  befall 
wooden  straw-roofed  huts,  each  of  them  provided  with  an  open  hearth,  probably 
bla/..ng  n.ost  of  the  tin.e.     When  such  calamities  happened,  many  articles  fell 
...to  the  water  .n  a  ..harred  state,  and  were  preserved  to  our  days,  "owing  to  the 
aln.ost  indostruchble  nature  of  carboniml  suixstances.     Several  .Swiss  lakes  have 
nmch  decmised  in  extent,  an.l  (heir  ancient  shores  arc  fringed  with  formations 
ot  peat   winch  now  inclo.so  in  sonie  instances  the  remains  of  lacustrine  villa-os 
tonnorly  surrounded  by  wator.     Such  is  the  case  at  Moosseedorf,  near  Bernoral 

i™-       ";   *''*-V'''"''""'   "'■    f^''*'^"'""^^!  ••»'"'   '^'    Ho'H-nhausen,  on   the   Lake  of 
tal  ,kon.  whore  the  owner  of  the  coloI«-atod  pilo-work,  Mr.  Jacob  Messikonnnor 
has  boon  sn.rossfully  engaged  for  years  in  extracting  relics  of  the  early  h-u-ustrino 
])oriod  tnuii  moor-ground  and  peat. 

The  builders  of  the  early  pilo-works,  it  must  be  adn.itted.  wore  an  intollioont 
ami  industrious  peoplo.  who  applied  to  the  utmost  the  scanty  means  whioh  their 
primitive  state  of  civilization  olfered  them.  Thoy  pursued  "hunting  and  llshin-.- 
but  devoted  themsolvos  also  to  agriculture  i.nd  tho  raisinu- of  .-attlo  •  thov  woiv 
skilllul  workers  in  st-mo,  h..rn.  bone,  ami  wood,  practiso.l  the  art  of  pottery  to  a 
.UToat  .>xtoMt,and  p.-oducod  very  creditable  tissues,  empluving  a  loom  of  s"implo 
con.strudmn.  The  various  occupations  of  the  lake-mon,  and  the  fact  of  (hoir 
living  in  .-lose  cmmunitios,  in.lic.to  ,..o  small  doi-Toe  of  social  or.ler,  which 
nec'ssitatod  s.ibmissi....  to  the  decrees  of  chiefs  or  a  majority  of  the  people 

'I  hoy  omph.yo.l  ilim  and  jasper  in  the  manufa.-turo  of  arrow  and  spoar-heads 
hardly  distinguishablo  from  those  found  in  the  United  States,  scrapers,  .saws' 
and  various  cutiing  and  piercing-tools.  Some  of  the  saws,  mostly  two  or  tluve 
inches  long,  .still  retain  their  wooden  handles,  int..  which  thoy  were  comonted 
with  asphaltu.  ,  a  substance  also  employed  for  fastening  arrow-heads  in  their 
shafts.  Qn  ,c!  frequent  are  the  ground  colts  or  woduo-shaped  hatchets,  made  of 
serpentine,  gabbro.  hornblende-rock,  diorito,  .syenite,  and  other  kinds  of  tou-h 


*' 


42 


I'UKIHSTOniC    KISIIINO. 


stono,  iind  doubtless  used  lor  various  purposes,  rtome,  wliich  represent  ehiaels, 
were  set  in  pieces  of  deer-lioru,  liollowed  at  (»no  end  for  reeeiviiig  the  blade,  and 
forinins;  convenient  handles.  riartriM'  ones  served  as  axe-lieads,  being  either  in- 
serted dire<'tl\'  into  the  thick  end  of  a  wooden  clul»,  or  into  an  intermediate  deer- 
horn  socket  worked  into  a  square  form  at  the  upper  end,  to  lit  into  a  corresponding 
cavity  of  the  wooden  shaft.  These  statements  are  not  conjectural,  a  few  complcto 
axes,  blaile  and  shaft  united,  having  been  discovered  in  the  pile-works.  At  Meileii 
iind  other  lacustrine  stations  there  have  been  found  celts  made  of  nephrite  and 
jadcite.  hard  mineral  substances,  not  known  to  occur  in  Europe,  but  not 
uncommon  in  ditlerent  parts  of  Asia.  Some,  who  ascribe  the  lacustrine  settle- 
ments to  new-comers  from  abroad,  have  suggested  that  they  imported  these 
implements,  which  doubtless  were  much  valued  on  account  of  their  hardness  and 
greenish  color,  ^'arious  lake-villag(>s  of  the  stone  age  have  furnished  W(>ll-shai>ed 
stone  a.\es  pierceti  tor  the  insertion  of  handles.  Among  other  stone  oliject.s 
found  in  the  pile-works  may  be  mentioned  slabs  of  hard  sandstone  upon  which 
the  celts,  etc.,  were  ground,  grain-cru.shers.  and  tlat  or  more  or  less  concave  sl.abs 
used  in  connection  with  them,  hammers  in  the  shape  of  pebbles  of  suitable  form 
and  little  or  not  ;it  all  modilied  by  art,  net-sinkors,  .and  spindle-whorls. 

Most  varied  were  the  uses  the  lake-men  made  of  the  horns,  bones,  and  teeth 
of  animals.  The  horns  of  the  stag  were  made  into  the  handles  and  celt-sockets 
.already  mentioned;  stout  jiieces  of  this  material,  perforated  with  holes  tor 
holding  woudon  handles,  served,  according  !o  the  m.-inner  in  which  their  en<ls 
were  fa.shioned.  as  hamnuTs.  hat(!hets,  or*  hoes ;  and  the  antler  was  sometimes 
converted  into  a  weapon  or  a  hoe  by  the  remnv.d  of  the  prongs,  excepting  th.-it 
nt'.ir  the  brow.  Bones  furnished  the  material  for  arrow  iind  spear-heads, 
poni.trds.  chi.sols,  scrapers,  piercers,  needles  with  or  witlwuit  eyes,  fishing- 
implements,  and  other  artidis.  The  teeth  of  the  bear  and  the  tusks  of  the 
wild  boar  were  utilized  for  iiiilar  purposes,  the  l.itter,  for  instance,  to  serve 
as  cutting  or  scraping-tools,  after  the  inner  curve  had  iteen  ground  to  an  edg<>. 
The  lake-dwellers,  like  th(>  men  of  paheolithic  times,  wore  the  perforated  teeth 
of  certain  anim.als  as  trophies  ur  amulets. 

The  number  of  objects  of  wood  preserved  in  peat  and  water  shows  how 
extensively  that  material  w.-is  u.sed  by  the  lake-dwellers.  They  consist  of  handles 
;ind  shafts  for  implements,  maces  r(>seml>ling  that  with  which  Ifercnles  is  usually 
represented,  mallets  useil  in  driving  the  piles  iind  for  other  purposes,  l)ows, 
threshing-tliiils,  ladl's,  dijipers.  bowls,  tnlis,'--  and  boats  made  of  a  single  trunk; 
besides  knife-shiiped  tools,  eonibs.  primitixc  nicks  for  suspending  iippiirel  and 
utensils,  iind  various  other  objects. 

That  pottery  was  abundantly  made  even  in  the  lyke-.settlements  of  earliest 


1 


•  Tlii'«i'  vi'*"!'!*  1»  ur  n  i^roHl  riMi'mliliiiici'  to  tln'  woo>Ii>iiwiiri!  nf  tin-  •wmi'  rhu-'  ninji'  ill  llic  |.ri!sp|it  tini 


I-AKK-»WELMNOS. 


diite  is  provod  l.y  tlio  groat  nuiiil)or  of  sherds  scattored  over  tlioir  sitos.     I 
vessels  also   l,;,ve   been   toiiiul,  partly  llat-bottomed.      TI 


43 


In  tiro 


le  material   is   mostlv 


uni)iirilie(l  elay  mixed  with  ,-oarso  gravel,  jv.imded  granite,  small  fragments  df 

e  vessels  are  of  rather  rude  appeiiraiiee,  and  sliglitlv 


sliells.  or  eliareoji 


'i'l 


ion  arc  not  wantinu 


i>aked.  prol.al.ly  in  an  open  lire.     Yet  attempts  at  deeorat ...   ^. 

some  of  the  vessels  heing  eneircled  hy  knobs  below  the  rim,  or  showing  rows  of 
impressions  made  with  the  linger-  or  some  blnnt  tool ;  while  in  other  cases  lines 
are  traceil  with  an  implement  or  by  pressing  a  eord  on  tlio  soft  clay.  .Most  of 
the  i)oltery  has  a  blackish  appearan<-e,  .)wing  to  a  coating  with  .some  .lark 
pignici.i.  There  is  evidence  that  vessels  of  larger  size  were  used  for  storing 
grain,  apples,  and  oIIkm-  provisions.  This  [u.ttery  can  hardly  be  distinguished 
from  that  formerly  made  by  the  Indians  in  the  eastern  half  of  the  present 
United  States. 

i\<«t  the  least  interesting  among  the  lacustrine  relics,  preserved  in  conse- 
•|ii''ii«'o  of  their  carbonization,  are  the  twisted,  plaited,  and  woven  manufactures, 
which  were  found  at  variuus  stations,  but  especially  at  Robonhausen  and  Wanuen. 
A  kind  of  slK.rt  llax  was  cultivated  by  the  lake-men,  and  used  most  extensively  in 
the  fal)ri<Mtion  not  oidy  of  thread,  cordage,  and  nets  for  tishing,  and  probably 
for  hunting,  but  also  of  ditfereut  sorts  of  linen  doth,  .some  with  inwc.ven 
patterns,  a  fact  proving  that  they  employed  a  loom.  Numerous  spindle-whorls, 
either  of  stone  or  of  clMy.  boar  witness  to  the  common  |)ractice  of  spinning. 
The  lake-people  <lni,b!l.-:;s  dressed  to  a  great  extent  inwoven  garments;  but  it 
may  be  assumed  (hat  tli«-y  ,als,.  eniploy.-d  the  prepared  skins  of  animals  for  that 
purpose.     Indeed,  fragments  ,,f  leather  have  been  found  at  Uobenhau.sen. 

During  the  early  lacusti-jne  period  hunting  still  furnished  in  no  small 
degree  the  means  „f  sub.istence.  as  shown  by  the  large  number  of  )).)ne8  of  wild 
animals  tuiind  on  the  sites  of  the  anci.>nt  lake-villages.  IVote.ss.u-  Riitimeyer. 
of  IJasel,  has  c.irefully  investigated  the  fauna  of  those  times,  which,  cm  "the 
whole,  .•urrespunds  (o  that  o  onr  days,  though  certain  speci.s  „f  animals  now 
no  lunger  foui„|  i,,  Swilzerlan  1  then  inhabited  that  .-ountry.  The  urus  an.l 
anroclis.  or  bis,,ii.  were  hunted  by  the  lake-men,  or  |)erhaps  caught  by  them  in 
l)itfalls.  The  elk.  an  animal  not  known  to  have  lived  in  .Switzerland  in 
historical  times,  still  roaiU(>d  through  the  woods :  but  the  reindeer,  it  is  hardlv 
necessary  to  ivpciit,  had  migrated  northward  in  .search  of  a  .-older  dimat.-.  The 
stag  an.l  wild  b,,ar.  both  n<.  longer  living  in  Switzerlan.l,  were  much  hunte.I  by 
the  l.ake-.lwellers.  and  their  bones  imlicate  animals  of  v.«ry  largv  size.  Another 
species  uf  wild  ling.  .lilVcriiig  Irom  the  wil.l  b,,;.,.  p,-opor.  ami  •ailed  the  •'marsh- 
hog"  by   itiitimever.  is  r.'pr.'seiit.Hl   by  numerous  remains  in   the  pile-works. 


•  The  l.n,.ros..l,.n8  Indioutc  sn.uU  Imnd,.    The  lno««rine  ceramic  «rt,  it  ^nay  be  imu.ned,  w,,.,  prttcti.«o.|  by 

woiii,.,!,  ;i-  11  W.-.S,  iiii.l  <till  is,  tiinniif;  Die  NorUi  AiniTiaiii  iTuliiins. 


: 


44 


ITJEIlISTOniC    IISHINO. 


Huiu'.i  ul"  tlio  roe-ilivr  arc  far  loss  abimdaiit  than  those  of  the  stau'.  Tlio  hare, 
it  seems,  formod  im-  artii-lo  of  diet  among  these  people,  owiiiu;,  perhaps,  to  tlie 
same  prejudiff  whieli  eausod  tlie  men  of  the  Danish  ivjoiikcnmothlings  to  al)sfaiii 
from  its  tlesli.  Among  tlie  (•;irnivores  may  he  mentioned  tlie  i)ro\vn  hear,  wolf, 
and  fox,  the  last-named  of  wliieli  oeeiirs  fre(|iienti_v  in  tlie  settlements  under 
notice,  and  was  eaten  by  the  lake-men,  as  proved  hy  the  condition  of  its  hones. 
The  lake-dwellers  possessed  a  species  of  domestic  dog  of  middle  size,  which  they 
seem  to  have  much  valued,  if  the  fact  tliat  it  was  not  used  as  food,  unless  in 
cases  of  extreme  need,  warrants  such  a  eonclnsion.  Remains  of  the  horse  are 
exceedingly  scarce  in  the  settlements  uf  the  stone  age;  but  two  kinds  of  cattle 
were  common  during  that  i)eriod,  one  of  them  small,  and  called  "marsh-eow" 
by  I'rofessor  Riitimeyer;  the  second  species.  Ijirger  in  size,  is  supposed  by  this 
author  to  have  descended  from  the  urus.  The  otiier  domesticated  animals  were 
goats  and  sheep.  Traces  of  the  tamed  hog  are  almost  entirely  wanting  in  tln^ 
oldest  settlements  of  the  stone  age;  but  they  beconu-  more  numerous  in  later 
periods  of  lacustrine  occupancy.  It  has  been  ascertained  beyond  doubt  that  the 
filmed  aniniiils  were  brought  for  shelter  to  the  lake-villages,  where  they  were 
kept  in  stalls  distriliuted  betw(>en  the  huts.  The  large  bones  of  (|nadrui)eds  are 
nearly  .always  broken  or  split  for  extracting  the  marrow.  Remains  of  domestic 
fowl  have  not  been  discovered.  The  wild  birds  which  have  left  their  traces  in  the 
deposits  around  the  piles,  all  pertaining  to  the  ]irescnt  fauna  of  Switzerland,  are 
wild  ducks,  geese,  swans,  water-hens,  grouse,  ami  some  other  species  of  the 
feathered  tribe.  They  evidently  were  objects  t)f  the  chase.  The  amphibians  are 
represented  by  the  common  water-turtle  {Clsfiido  ciirojuM),  still  occasionally  found 
in  Swiss  hikes,  two  sjjecies  of  frog  and  one  of  toad.  The  remains  of  lishes, 
whicli,  as  may  be  expected,  are  numerous,  will  be  considered  in  a  separate 
section,  in  accordance  with  the  plan  adopted  in  this  publication. 

Carbonized  vegetable  remains  have  been  preserved  in  great  .ibundance  and 
variety,  to  assist,  as  it  were,  in  elucidating  thi^  mode  of  life  of  those  ancient 
lake-villagers.  They  undonlitedly  raisetl  l)arley.  wheat,  and  millet,  several  kinds 
of  e.nch  of  these  cere.nls  luiving  been  fouml  iu  the  Iju'ustrine  deposits.  Some  of 
these  spiries  of  grain  were  cultivated  iu  Egypt,  and  therefore  are  Ix'lieved  to 
have  found  their  way  from  that  country  to  Switzerland.  Rye  was  not  known  to 
the  colonists,  and  oats  not  Itefore  bronze  had  come  into  use.  Rarley  and  wheat 
appear  (>itlier  in  grains,  sometimes  in  coMsi(leral)le  (piantities,  or.  more  rarely, 
in  tlie  sli.ipi'  of  ears;  and  even  carbonized  wheat-liread.  in  which  the  bran  and 
the  imperfectly-crushed  grains  can  lie  distinctly  seen,  has  been  found  .at  Rol)en- 
Ii.uiscn  ami  Wangen.  This  unleavened  |Mvhistorie  bread,  which  is  very  coarse 
and  compact,  mostly  occurs  in  fragnuMits.  iiut  sometimes  in  the  form  of  roundish 
cakes,  about  an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half  thick,  and  four  or  tive  inches  or  more 
in  diameter,  and  was  doubtless  baked  by  placing  the  dough  on  hot  stones,  and 


I 


KfHU-KKMAINS. 


45 


n.vcring  it  over  with  -lowiii-  ,,slu>s.  Millet  was  oinploy.Ml  in  a  similar  inamn-r 
tor  inakin-  bread.  It  is  pruhaLle.  hnw-ver,  (liat  ilie  lake.i)ei.i)le  .•unsiunecl  their 
t'arinaceoiis  tuixl  chiefly  in  tiie  sliajie  of  iiorriiiui'. 

Carbunized  apples  i,f  siniill  size,  identical  with  those  ;,n'(.winj,' wild  in  ||„. 
woods  of  Switzerlan.l,  liave  been  found  abundantly,  ami  in  a  loleralde  state  of 
preservation.     They  are  often  cut  in  halves,  nmre  rarely  in  Ihnv  or  four  parLs, 
and  were  evi(h'ntly  dried  for  consumption  durini,'  winter.     Whetiier  a  lari;er 
kind  of  apple,  found  at  Robenhauson.  was  a  cultivated  or  a  wild.;;r(.wini,' sp,.ci^>s, 
r.-mains  undecided,     Profess„r  Oswnhl   Iloer,  of  ;^i,rich,  who  |,."s  published  an' 
mterestin,!,'  work  on  lacustrine  vegetal)le  remains,  inclines  to  the  forme-  vicnv. 
Wild  pears  were  treated  in  the  .same  mann.'r:   but  they  are  far  less  common 
than  apples,  which  inu-*t  have  formed  a  much-.^ou-ht  article  of  did.      Anion" 
other  veiretal)Ie  remains  accumulated  in  the  lake-mu,l  may  be  menli.n.ed  h:mZ 
nuts  and  b.-e.-h-nnts.  both  in  great  pl.M.ty  ;  also  water-chestnuts,  which  doubtless 
were  collected  an.l  .>alen  by  the  lake-men,  .-is  they  are  in  Upper  Italv  at  this  day. 
Their  present  (.(•.•nrrcnce  in  Switzerland  aj.pears  to  be  restricted  to',-,  tarn  in  the 
Canton  of  Lucerne.     Then;  have  furth  t  been   f.un.l   the  stones  of  sloes,  bird- 
cherri.'sand  wild  plmu-;,  and  seeds  of  the  raspljorry,  blackberry,  and  strawberry, 
showin-  that  these  fruits  of  tlu>  forest  were  used  as  foo.l.     Hxceptin-  i-eas.  no 
culin.ary  ye-.>tables  have  appeared  in  the  ston.>-,i-,'  settlements      Albwi'on  h.nin- 
lK>en   made  to  the  cultivation  of  tla.v,  it  may  further  be  .stated   that   hemp  was 
totally  unknown  to  the  lake-.lwellers.  even  to  those  of  a  later  jn'riod. 

According  to  Dr.  Kdler,  the  l.ak.-cojonists  of  the  stone  a-e  drew  their 
sustenance  chiefly  from  tiie  veovtabje  kin-<lom.  Their  anim.d  food  was  a^iuired 
l-y  hunting  rather  tii.an  by  the  breeding  of  c,,ttle,  considering  tlial  in  the 
.lecumnlations  arouml  the  j)iles  the  bones  of  wild  animals  outnumber  those  of  tl,,. 
domestic  species.  In  the  bronze-yielding  pile-w.u-ks,  it  will  be  seen,  tli,.  propor- 
tion is  reversed. 


Fis/i.rriiifiiiis.—VoniAr  living  upon  lakes  pleiitifnilv  slorke.l  with  li.||.  ii 
can  be  imagined,  availed  themselves  of  all  means  in  llieir  power  f.,- c:,pturiu- 
them,  an.l  the  numerous  remains  of  tishes  discovered  on  tiie  sites  of  th..  .nieien^ 
lacustrine  vilLiges  bear  witness  to  th.' extent  of  their  efVorls  in  thai  direction. 
.Vol  only  the  lioncs  of  lish.'s.  Imt  .-dso  tiieir  >c;iles,  th,.  latter  ev.ui  in  a  -ond  st.ite 
I'f  pres(>rvalion,  h.ive  been  exIiMcted  IV.. in  llie  l.ike-niml.  ••With  respect  t,, 
tishes."  .says  I'rofessor  lliitinu-yer,  ••  many  species  were  found  wjiidi  are  now  llio 
most  abunda?it  in  our  lakes  and  rivers."-     Tli(>  following  are  luenlioued:— 

Tlu'  salmon    {^nlmo  salat\    \An.).   the   pike    yl-l^n.v  lurins,    Lin.),  the   perch 
{I'erca  jUolatUh,    Lin.),  the  carp   {Cf/pnnm  c'tr/>l'>,    Liu.),   the  dace   {C//i>nnns 

*Kullgr:  Liiko  Dwellings  ;  V.jI    I,  p.  537. 


"T'T" 


if. 


I'HKIII.HTOHU;   KISIIINIK 


leueisiKs,  Lin.),  Mio  chub  {C/zprinus  ttuhiittt,  \ilss.),  tlio  iiaso  (('liomlroHtoma  nonun, 
[fiiii.]  AufiiMs.),  tlic  Idirbot  (/iOfa  viilijarh,  Jen.),  ninl  tlic  riitl  (Scartliniu.i  eri/tfiru- 
ji/itha/iiiiis,  [Lin.]  Hmi.).''' 

Pike  of  viTV  iargi'  xi/.o  tin'  nR'ntii»n<.Hl.  l''i>li-ri'niaiM.s  wort!  inont  iibuniiant 
at  tile  ."^tntinnn  nl'  Kdbfniiaii.scn  nnd  Muussoedurt'. 

Fislthiij-'niiplemcnts. — Tin'  relics  directly  it't'i'ral)le  In  lisliinn',  which  have 
been  discovered  in  the  lacustrine  reliobeds,  render  it  certain  thai  the  ancient 
laUe-tlwellers  fished  with  the  line  and  with  nets,  and  tjiere  can  h.irdly  be  any 
doubt  tiiat  they  speared  tisli.  Their  moth:  of  life  rendered  the  use  of  boats 
necessary,  and  some  of  Iheni,  indeed,  have  been  |»reserved  to  our  time. 

Such  pointed  bone  rods  as  proltably  were  u.sed  dnrinLf  the  reindeer-])eriod, 
instead  t»f  real  tish-hooks,  oirnr  lVc(|neiitly  in  tin'  di'posits  around  the  piles  of 
ancient  lake-vill  lues,  and  no  doubts  are  entertained  as  to  their  use.  Dr.  Keller, 
in  treating  of  the  anti(|uities  t'ound  at  \V;ihu,-eii,  descrilu's  them  in  these  words  :- 

"  Fishing-impleiui-nts  nmde  of  l»one.  These  occur  very  ai>undantly.  A 
str.'ii;;;ht  pin  or  shank  is  cut  .away  a  little,  or  has  an  incision  round  it  in  the 
middle,  to  which  the  tishinu-iine  is  attached,  and  then  the  little  pin  is  (|nite 
covered  over  with  the  l)ait;  when  swallowcil  it  cannot  easily  be  not  rid  of  I'v  the 
lish.     This  [)lan  is  nuw  in  use  on  the  Untersce  for  catchiny  ducks. "j- 


f 


I'lu.  ai».— Wuiigori.  111,.  In— tt«ii(ii.ii.         I'l.u  11-  l.aktMif  Neui  liAlol.  Ki..  IJ.— LiikiMif  .N,  ii.  ii.Uil, 

All   |. 
Flos.  U!)--1'J. —  I)(mlili'-|iiiiiitiil  liiiiic  iinpliiiiriils. 


•  KoUor:  I.iiku  I)wclliii,'.s  Vol.  1,  p  oil, 

i^  Iliiil.;  VhI.  I,  |>.  71. —  '  M.  iln  la  Itiiiiiiliii'ii  li'll.s  us  timt  in  Fraiiec^  a  siiiiilar  r>'nii  nf  iiistniiiu'iit  U  lined  for 
cut4.-liiiig  culii.  A  strai^lit  pipi-o  of  t.ldcr  is  tiilicii,  a  n.'odlt;  jiointiid  iit  Ixilji  imiUh  i.s  |>a.-<sfil  tlirou^li  il :  tlii-i  is  liait<-il, 
iind  f"  cols  arc  caught. "—Wrtrne/  J'/illli/is:  Tninaaeliniia  tif  the  American  Fish  Culliiiiii  Aasociution,  New  Yurli, 
187!)  1  p   o:i. 


DOirilMM'orNTKIt    IIOXK    IMPMIMKNTS.  47 

'I'll"  Iiikc-pooplo  may  li.ivc  used  thciii   f..r  eatchinj,'  tisli  ixs  well  as  a(|uatio 
birds. 

Fign.  3})  and  40  reprudcnt  .siidi  lisliiii^'-iiiiplcinciils  fn.iii  VVaiii,'i«ii.-  'rii..ir 
clianictor  is  so  plainly  cxprosml  l.y  iLo  illustrations  that  a  .loscripHon  Ik-cumics 
siipo-rtu.  iH.  Tli.Mv  aiv  sovoral  pointed  l)orn>s  uf  il.is  .■Imractci-  in  lli..  airlia-o- 
loj,'ical  rollcTtion  of  tlic  United  Slat.-s  National  Mnsciiin.  I  -ivi-  in  Fijr.s  n  ,„„i 
42  rcinvscntationsoftwoof  tliciM,  wjiici,  vvm«  ol.tainod  fnmi  ono  otMl.o  pik- 
works  in  tho  Lako  of  XiMU-l.at..!.  Ilouvvcr,  I  wonld  not  assert  that  their  appli- 
.•••'tion  r.«ally  was  that  of  Lait-hohlers.  .•onsidering  tho  absence  of  notches  .)r 
Lfl'iioves  ill  the  liiiddle. 


Kiii.  i;>.  — Xuiif  iirr()\v-iii>uil(?).    S:iiia-Aiiliiii. 

M.  n.'iiri  F.e  II, .11  lu'lieves  tliat  soniewliat  curved  specimens  of  tiiis  class 
served  as  arron-heads.  l.ei.m-  atlaclied  to  the  end  of  tiio  shaft  in  a  nianiuM-  to 
'"'•'M   botli   point  and  l.arl.,  as  indicated   by   Fi-    J:!,  uhirh   is  .-opird   from   his 

work.-i-     Til.-  nri-inal.  he  states,  uas  obtained  fi 1  the  stdie-a-e  .ettl.'iiieul  neir 

Samt-Anbni.  in  the  Lake  uf  Xeiichatel.  If  it  reallv  is  as  repres.-nte.l,  all  dmibis 
i<s  to  ,t^  use  must  eease;  but  the  .h'sign,  tVr  aught  I  know,  may  show  an  inia^i- 
nary  connection  ot   puint  and  shaft. 

Keal  li^h-hooks,  made  of  huni.  hone,  and  boars'  tusks,  approacliiie- 
l"oderi,  t,.rms.  and,  in  ...uiie  c,-,ses.  nbjects  .M'  less  characterisi^-  s),,,,,,  |„u 
suppo.sed  t..  n-preseiit,  (ishdu.oks.  are  not  want  in-  in  the  lacustrine  dep„s:,s  uf 
early  date.  Vet  they  appear  to  ociir  in  limited  number,  onlv  a  few  heii,-- 
figured  m  Dr.  Keller's  work.  I'ortunalely  I  derive  some  aid  fr.ui.  the  ivpurt". 
"•"  'I'*.  International  Fi.shery  Kxhibition,  held  at  M.-rlin  in  IHSO,  in  which 
delineati(Mis  of  siniie  Sjwi.ss  hooks  are  uiveii. 


*  ICfllcT:   Luke  Dwrllinits ;  V.>l.  II,  I'liite  XI V,  Kigs.  23  and  21. 

'  '"'"""^    '■'" '«'""*^il'^'-'"  '•;»rc'l..;  liflUuditi.,,,;  Bru.«*ol,s,„ull'„n.;  IS77, ,,. -'1.3.   iti™,,.  14,  ll,-,.t  „>„.). 


hi 

hi 


mmmm 


.i  ■■ 


48 


I'liKlirsTOHIC    I'lSlllNO. 


miood.  ,1...  .   ,,o.-.  W.S  applio.1  a.  a  lisl.-ln.ok,  i,  ..,,  ..f  cuu>.e,  o„lv  have  .  rvod 
for  catching  larger  kimls  i,\  M\. 


I 


Kl.i   II.     W;inK.-ii. 


'■"■••  r.  -M |„,- 


Fi'i  I'i. -MoosKoclnrr 


I-'ic.s.  Il-Ki.-Fi.h.hooks  „/•  ,l,,rl,u,„  ,„„l  l,„,,r.'  i,„ks. 

TI,e  ..-i^inMl  uf  IM,.  .n  is  ,l,.s,.,-, 1    I.V  I,,,  K,,l..,-  as  ■•.,  Ush-l k  mkh!,.  „f 

tl-  tusk  nt  a  w,l,l  l,„ar.  ;i;     T-  ,i„.ko  ,V.„n  ll,..  ill„s,n,tinn.  III,.  s,,.vi,n..n    whid. 

<'■""<•■      N\  In!..  .-...Mplet...  ,t  ,n;,v  \unr  f,.Hil|..,l  i,s  ,„„.,,„,.,>  u,.||  ru.wU 

'""'';■"''   '"•'""'""'"  ''^  i-'t •lKUM,I,.rnf,l„.  original  of  n„.;i,;   .,i,i..„ 

was  also  ,ouu.l  at  Mnuss....I,.,,-n,.l   i^  ,h„s  .los..nl...,I : -■■  Fish-l k   „„;, •, 

-••'.•  s    ,.sk  ;  ,t  was  ,„anufaH,nv.l  in  Ih-  lull„win.-  uunun- :  fw..  l,„l,.s  w.-.v  l„.,v.| 
n;.'"g     n.,lu.s,.a.-..  l,,.,w.vn,hen.uas..|,,an.a:n.av,an.IM^^^ 

lllllsllcd   iiv  siTa|i|||y-.(,ii,l>,    ;j 

' ,"t   ^^'7"^^-'^'-- "l->    .vs,.,nMin.  Ihal  .ins,  .l,.sn- ,      rU. 

shanks.  „.w,.v,.r,.|„.u  no inouio,.  ,|„.  .uaH nl  of  a  line,  as  ,n  Iho  ,.,,„■ n.^ 

•  •asi'.      I  lir.v  \V(MV  cxhihiliMl  at   Merlin  in  IHSO.II 

..;i::: ';.!;:::::■;;:::;::::';;;;::;:;■  ™:-;::;™^--;;.«^ ,.. 

i   llii' iiiiili'riiil  i>  d.Miliili'.s  ,l,.pr.|i,,rri. 

t  K.'llor:    UkM|)w..||i„^M;    V..L  I,  ,,.  ,;.;    Vol,  II,  |.| V,  I,.,!! 

«  ll.iil. ;  VoL  I,  |,   ,l;i;   Vol     1 1.  I'h.t..  N  \  1 1,  j.'.^^  o. 
lAmMiclirlluriililf;   |..   IL'N    Ki^,,.  h(,„i„|„|. 


I 


I 


llsM-lliioKv 


49 


iias   I 


The  <«ri!..iii;il  f,(  l.'JM-    ij)    ^^1 


li<'ll    is  ciiliicil   IVulii     Krllri'V  ••  |„ilvc   Dwell 


iiiirs. 


Hvn    iv.;;,r.lc.l  i.s  ,-.   ,|,,„l>lr  lisli.ii..nlv.     This  s|Mvin,.-ii.  iiia.l..  of  ,l.vr-li 
Nvas  ioMHl  ...t   (iM-  st.-.tiun  ,.f  Snint-Aul.iii.     j  will   nm  ,.,ttr„.|„   to  d.ri.l,.  wIkmI 
It  served  ;,s  ;i  li.-iiing-iiiii.leiiieiil  or  lor  .some  otli.r  luirpose. 


orii, 
icr 


l-IPi.  17.— WuMiji  li 


'■■'■■    l--\Vuiii;.ri  Kl..    I'l  -Siliill  .\i.hin. 

l-"HiH.    I7-I!".       ISl.IK    and  (Inl-llnlll   Ii>||  liodli,-. 


Ill 


;"^'"' ''''"'     I '<-     ll''l'''    n'|M''"-'''lt'''l    •ll'i'    li-n-lieM.   Iholluli    tiii      iM.lM'olMtinli.- 

Ill  l"i;;.-.  Hi,  17,  ,111. 1  IS  Kmvc  prnjeciioiis  wjii,  h  |,,iri;iKe  lo  .-oiiie  e\t<'iit  ..r  IJM 
fiifir.irlcr  of  l),irl)s. 

Tlie  l.lKe-llie.l  IIIH]IU's1  iuli.ilpjy  llse.l  Molie  sink. MS  f,  „'  i|.'e|  i- \V,||,T  ll^liiii'j 
Nvitll  hook  ;iim|  line;  I. Ill  ,-|s  jl  is  in  |||;I1I,V  ciises  illi  |)o-  ~i  l.|e  jo  .liviw  ,i  Jiii,.  o| 
il<'lli,iiv,ilioii  I.etweeii  lin,.  ,ni.l  llel-Wei-his,  |  sli,ill  .siih-...,|ii,.M(l\  ivfer  |o  |||, 
>\liell  ll'e.itiliu'  >>(  tl Iijects  ch.ilMcteri/e.l  ,is  -inkers. 

Sni.ill    |pieces   oi'    l),ii'k    of    o\,il    oi-   rechiii- iil.ir.   ;iihi    .-oni"ti s   oi     r.iiher 

irre-iil.-ir,  outline.  |.iefci'il   uiih  one  hole,  or  wiih   t\w,.  uhirh    li;i\e   I n   ejHed 

llo.its  lor  nel-^,  .re  not  linrre(|llellt  in  :  ,llle  of  iIm'  i.iell-trine  relir-l,e,|s.  The 
"I'.i-vl-  of  Ihi-  rl.M-s  ti-lire,|  in  Kelle,  >  "l/ike  HueJIinL:-"  ,1  |.|.j  le.ij'  |o  l,e  I,,., 
^'"•■'"     I"      ll''^''      '"'''II     Il-'<1     I'T     llo.-ilill;;-    nel-.    ;in.|     I  he    ^.nWi'    h.,hls    ._. |     |',,|.    |||,, 

s|Kvinien<  in  Ih,'  eol|,.eiion  of  ih<'  I'liiie,!  ,S|,.||es  .\,iii,,ii,il  Mn-em,!  ,-,>  «,.|1  ,i-  in 
iiiv  own,  uhieh    hitter   w.Mv  ol.triiiied   ,il    {{ohenhiiiiseii,   .iihI    miiI    I e   l.\     .Mr. 

.Messikonilller,  ni.ni.V  Ve.irs  nuo,  .■iiiIoHl:  ;i  >eries  of  relie-  iVoli,  lh,ll  joeMlilS. 
I„ll-er    ones,    houe\er.    sili|;,l,h'    for    hllo\ill-    nets,    .-nv    in     the    eolhvti.ili    ,,f    the 

l'e.il'o,i.\     .Miisemi.    of    Ainerie.ui    .\reii,eo|ouv    .'iinl     I'll! loM-v.    ,11    Ciinl.ri.l-.-. 

.M;is.s!.'linsells.  , -111.1   ,,n.'  ..f  tli.'iii    will    !„•  .|,.,eiil„',|   l,s    m.'  h.'iv,ifier.      I    ,-,m   ..f 

nj.illioll    th;it    Ihesni.lll.rohj.vtsof  the   eh-iss    here si.iere.j  Weiv   eniph.v.'.l  .i. 

llo.ils  lor  lishiiiu'-liii.-.  t.ikiiiu-  lh.«  |.l.u f    tlie  .-..rk   tl.-.ils   ii.-e.l    in    ..iir' .|;,vs. 

I''i,i;s.  Vi  .111.1  ."li  ie|,reseni   -|„',iiii(>iis  in  iii_\  r.,|hviion.     Tl riuiii,il  ..I   |'"iu.  ,*»(i 


b7 


•  v.. I.  II,  I'l,,!,.  XL!  1 1,  I'l-    II. 


60 


I'lfKlllSTOIIIC    I'ISIIINC. 


i 


II 


is  ii  fljit  pircc  uf  liark.  not  (niitc  tlinM^-i-iylitlis  ut'  ;iii  inrli  ii)  tliickiioss,  iiiid 
pierced  with  a  Imlc  nearly  in  tlie  niiiUlle.  V\>j;.  .'d  slinws  a  I'nrni  like  tliat  ot"  a 
boat  with  truncated  end;*.     In  this  instance  a  hole  is  [daeetl  near  each  extremity. 


Fi(is.  .")()  und  51. — IJiiik  llniil!'.     linlu'iilmiisi'ii. 


ii 


The  lower  surface  is  Hat.  tlie  upper  one,  seen  in  the  liuiire,  irrei.'nlarly  convex. 
The  two  holes  would  have  facilitated  the  sliilinu'  of  the  lloat  alonij  the  lishinu;-line, 
before  fasteniiiir  it  at  the  desired  distance  fnun  the  hook.  There  are  two  hark 
doats  of  this  shape  "n  the  archicolo^ieal  eollectioii  of  the  United  States  National 
Museum,  both  likewise  from  llobeidiausen. 


Fi.i. :.:     l;.i'iil,aii-i'n.  Ki.i,  .•a-ll..l..  iihiiu-iii.  l-i.;  m,    "Ai|i|.iii." 

Kli.>.  .VJ-">t. — Woudtii  iiiiiiliiiiciil.s  ii^iil  for  ri'iiiviriii;;  li.^liiiij^-lim'.-. 

In  I'onnciiiiin  w  illi  tlir  liin'-li^liinu  of  ilir  l.-ike-nieii  I  lia\('  to  descrilie  a 
rather  numerous  class  of  -inipie  Wdoilcn  iinpliniciits  which  liear  niui'h  resem- 
lilance  to  the  t wirlinLT-stieks  usrd  in  makiiiL;'  fliocolate.  'I'liey  (•iin>ist  of  a  piece 
I'f  a  small  ti'ce-stcni  with  tin'  slump-  of  the  iatrral  hranehes  projectini:'  from  its 
lower  eiiil.  {"II:.  ■'>-  rrpresenls  .m  oIiJim'!  n\'  tiii^  kind  from  Koi)eidian-;eii,  which 
is  apparently  nnicji    liritcr  prescrvcil   tlian   oihcr-   iVom    tlie  >ame   locality,        I 


•KoHcr.    I.iikr  l)»illii,i;-i    VmI    1 1 ,  I'lul.' .\,  Fig    CJ. 


I  if 


AKl'IONs. 


possess  niysrlf  tw..  ,.f  tl,,,,,  :uu\   I,;,v<>  sm,   dliors,  ,-,II  nf  wl.irl,   ,„v8cnt  a  imich 
nrnglRM-  .•.ppc-n-Mia-f  tli.iii  tlic  s|„mmim.m.  Iumv  li-invil.     I    pln.T  Mln.i-.ido  of  it,  as 


lMJ,^  ."),•{,  Ill,'  n'pnwiiljili 


oil 


nt'   nllC.  Jllsd     IVolll     Rnl)Cllll!lllSO|l,  wllicl 


1   wjis  sent  to 

tho  Borim  Fisliory  Exhil.itiun  i„  \HHi):^'     It  show.s  tl.o  char.-.ctor  .A'  tlieso  objects 
iinu'li  better  (liaii  Viii.  .'yj. 

••Those  iiiipleineiits.  uliirb  are  iint  at  all  micniiiiioii  at  l{oI)eiiliaiiseii.  are  of 
peculiar  interest;  at  first  tliey  were  ••oiisid.Ted  as  iiiipleiiieiits  use.l  tor  tlio 
••iiiirning  or  nianiifaeliiriii-  of  butt.T.  but  M.  U,,elia(  .Nfaniv,  (lie  eii-ineer  of 
(ieiieva.  in  llie  fuli.iwin,-  iMtiee',  lias  clearly  shown  that  they  are  tu  be  e.Misidoreil 
as  tishiim-inipleiiients  : — 

•The  tishernieii  wim  at  the  present  day  use  implements  nf  this  kind  live, 
while  the  tish  are  -niii-  up.  un  the  banks  of  the  river  Arve,  well  known  for  its 
<"hl  ami  riishiii-  stivaiii.  They  pass  the  night  almost  like  sava-es.  under  huts 
iiiaih'  (.f  twjos,  and  their  small  subsistence  is  extremely  precarious.  Tliev  eateh 
the  tish  in  the  following  manner:— To  ,,iie  end  i.f  a  cord,  the  length  of  a  st.nie's 
lhr..w,  they  fasten  a  r.-undish  flat  st(UU'.  an.l  to  the  other  end  a  heavier  st(me  of 
.•my  convenient   form.     To  this  main  cord  they  tie  at   intervals  thinner  striii-s 

with   hooks  at    the  .■iid.  and   fi i    three   to    five    feet    long.       The    heavy    stone 

is   tlicii   U   down   iiitn   the   water   from   the   boat   at   the  side  of  the    bald<,    but 

*' 'li<'i'^l"i"^  is  thrown  as  far  as  po.-;sible  straight   across  the  stream  towards 

the  o|.|,n..it,.  bank.  Karly  in  the  morning  thrs..  cr.ls  are  drawn  u,,  and 
e\amined.  the  implement  used  tbr  this  jmrpo-e  brin- r\;„tly  like  tho-e  found  at 
IJobeiihaiisrii.  If  is  in  fad  the  t,,p  of  a  young  lir-tr.v  with  the  iu'aiiches 
s|u-inging  from  ti,e  main  stem  like  radii.  A  n.rd  is  fastene,l  to  the  upper  (  nd 
of  this  kind  u\-  ||,M,k,  and  in  .u-d.u-  to  make  it  sink,  sonic  leaden  rings  or  hooks 
aiv  fastciied  to  ih.'  main  stem:  it  u-oes  by  the  name  of  „ri>ioii  anioUMst  tiie 
(ishenneii.      It    is   fhn.wn    into  the  uater  from   the  Im,:i|,  and  when  .Irawn   up. 

'"■'".-^    ^^i'l'    i'    <1"'    thiiiiirr    .ords    which    have    the    lio,,ks    at    tl nd.       As 

the  M.||l,.rs  at  liobenhaus.n  had  no  lead,  it  i>  possilih-  that   the  perforai,.d  st s 

found  in  th.ii  -ritlcmcnl  m.iy  h.-nc  l,een  i.scd  to  niik  th.'sc  implements. 

Thi-  implemei,:    is  nf  -re;,t  i,inn-t   uiihrcsped   to  ij.e  hi-torv  ,,f  .•ivilization. 

for  it  proxes  ij,,- t  i,„ple uf.  whVj,   ii:,.e  .a.-iiully  derived  tiieiV  orioi,,  iv,,m  tln^ 

hi.uhcst  aiili.|uilx  .iivat  the  present  m ent  used  in  pivciselv  the  same  m.Miuer."i 

l''ig,  Al  represents  the  .irpion.  uhich  measures  .iboiil  ei-ht  indies  1,,  len-th.i 
Nearly  related   to  this  simple  .ippliaiice  in   f,,nu  an.l  fiiiidioii,  thoimh  mure 

compiic.iied  ,aii,|  enliivly  ma,|e  of  inui,  is  the  -devil's  cl.aw  -rapnel  "  iV\.^.  .",|. 

UM'd   by  :,eu   KugiamI  ti,sh,.rmeii  to  reefer  tishingdiiies  from  the  boti.an  of  the 


*  Aiiilliilic  IliTi.  III.-;  |,.  l:;o,  (.'iu'.  !i(i. 
t  Keller:    I  iil(id)w.'l|iiii,'» ;    V,,|    l,|,   .VI. 
{  llild.  1  V..1    I,,,   .-,1, 


> 


62 


I'UKIllSToHK     llslllNd. 


sua,  v.licii  till'  liiioys  iiiiirkiiig  tl\o  |ii>sitiiin  of  tlic  set  lines  ur  li.iwls  Imvf  litvii 
lost  (•!•  .siihiiuTjACil  li,v  llic  Mctiuii  111'  violent  winds  ;inil  \v,i\c.-.  It  is  -;H>uorally 
enijilnyed  nn  tlie  «H(ter  tisliin^-li.inks  ivini:' ulV  t!ie  llast  Cd.ist  of  Xcu'lli  AnuM'ieji. 
in  (leptlis  v.irviiii;-  tVnm  t\vent_v-li\ c  to  o\cr  une  liiindred  t'atlmnis.  'I'lie  n|(eratiiin 
is  !.  ■  fillows:  (ine  end  ut'  a  Imii:-  line — lieiierally  six-thread  Manilla  lienip  linny- 
line — is  fastened  tn  the  Imiu'  link  at  the  extremity  ol"  the  a|i|);iratns.  This  dune, 
the  implement  is  thrown  out  of  tin"  lioai,  and  so  ninch  line  veered  out  that  the 
jrrai)nel  will  ••  hiii;"  the  liottom.  while  the  dory  is  lieiny'  pnlled  alonu'.  Ordinarily 
two  men  row  the  l)oal  during'  this  operation  of  drauv'inu'  f«ir  the  lost  uear,  while 
other  sits  at  the  stern  with  his  haiid  on  tlie  line,  in  ordei-  to  lie  alije  to  tell 
more  surely  than  he  otln  rwise  eoidd  when  the  trawl-line  is  hooked.  if  tho 
depth  of  water  exceeds  lifty  fathoms,  it  is  trenerally  necessary  to  fasten  an 
additional  weight  on  the  line,  two  or  three  fathoms  distant  from  the  grapnel,  for 
the  pur|)osi'  of  keeping  the  latter  dose  to  ihe   »  •loni.'-' 


' 


\ 


Fio.  •').'i. — "  novil'K  oliiw  grn]iiiol."    Miis.suchiisi'ttn.     <  •")  liM'J  . 


It  lias  lieen  stated  that  tlic>  lake-peojile  doulitlcss  obtained  tish  liy  the  method 
of  spearinu' — ••  supposition  liased  upon  the  discovery  of  huMislrine  liarlied  dart- 
heads  of  horn  and  hone,  well  suited  for  that  purpose.  Some  of  them  may  have 
heen  the  armatures  ot'  liuiirMm-sp>ars.  alllioUM-li.  as  we  iia\e  seen,  the  lakc- 
dwcllers  \M  re  e\perls  in  the  faltrication  of  weapon-iieads  i^f  tlint  and  jaspei'. 

The  nrii^iii.d  of  l''i'^-.  •')!.  made  of  staL;-liorM.  certainly  heai's  the  cjiai'acler 
of  a  harpoon-head.  'I'his  specimen  was  I'ound  at  the  sl.ilion  of  ."^ainl-.\n!;in, 
;inil  lielonuecl  to  the  cidleciion  of  M.de  .Mortillet.  ;• 

l'"iu'.  •"»"  represi'nis  another  liarpoon-he.id  ol'  deei-horn,  likewise  I'ound  at 
S.iinl-Auliiii.  :ind  formerly  in  the  posse.-sion  of  !»r.  ( 'lencnl,  whose  collection 
was  ai'c|iiirei!  liy  the  INalnidy  .Museinii.  Il  appears  that  I'i'ofessor  Desor 
considers  this  >pciinien  as  ,i  li.sh-ho.di,  an  opinion  which   I  can  h.ardly  slnire.J 

*  I'or  llii>.  inriinihiliiM  I  :i:ii  imli'bU'd  I-  (':i|itHii>  .lii-i'pli  \V,  (.'.illin-,  nl'  lln'  UiiiU'il  Sl;iti'.-  l'Hiiiiiii»-i>iii  nl'  Kiih 
arid  Ki»hi'rit'!i, 

t  TIh' illii-lnili..ii    -  r.].!-  .l'...'il  I'r.ii'i  •'  U.'li.|in:i'  .\.|iiil.'iiii(M',     1 1 ,  |i,  .M .  Im;;.  1 1 . 

;  iJixir:  I'liliililh",  t.r  l.iniisti  i  in  l'iiii»triniiiiii>.  in  llii-  l.iiki' mI'  Niinlnilcl  ;  .Siiiilliscuiiiiii  iti'|ii>i'l  I'.ir  IWifij 
|i  :'•■'<'.  V'lii.  .'iT  i«  II  ri';niiliirliiMi  o'  Flu.  II  "  "ii  tin-  -miih'  |i.'i'.;i>.  -  I  cuiild  not  iili'iilily  tlii-  -ihi'Iiih'Ii  iiiiioiii;  tliu 
Sivi-r  lull  |iu.iii.lii'ii':,  ..•III  1,,  nil-  lor  I'jiiiiiiiiiiilhin  |py  tin'  tiii^tiT*  d'  llir  I'i'dIumIv  Mii-iiiin. 


i 


ii.\i!i'o<iN-m;Ar)s. 


m 


Mr.   Kricdcl  li-mvs  n  Ijiciistriiic  (.l.jotl   ..f   almost  (li(>  s,iiii(>  sliapo,   wlik-Ii   iu 

(losi-nalcs_,.o,Tc.cllv,  I  think— as  a  liarj n-liea.l.     Tu  its  sl.aiik   still  adlicir.' 

the  l.iluniiiK.u.s  siihstan.v  in  which  it  was  iastiMie.l  into  a  .shaft.-     Fi-'.  ",8  ivpro 


i 


Fi.i    '.7. 


i 


FiiiM.  .'jO-OS.— Di'iT  liiiiii  li;r  w-\ii.Iii.!icls.     Stiiiil  Aiiliiii. 

si'iils  a  lin(>  (li'i«r-hnrn  harpuon-licad  of  kiiidriMJ  character  from  Saint-Anliin, 
whi.di  is  preserved  in  the  IV-ahodv  ''n^eimi  (Xc  r,i>:L*.  (').  A  smaller  one.  four 
and  oiie.fiHirth  indies  in   lenutli.  derived  from  the  >anie  locality.  ,ind   likewise  in 


•Aliilliilid  lliTii  hli' ;  |,.  l:!ii,  Fig.  0", 


rn.|«»iu>.-ii»».»^--^. 


-.....-..  M... 


M 


I'nEiiisrouic  iisHiNO. 


■i 


the  abovo-naiiic'd  institiition,  has  jiillioiiiii^'  lo  its  slmiik  a  aniiill  iVajj^iiii'iit  (if  tlio 
wooilcn  sliaft  into  wliicli  it  was  insortcMl. 


HI 


1 1  .'I  I 


i 

K(i|.  .I'l.—I 'nil. •!■'■•.  I'l.J.  >'•'■  — rotli'i-i.v  I'lii     III  — Wntiwyl, 

Fn;'..  r)!l-(!l. — IIiir|ioiiii-|i('!l<1s  of  Imiu'  iiml  ilrirli.iin. 

Fiir.  *')'.>  shows  a  vcrv  carefully  nurkfil  lin?ii'  har|innii-lica(l.  {'xhiliiti'd  at 
Berlin  in  ISSO.-'-  The  loi-ality  fnnii  which  ihc  s|)(>cin«'n  was  dfrived  is  not 
named;  l)iit  tin!  same  olijcct,  it  apiKvirs,  is  tiijuivd.  witii  other  similar  ones,  on  a 
smaller  scale,  in  Dr.  Keller's  worlv,t  as  well  as  in  Ilia',  of  M.  Kivd.  Troyon.;j: 
They  are  then"  denominated  Imiie  arrow-heads,  and  the  Conci.se  settlement  in  the 
lialie  of  Xeiichatcl  is  nu'ntii'ned  as  the  locality  when>  the  specimens  were 
ol>tained.  These  ohji-cts  are  attrilaited  to  the  stone  period,  thonuh  the  l.ike- 
villajje  in  ipiestion  still  flourished  after  the  introdiici,  n  of  iu-onze.  The  shank 
of  Kiir.  *")'.•,  it  will  he  .seen,  is  very  artistically  notciied.  and  if  its  form  is  cyliii- 
dric.i!  or  rod-like,  as  tin'  dclinealion  -iiiir'jrests.  tli<'  niti-hes  may  haxc  ser\ed  for 
the  reception  of  iiitumen  liy  which  the  he.ad  was  fastened  in  a  socket-like  cavity 
at  the  end  of  the  shaft.     There  an',  indeed,  no  very  nlrong  indicati(Uis  tiuit  the 


*  Aintlkln;  Hcriclitc;  p.  I'JS,  Fii;.  h.',. 

t  K«HU.  :    Lake  UwilliiiK* ;  Vi>l.  II.  I'liil.'  I'lll,  Kins.  HI,  17,  ui,<l  IH. 

I  Trovnii :  lljtliiliitii'ii-.  liiiiii.'lri'M  dci  T('iil|>!i  AlK'liinsi.'t  .MinliTMi- ;  I.iiii-iiiiih',  IHiIII;  I'IuIc  V  I,  Kii;i'   .!,  I,uiiil  r>. 


1 


I 


HAi!r()().\.iii;.\i»s. 


la  I. 


k.'-incil   !i.-.«(|   IliirpoollS  wi(I,  (l..(;|rl|i|I.It'  llCiuls;    I, lit  11 


iMii|>liiy('<i  tliciii. 


ii-y  may  iirvcHliclcss  Iiii\( 


Tlic  aniiafnrcs  thus  far  il.'scril.(«,l  cxliihit  i.i.lv  a  siniil 


r  liarlt ;  in    F\ix.  (J() 


as 


s.'n..s  of    unilat.ral    l.a.-l.s   is  s,.,.„.      Th.   siMTinuM,.   M.a.lo  ..f   ,l....,-h..r„,    wa> 
toiind  at  ( 'uiicisc/' 

Passin- ..v.M- f(i  liar|..HMi.lilv(>  annatiiivs  witli  l.ilatoral  l.arl.s.  ]   r.ivo  in  F\<r 

CI  tlioivproHcntaliM,,  o{  a  ^^immm. ,  ,.f  ,Ic.,.r-lH.n.,  f..i.M,l  at  W'a.iwvir    Ft  sli..\v!s 

thivo  sl.ar|.Iy-,ut  l.arl.s  ..i,  .-adi  si.l..,  ,ui.l  a|.|)oars  to  i)e  «.r  a  flatti.sli  tbn.i  j- 


'm 


Pia.  m> 


l''li.-.  (iL'-fil.  — J)ii'f  li.irii  liinpiHin  licacls.     liiUiiiiiiri'ii. 


I''ius.  (L',  (i;$.  ,111.1  fU  ,n-<"  .l.-Iiiiraliuiis  .,r  ,l,.rr-ii,.rii  li:ir|...un-lH-;i(ls  ul.taiii.'.l 
l.y  Dr.  (Jrn.s  iVum  ili,.  I.atlrinuvn  sinM,«  ami  lin.ii/.'-auv  s,.|||.>m.'ii1  in  llic  LmU." 
"f  Wu'uw.     Tliry  aivall  pcrlnral,',!  .-.i  llir  Inuvr  .mhIs.  u  liirli  tcniiiiialc  al.nii.tlv. 


*Tr<ivi>n:  IIiiliiinliMii.  I.M.n^tn'- ;    I'liit..  \M,  Ki:;.  25. 
:  K.'llri     I,mI,..  liw,.|ii„u's  v.. I.  II.  I'l,ii.'  XX,  l''i^.  •.'(1. 


p 

^ 


li^wiw'*— *»!'■■  wi«»y**i  1 1  mtmrntmammm 


66 


PKKIIISTOHIC    KISIIINC. 


Tlio  orifj^iniil  nf  Kiu.  (L*  is  cluinu'tt'rizcd  hy  Dr.  (Jrnss  as  ••  a  laryv  liar|>i>(iii.  nearly 
cii^lit  ami  tliivc-t'niii'tlis  iiidics  Imiu';  it  lias  eleven  liari>s.  is  perforated  at  tlio 
Imse,  and  has  been  .skilll'nlly  iiiaili- nnl  nfa  iVaunient  nf . stair's  Imrn."*  Tiie  barlts 
are  rather  lilimt.  Kii;-.  <i;j  represents  a  very  tine  speeiinen,  lliu.-  descrilied  i)y 
Dr.  (Jress  in  ••  Maleriaiix  "  :  "A  larni'  Imrpniiii  nf  deer-lmrn.  twenly-lwu  ecnli- 
liu'ters  in  leni;th.  |irnvided  with  six  \  ery  sharp  liarhs.  and  perforateil  al  the  liase 
for  heiiiu:  fastened  to  a  wooden  shaft  ii_\  means  of  :\  pe^,'  {rfiri'illr)."\-  Dr.  (Jross, 
fonseipiently.  does  not  re:;ard  these  harjiodiidioails  as  di'taehaldi'  armatnres. 
K  till'  perforations  had  served  tor  reeei\  in_ii' a  line  they  prohaMy  wonld  not  ha\e 
heen  placed  so  near  the  lower  en<l.  I'^Il;'.  <)4  shows  a  shorter  harpoundiead  of 
similar  eharaeter,  with  only  one  harli  on  o.ich  side.  A  deerd  rn  hai'poondie.id 
resemhlim;-  very  nnieh  the  oriiiinal  of  I'it:-.  (il,  ;nid  nearly  of  the  same  length,  is 
preserved  in  the  I'ealiody  .Mnsenm.  D  was  found  al  Saint-Anhin.  .and  lielonnrd 
to  the  Clement  eolleetion. 

It  may  he  assumed  lli.il  oni-  of  lli(>  methods  employed  liy  ihe  laUe-people 
tor  olit.ainimj;  tish  was  that  of  shootinu  them  with  arrows — liarlied  |ioints  of  iione, 
horn,  and  ston(>,  well  suited  to  form  tlu'  ■•irm.ilures  of  such  arrows,  haviui;'  lieen 
found  on  the  .sites  of  Ihe  aneient  lake-\  illaucs. 


1 


11=  i 


'I'! 


m 


Km  r.:..— .Siilnl  \iililri  Ki.i.  mi.— Hi.li.'nluiiHan.  Km.  07.— Iliwli'i. 

I'lOH.  fi.")-(i7.      Arrii\v-lu'i»il.><  nl"  Imrn  ami  lliiil. 

.\n  ari'ow -h",id  fnnii  S,iinl-.\iiliin.  enii~i-<liML:'  of  si.-i.^diorn.  .and  aecordinu' 
to  till'  illn<lr;ition.  still  conni'deil  w  iiii  ;i  porlioi;  .if  llic  sh.afl.  is  represented  l>y 
Kiu.  •>•">.:  It  ii.is  only  oil!'  Iiarli.  and  is  .•.■ri.rndv  uf  .-i  -ji.ipe  sniii^vstive  nf  li-h- 
shoiilinL'.  l"iu.  liii  ~li.iw-  thr  I'l.rm  nf  .1  liarlird  llint  point  iVoui  Koiienh.iusen, 
which  mi-iit    have   licm  u-cl  uilh   .uh  .int.aL;!'  .1-   the  hi-ad  of  an  arrow  designed 

•  Krll.-i      l.akr  Dvullinu'*;   V..I.  I.  |.    l.'-d;    V..1.  II.  I'luti'  XI. 11.  I'ii;.  1. 

t(ir.i-<:    IKTiii.rt'ii  Tniiiviiill'''  iImik  Ii'»   IInlMl:ili'>ii4    l.aiii^liv^  ilii  \,if  i\f   IliiTnic;    Miil.'i  iuin  ;    \'iil     .\  S', 
IMSII;  |..  in.      l!.-|,ri".i'iitiiliMiis  i.r  tli.'  Iw..  Iiui|ic".ii-lii';hl-  ••ii  I'l.il.^  II.  Ki--    I    I'l'l  '-'. 

;  K.'ll.i      ].:il.-  Ihvllii,-. ;   v.. I.  II,  I'l.l-  .\  1,1 11     Ki-.  12. 


M 


iJf 


iisMi\(i-M:rs. 


Li  ,i :  ri:  r,;  "•  """■ '"^  """"•'"'"^  ""■  -"■"• '-"-  -''••  '•-  ••. 

'        •'!-"'    \'nvs,.,   ,„    L„n,l..,..|v.      |„   ,|n.   ins.nn.v.  „.,..   ,1,.  sixo  is   ,„„ 

r  • '";!  "  '^  '"•"''^"''>  ""•  —I .:;  „  „,,,„,  „ ,  • 

"      ,"■",''"'.    '^' ■"•'■'-''-'^    l-v     •iu'urnl     niav    jus.  "as    w..|l     1...... 


Fr(i.  (IS.- |.'i„f,,ii,.|it  ,,f  (H|,ii,i,'-ii..|.     l;.,l.,ii|i,iiis,.n'?). 

''''"''■'■'•■"'   '"'  ""  •' '    "'•"   •'"■  l.-.k.Mhv..ll..,s  ti.s|,..,l  uiti,   uoU.     Owin-  fu 

l"'''"'"H'  .•ir.MiiMstan.Ts.    k„„u„    t,.  (1„>   iva,!.-.-.    inanv    lal.rirs  ,,r  (lax    Iru-   l",-,.,, 

|..vs..rv...l  ,M  llM.  n.li,-l„.,|,.  .,,.1  an.,.,,^  tlu-s.  a,v  iVa;. ,„s  „r  n-.s  ,,.,.1.  -vaHlv 

'"'"""'"•    """'    ' "•   ''•""'■      15"'    «'^'•',    i„    tl...al.sr.i.T,.rtl„..rlVa..„H..,|.    ll,',. 

"'•••"'•••■■"'■'•"I  >val  i,.-!..iMi<rrs  w„Mi.I  fnrnisi,  <„m,.i.,,t  .,.,M„„i  f,,,'  lli- a<<..r.i„„ 
•■'•'  '-M,.,|,na,M,(a,-,mv,-i,  is  sai,|,  "  ( |„.  >,„.,  si,„,.l,.  I^.nn  a,v  iU,-  ,„•(.  whirl, 
v"rvn,ns,.|..,.,.,|.h,  l„„l,  in  ,i„.  s.,vn^^tl.  ..f  ,l,„,.,„,i  ,.,m,I  in  ti„.si/.,.  „r  ,|„.  n,..!,.. 

;"■'""■;'"'-  '"  ""•  '""■1"-"^^  ''"•  ^^''i'-l'  "i-'v  ^v..v  ,l..si^ 1.  ;„„|  vrt  th.v  „.,.n,  ,11  ,,! 

l--l-nn,a.l,.intl„.sam,.manm.r.l      I.  w„mM  l..  ..ran^./in,! K  if  prinmiv. 

'":"';'"""'';'"''''•'■'''''"'•'•'■"•  ""•"""'^'•" ^i"-",...wi,at,.v..r.h..i,.,|,Unaliun 

!"';  "  '""■    "•     ''''"•'•"  '"■'•  '""  '""  -l-li.i-ati„n.  uf  M,.|.,Va^n,..nts  ^^ivn  in  Dr 

K.'ll..r>  Nv,„k.  „n,.  „!•  wl,i..l,  i.  Inav  n.,.r..,h„....i  as  Fi,-.  ,;s,|;     Tl,..  nK.sl,..s  ,.r  ,|,is 

»   K..II...-:     I,,.l„.  Ilwrllili^^s;    V„|.    II,    l.|.„,.   XIII,   Ki^r,    l;).  " 

^  "'"'■'""""••'>■  "■'-  -  ' <-.  <l„.  ,..-,.  i„  ,!„.,  ,„..,li..ati..n,  I  .n.:aly  ,li„,i„i.|„.,  i,.  ..i,.,„i,„.  v„I„o. 

J  K..ii,.rt  r.Hi,f.iittviiiiig,j  Vol.  II,  nmucLxii,  kik.  i. 

i  IM.I.i   V..1,  I,  ,,.  .MO. 

,  "'"I  :   \'"i    II.  I'Imi.  CX.X.WI,  ]■■;.;   •_', 


0g 


I'UKiiisToiiic  iismsff. 


iii't,  wliicli  is  made  111'  stmiij^  cnnl.  iirc  imt  (|iiilc  tlirt't'-cinlitlis  of  nii  iiicli  in  widtii, 
and  liciicc  it  was  well  siiito<l  lor  lisliiiit;-|»iir|»nsi«s.  'I'Im"  ntlior  tigiiri'tl  rrajjmcnt 
III"  a  net  lias  iiicslios  no  less  than  two  iiiclios  wide,  and  is  tlioivl'ori' — willi  jiood 
reason,  I  liclicvi' — dcsijj:natod  as  a  rcninant  of  a  liuntinic-not.  Tlic  plate  tVoni 
wliicli  Fjo-.  (W  is  coiiii'd  shows  designs  of  (lax  falirics  iVoni  Holicnlianscn  and 
\\'anjj;on,  but  tiw  locality  wlu'rc  rai-h  olnjcct  was  ohlaincd  is  not  specialized,  I'itlicr 
on  the  plate  or,  <is  far  as  I  could  discover,  in  the  text  and  the  list  of  illustrations, 

Of  conrse,  any  attempt  at  spccnlatini;  on  the  character  of  the  nets  employed 
hy  the  lake-dwellers  would  lie  fruitless.  The  few  remaininu;  frajjinients  certainly 
give  us  no  clue.  It  is  likely  tluit  (hey  used  the  primitive  ami  ahno.st  nnivers.il 
seine-net  while  llshing  near  the  shore;  in  dee[)  water  they  may  have  followed 
other  nn'thods.  We  oidy  know  that  they  used  vdH,  and  must  he  satisfied  with 
that  information. 

Xet-siidvcrs  are  freijuently  mentioned  in  tiie  translation  of  I)r.  Keller's 
work,  Imt  in  many  c.ises  not  sufficieidly  desci'iiied  iind  rarely  lignred.  There  are 
sometimes  doubts  expressed  whether  stone  ohjects  of  a  certain  form  .are  to  i)e 
considered  as  sinkers  or  slin'.;-stones ;  ami  the  same  \,mueness  prevails  with 
rciiard  to  pierced  cones  of  halved  clay,  which  are  thought  to  h;iM'  served  eilhei' 
as  net-sinker>  or  as  weights  in  the  process  of  weaving. 


i 


! 


M 

■ii 

h 


Vm    ul-AII.Mi-l,ii.>li. 


I  !■.    T'l    -  Mlrn-lii,,  li. 


I'm   71    ■  INtiviiytT 

Fiiirt.  0!t-7l. — Stoiii'  sinkers. 


I?  * 


SINKKHS. 


fie 


n<>foiv  iMili'fiii','  iipmi  ;,   (l,.s,-rip(iuii   of   |; 


ntlclltlnli  ti>  ||m>  IjicI   Ihjil   niiK    M|r| 


I  lis 


•iisd'inc  siiilvcrs,   I   woiiM   il 
iiv  I'liiitiil  ill  st.ttl('iii,.iit.s  ,ii'  tin-  pure  Ht 


"""'  '*""  ""' •■'"'•">  '"•  '•••.^■"'■' ■•'-  lillii.-.  piN.vi,l..,|  tiM.v in-  iin.l 

.•iiinstiiii.vs  rxcliidih-'  III,.  pMssiliility  u(  I;,!,.,-  int nisii.ii.     Tl 


l;i\\ 
iilii> 


rr   ell'. 


lose    tViHll    stilli 


l>||S 


rs. 

iiiu- 
III 


P'Tl.-m.iiii,^  tu  tl...  ,mv..  nf  Stun,.  ,111,1  l.ruiiz..  i,i,,y  Im-Iuh^  („  ..j,!,,.,..      |t    is  ,.vi,l,.,„ 

'  ""  ""■  "•"'^'"""  ''«• >t"-'"  to  \,ruu,r  w.Mil,!  i.,.t  liav,.  d.;ui-,..l  ||„.  ,.l,,.|r,.u.t,.r  uf 

"'"  ^'"'^"'■':     '•"''•'"'•  "•••■^v,.i,,l,ts  ,.r  .s ,n,l  ,.luy  a.v  ..v..,.  ut  p,,w,.|i»   in   „.,. 

iiiih.im-  iiii,-iviliz,'(I  .111,1  ,Mviliz,Ml  pooplcs. 

All.,s:,.,i  w,.,s  ...Imi.ly  n.;i,l,^  tu  tl...  ,imi,.,ilfy.  ,„•  ratlu.r  imp-ssibilitv  ..f 
MislinuiiislMim  ,„  n,,„y  i„st..|i„...s  lH.tw..,.|,  sink,.rs  f,.i-  Ii,„.s  uu,\  sii-l,  .s  .itv,.",!  .,s 
>H.t-w,.|j;l,.s.     ^  H  |.:„r,    ,,,„  ,,n-l,..„I,..ri>ts  mostly  .vl',.r  t..  .i,.t-siMi...rs  ..nh 

„„     '  '"'"•  ""  "'""'"  """  " '-'^i""'^  "'•  !•  i;;'^.  <!:►  M,i,l  70^^^  won.  use!  as  sii,k,.|.. 

n...y  .•...•tiiinly  ,...„,,„M,.  ,|„.  ,..,„„i.,„„.st  X.irtli  An.oWoan  nl.ori-i,i,.||  i„.t.w,-i..|,t> 
.•n....istii,u„t  w,.,t,.r..„n,  (1,,  pH.i.ios  nnt,.|„.,l  „„  ..pp„.sif,.  ,1,1,^,  ,|„.  n„t,.l„..  I^.i, 
l''''"l..'-."l  l.y  -lows.  Tl...  nn^\nnU  .,f  F,>.  ,;!» ,i„.|  7(,.  ,vlii,.li  ,„•.•  ,l,.nvc.,|  iV.., 
tl..-  sl,.m.-,.,u..  st..,tiu„  „f  All..,isl.,.„.|,,  ,.n  ,1...  IJ,„..,,.,.,  ,,.,,,^,,,_  ,.„.,.  ,,,.^,.,.,,,.,,  ,^^ 
••ll|.t.  .•.liM..st  iiiiw.,rlu>,l  n,l|..,|  st,m..s.  fn.n.  tn.ir  tu  Iiv,-  linos  tlii,k  ,•..,,1  iVu,,,  tlnv,- 
|.n.lM  mil  lui;,„|.i„,.|,„.  i„  I,.„.,i,,,„,,i„.  ,,.  nirtlior  Ini.vs  uf  ,vu,k,„Mnsl,ip 
""'-'  <li-  iH.iluus  ui- lum.ws  ...t  .  ,,n,l  /.•••;•  it  is  n..t  ,.v,mi  stat.-d  wl„.tli..|.  ,|,,. 
ni.l-.ilatiui.s  aiv  pi-u,l.i,.,.,l  l.y  l,l.,ws  ur  l,y  ,i.n,i,li„o,  .,,i,!  tlio  ,I..si^,is-li..,v  f„i,|,. 
'"."•   '"I '-'•""^'■^'  "I'  '"ui ,illi,„.s,  wliicl,  fail  tu  iinlioat..  tli,-  pm-is,.  ,-liara,.t..r 

u|     till'  Spl'l-illM'llS. 

„      '''■' ■'-'"■••'   "'■    ''''^     '14:  lV..m   tlif.  stun,.   an.I    l.n.i.zo.au.,.   sfatiu,,    „,.■,, 

Kstavay,.r.  u„   tl,..    Lak.  n(  .\..„..|,at,-l.  ,.  i,„.|,tiun,..l  ,,s  u,,,.  ,.f  tli,.  .tu,,,..  ..,„'„ 

'"""'•^  '•••'"'"'  ••^""-■^' -"^     V..t  tl...|v  aiv  ,ii„lu„l,to,l   Xurtli  A,i„.ri..ai,  .ii.k- 

st..M..s..l  ..xa,.tly  tli..sai„..  i;,nii;  an.I  .|n,i..  similar  .„„..  tuiiinl   in  Hurup,.,  apart 

'■"",'  '•■''''•■'""""I'Miis.  .•..•<•  pr uii.v,|  sii,k..rs  l.y  .■ui„p,.t,.M|  aivl,u.u|u.a.t<   as  will 

iH'sliuun    „,   tl„.  s,.,,,i..I.      I    w.„il,l   miliositatiiidyas,.,.!!,..  ,1,,,,   ,.1,,,,,,.,,.,  ,„  ,|,„ 
liuiir.'.l  >p('ciiii.'ii. 

A  t;.u  Mum,.  ,|is,.,  .„.  ,|i.,.]ii„.  p.,,,,,,,„    ,,i„,  .^  ,.„„„.^,,  ,„,.,.„,^„„„,    ^^.,,.  .,^  _^^^^^. 

li.iN.'   -y^r,\   ,.,.    i...i.siMk,.|.s.    an.    tiuun.,1    ii,    K,.||,.,.'s    -  l.ak..  Dw,.] s  •  -    I.,,', 

mM,.a,l  ,.  ,.upyi„.  ;,„y  ,„•  ,,i,  il|„.„.atiuns.  1  ^.ivo  in   V\...  72  an.I  7;{.  ,m,  H,,.  Iu|- 
I..W,,,.   pa.,..  ,|,.s,;:„s  „f  „,i.inals  in  II,..  IVal,u,|y  M„s,.,„„.  „  C.nil.ri.l.^o       Fi-v 
-1   IS  an    invi^iilar  (lat   .lis,-  ..l^niy  san.lst..n...    half  an    iml,    i„    ,i,i..kn,.ss    „;;| 

"^'"';'""V'  '■""^''  ^"••''"•'■-  ^^  ''i"''  '"""••  .•i.vi.ni.tan.v  n.| rs  it  ,lilli,.nl,  ,„  ,l.„.i,i„ 

wlM.|l„.r  til,.  Mui...  h,,s  l„,,.n  artili.ially  inu.liliv.l  ,„.  ,„„      Tl,.-  l,u|,.  i„  tho  nii.Ml,. 


»  K,.|l..r-   r,uk..  DwHIin-:   V..I    II,  |'l„„  XXIV.  Ki,-<    i  h,„I  1. 

t  ll'i'l.  ;   v.. I    I,  |,.  ;,., 

I  ll.i.l  ;   Vol,  II,  |.|,,i,.  X, All,  K,.,r,  |..<. 

j  ll'i'l   ;   V..i,  I,  |,   ..'i;.-,. 


V- 


flO 


I'KI'.IIISTultM     I'ISIIIMi. 


is  (Irilli'd    iV.iiii  liuili   si. !(••*.     Tliis  s|MM-iiii('n  i  \.«.  liHtl.  A)  whs  nht.iini'il  .-it   llu' 
Siiiiil-Aiiliiii  slaliun,     Thi.  (.ri<^iiial  of  I'iu.  7M  l-Nn.  l!i!>l.  It)  \a  h  .hiiiiicwIi.iI  tl)i|. 


^. >^ 


■'•    ■■*■.'  •>) 


.  >:r^^ 


-<r:"'^%. 


,   v.  •-JV'-f 


F|.l.  7.'  !■  1.1   7  I 

Fliw.  "•_' ami  7!. — Shiiu' -iiikii-'  ''  .     Siiinl  Aiiliiii. 

tisliiiN.il  jii'Mil..  Ill"  fniii|)ai'l  -jv-.w  -.•iinl-liiiii'  i  iimlas^ri,  willi  a  cciilral  |ii'i'|iiialinii 
Mink  ri'diii  linili  >ii|i's,  ami  uf  lij-ionical  loriii.    It  \\a>  likcwi-r  rniiiul  al  Saint- A  id  •in. 


;■ 


w 


Km  Tl,— Suliii  \mI.iii.  I'm   :•■ -NLImistrlnberg.  Kw.  :r..-liiU«'Vl. 

I''li.<.  7  l-7ti.— SiiikiT- ■  ?i  111'  <liiiic  and  clay. 

Tlicrc  arc  in  tin-  rfalimlv  M  iistMini  siiiaiiiT  |ii'lililcs.  |M<rtnratiMl.  Init  nut  in  (Ih* 
('(•nti'f,  wliicii  ai'r   ilnio-t  {<»>  liulit  In  iiavc  sitmmI  as  ni-t-sinki'i's.  Imt  wliidi   may 

lia\r  1 n  nsi'il  in  i'"nnfi-liiin  u  itli  li^iiinLi-lini's.  if  lln-v  wcri'  nut  ilc'sij^iini  I'nr  iitlicr 

|Mii'|nisi's.  ()|)i>  of  thrni  (  \i>.  I'.titl  (J).r.inini  al  Saint-Aiiliin,  i~  InTc  I'l'in'cscn- 
t<'cl  as  VI'j:.  74.  It  i»  a  small  w.iicr-uom  siim,.  ,,1"  ]ialc-'^i-.iy  imIoi-  an<l  (•.ilcu'ccnis 
I'liai'acli'r,  |iicri'f(l  with  a  straii:lit  ex  linilriral  Imlr. 

In   F\'^.  7')  I  i't'i>ri'st'i\t  imi'  of  tlic  clay  cunrs  to  wliidi  rcl'crcncc  was  niadc.'" 


•  Koll«r:  Uko  DwoUins- ;  V.,1.  II,  I'liito  X.XXVIII,  Fi^'. 


IN 


■^^1 


MINKKIIS. 


<'.| 


It  h«>l()iif;j*  III  llic  l;iri,'<'  scriiw  nf  nliji-cls  ilcrixril  iViiim  iIk'  iiii|inrl;iii(  Niilmi- 
SlciiiluT^  sclflciiii'iit  ill  llu'  Liiki' lit'  ISii'iinc.  "  Mniiy  uliircts  ot'  stimc,  liuiii-,  .nnl 
|iiiltfrv  wliii'li  li.'ivc  lii'cii  iiliiaiiH'il  llicrr,  .iml  wliiili  iiKirU  llu- npiiiinriiri'iiiriit  >>( 
till"  fi\  ili/.atiuii  nf  nuiii  in  mii'  ilislrirls,  slmw  liiat  it  wns  a  si-llli'iiiriit  in  liic 
oarlirst  |icriiiil  :  Iml  iU  fxistciii  r  was  |irn|.iiiu('il  ii|i  In  liif  liiiir  wlini  lii'mi/i'  was 
<'iiiniiiiiiil\  i'iii|i|iivcil  i'l.r  iin|ili'iiM'iils ;  nay.  il  i'M'Ii  millfistiMl  lliis  iicriiMl,  ainl 
rcai'lii'il   thai  \vlii'h   ii'nii  rann'   iiiln  ii^o,  "  ■     Tin' day  cuiio  arc  lliiis  docrilinl  :  — 

"Tlir  llliliu-*  wliirli  (•iiliillliilll\   uip  liy   llli'-i'  liallir. ^illU-slnlics  {sif\  nr  wci^lils — 

ai'i'  aliniil  I'liiir  ami  ii  liail'  iiu'lii'^  iii^'li.  nf  m  iniiiial  rnrni.  ami  .in'  aliniit  I'uiii-  m- 
luiir  ami  a  liall'  in  diaiiii'liT  :il  tin*  liasc:  llicy  wrn-  iiiailr  williuiil  .uiy  (mi'c  .iml 
tit'  I'uiMiiiiiii  clay.  Till'  I'.ii'l  lli.il  llii'v  arc  |icrriir.itcil  lnwanls  llir  jMiini  i.l'  tln'  niic 
,'iml  lli.'il  llicy  were  I'lHintl  .it  .1  lis]iiiiu->lMliiiii.  >cciiis  In  arirnc  lur  llic  i'i)i'rci'liii'.-.s 
111'  till'  I'liniimni  ili'siiiii.iliiiii  :  Iml  siilisi'i|iicnl  invcstiualinns  iiaxc  prnvcil  lli.'il 
inaiiy  .it  least  n\'  llicsc  c|;iy  loiics  were  .--iiiiiily  weights  iiseil  in  we,i\  inu'.""!"  This 
tliciirv  w.i^  lir>l  .iihaneeil  hy  .Mr.  I'.nii'.  .i  I'ililiim-iii.-iniil'aeliii'er  ut'  /nrieh,  \\  Im 
<'iiiislriiclri|  a  weav  iiiL;:-a|i|iai'aliis  liy  which  he  niaile  the  v.iriniis  kinils  nf  linen 
cliith  riiiiml  in  the  l.iUc-seltlenii'iits.  •■.\ml,  ,is  .1  t'lii'ther  I'l'iiiif.  lie  shiivM'd  I'l'iMii 
iinliiliilalile  e\  iilciicc  thai  the  cl;iy  cunes  ai'e  111  lie  cunsiilercil  :is  ciiii.-tiliii'i:i  |iarl.- 
(if  the   liiiiiii-.  ill'  the  laUe-ilwelliii'^s.      It'  t'lirlhei'  |iriMi|   Were  w.inliii^'-    it    iii.iv   lie 

;.'i\eh    in   llie  r.iel   lliat    ill  .scVCl'lll  I'nollls    Lately  e\c.l  V.ltcil   liy    .Ml'.    .Mes^iknlii  liiiT  .it 

KiiliciiliaiiM'ii.  al  Iciisl  li.'ilf  a  ilu/eii  i>(  llicse  d.iy  cuni's  wei'c  rmiMil  in  each,  mi 
thai  we.iviiii:'  iiiiis|  lia\e  liccn  c.irricil  mi  there  |u  .a  i:r<',at  e\tciil.".i; 

This  -iiiimls  scry  jiljiiisilile,  Iml  il  ilues  imi  carry  cnin  ictiini  with  il.  .Mr. 
I'aiir'.s  rcciiiistriicletl  Imiiii.j  which.  Ii\  the  w.iy.  hears  a  striking  re.>eiiil>l.iiice  to 
line  in  ihe  .\i'ch,eii|i)ii-ical  .Miiseiiin  at  ('ii|)enlia,i;eii.i|  is  li\  nu  ine.ans  .an  ahsulnlely 
siiii|ile   cuiitrivjiiice.    Iml    rather   ciim|ilic.ileil    when    ciini|i;ireil    with    Ihe   sinijilc 

liiulll-  nf    llliiilern     illili.ins    nf    (he   West,   wlln    |irni|uce    textile   f.ilirics    certainly  .IS 

•  • I  .1- llm-e  nf  the  Sw  iss  lake-nieii.     The  I'ini.i    Imliaiisnii   the  (iila  I5i\ei'.  tnr 

.iist.iiice.  iii.ike  \  eiy  i  I'eilit.alile  ami  really  nrii.iiiieiil;il  li-siies,  eiii|ijii\  iim  .1  Inniii 
lli.il  ciiiisi>ts  niily  ii\'  ,1  few  stick-,  which  lhe\  carry  .-iliniit  in  .1  ■-ni.ijl  liiniilie* 
The  li  11  nil  111'  the  ancient  .Mevicins.  ■  ■  w.is  far  les,-  ciiiii|ilic,alci|  ih.in  l  h.il  cnn-trncieil 
liv  Mr.  I'.iiir.  .-iml  yet  the  iniialiii.int-  wii\e  cntlnn  rjnili  which  excited  |lie 
adiiiir.iliiin   el'    the  S|i,inisli       niiiiernrs.     .\    iiiindier  nf    Midi   |iriiiiiti\  e    Indian 

■  Krll.T:    l.:ilv  Dwi'IIiiil;-;    V..|.  1,  |..  l.;;i. 

t  ll.iil.  ;  V.O    1,  ;..  I'll. 

*  ll.iil   ;   V.il.  1,  y.  'ill 

!-  II.kI   ;    \.A    I,  i'.  ..li:,  Kiu.   10. 

.1  'riiit  iiii'.li^i\:il  l"iini,  •■liliiiiii'd   rniiii  <ii f  llir   Fu'nii'  Isliilid-.  is  Huiiri'il   hi  W'^rMiiii'^  •■  NcMili  .[(r  (l|(|.ir;iT 

1  ilrl    l\"lli;rlii;i'   Mu-c'lllll  i    KjiiluMlllMVIl  ;    '    ('"|iiTlll!l^'rll,    |N.')!I;    p.    l.VI.    I''ii,'.    '<'<s. 

'    y.iwry  :    Ni'li'- "I' ii  Milil:uv  l!ii  iinM"i..uii.'i',  .1.  ,  ;    \Vii>liiiiulH>i.  IHIh;   |,,  h,"i. 
•■  IJ.|ir iilfi  Ml  ilh'  .Mi'iiilo/.a  I   •ili'S. 


62 


PKr.lllSTuUlc    rlSHINC. 


Wi    ■ 


I',  -i  '- 


liM)in.-<.  Willi  a  ( •niiincncfd  |>ioc('  dt' clntli  on  (Iioiii,  iii.iy  In-  soimi  in  (lu'  I'nitfd 
States  Xalidii.il  Miisciiiii.     in  tlicsi'  luoms  a  sti.'k  serves  as  a  warp-stretclier. 

In  variniis  lacustrine  stalinns  have  lieen  loniid  rini,'s  of  liaUed  elay,  tn  wliicli 
tiie  clianicter  >A'  net-siidvers  is  iinw  and  then  .ittriliuled.  "  Thesi'  ring's,"  it  is 
stated,  with  rel'erenee  tn  thnse  t'uiiiid  at  Nidaii.  "are  made  nf  chav  mixed  willi 
lilth'  stones  and  pieces  ut'  charci.al.  lint  they  are  imperfectly  Inind,  and  very 
lilth- care  has  hcen  lu'stowed  npon  tliem;  tiieyvaryin  external  diameter  iVuni 
three  and  a  halt'  to  nine  and  a  halt'  inches;  the  hole  in  the  ndddje  i.-.  t'rnm  seven 
lines  to  two  and  a  hall'  inches  -.vide,  and  the  thickni'ss  ol'  the  rinif  itself  ^arie8 
from  one  ini'li  to  npwards  of  two  inches.  N'arions  opinions  have  lieen  expri'ssed 
as  to  the  lis  •  of  these  rini;s.  'I'Ik;  idea  that  they  were  nel-weiL;hls  is  now  aban- 
doned. It  seems  now  ascertained  that  th"y  were  n>ed  as  snpports  for  the  vessels 
which  either  had  no  base  at  all.  or  one  so  small  that  th<\v  would  not  stand. 
There  can  Ite  no  doiiht  also  that  th"y  were  n-i'd  in  a  similar  way  as  supports  fop 
pipkins  with  a  conical  liase  when  placed  on  tiie  iieaHh.  Many  of  these  rin^s 
liaxc  liecoiiie  fri;di|e  from  the  action  of  violent  heat,  Init  it  is  not  always 
certain  whether  this  li;ippened  on  the  hearth  or  wneii  the  settlement  wa>  Ipiirnt, 
down."'^'  The  view  that  these  rin;^s  .served  ;is  .Mipporls  for  vessels  seems  to  mt! 
k'Mrrecl,  and  they  lieiom:,  ,is  tar  as  I  can  Judue,  more  properly  to  the  era  of 
lacustrine  Hie  when  bronze  w,is  in  iisi>,  and  dnriiiir  which  m.iiiy  vessels  with 
convi'X  or  even  ct  .iic;d  bottoms  were  made.  I  h.ave  one  ot'  tlnv-e  chiy  riiius, 
which  was  sent  to  nie,  with   ir„iny  other  l.iciistrine  relics.  b\  the  l.iie   I'roiessor 

De-or.  The  sliecinieli  in  i|  U-stion.  ob|:iin<'d  at  .\llVi'niier.  L.lke  uf  \ell(|i:i|el, 
is  r.ilher  cirelessly  ni:<  .  ,iiid  answers  well  the  description  just  uiveii.  I'lveii 
the  little  stones  and  pic  ii's  ot'  cli;irco,il  ;ii'e  not  vvaiitiiiL;.  The  riiiu"  is  imi  >|uiie 
I'liiir  iiu'.es  in  diameter,  and  the  central  Imli'  i«  i  little  iimre  liiaii  .in  inch  .iiid  a 
ll.alf  wide.  It  shows  no  VMmT  indicitive  uf  u-e  ,i>  ,i  liel--iliker.  bill  di^lilli't 
tr.'ices  of  exposure  to  (in  .  On  the  .!'••, .inp.iiiv  inu  label  i-  written  by  i'ri'|i>sor 
Desor  :    lii'iiiizi  zi it .      h'iii'/  mil  iji  hniiiitti  I'  i.i'ili  zmn  A I'tsli  III  II  ill  r   liisin. 

Vet  some  ol  the  clay  riiius  .icliially  .■•eem  to  h.ive  lu'eii  ii^eil  as  net  or  line- 
siiikers,  ;i>,  I'm'  inst.ince.  llie  ori!.;iii.il  of  i'"ii;-.  7<i  on  pa-e  (id,  which  was  loiiiid  in  the 

s|olie-,ii:e  settleliielll  .iT  till'  |„ii»eM|  IllUwyl.v  ■•  This  >pecinii'll  li;is  the  jiin'oW 
still  relll.linin-   W  llirii  vv.is  Woni  by  the  curd,      h  -eelll-  liou   de.ir  ih.il  these  -Ml. I  Her 

riiiu-   wi'i'e   iiil-'.eiL:lii>.    while   nicfl    of  the   |,ir-er  oiie-   were   -iippoil-   for  ihe 

I  Mliicilfihiteil  e.MlheliW.ire  V  e-sel-."i  The  -i/.e  ot  I  lie  speci  lliell  is  Hot  lilelil  ii  ilied. 
It    i-   prub.ibly   d.illb  e  the  si/e  of   the  limife. 

.Xccordiii'j  to  Mr    Iv  I'r.uik.  iiet->inker- cmi-ii-'tinLr  of  pieces  of  potlerv  witli 


•  Ki'll.r      l.ik.-  Ihnlliiii.    ;    v.. I     1.  |..   l.'lO. 
\   II. hi    ;    V"l    II,  IMutc  .XXXIX     Im-,  -i. 

•  11.1,1  ,   V..1   I,  |.    u.-. 


i- 


f 

I 

1 


ri.oATs, 


m 


incisi(.iiH  (»r  iintcho.s  ,,ii  upposji,.  sides  li 


ivc  ( 


lacii.strinos,.(t|.-i.M.|,(  „f  Srl,i,ss,.nn.-,1.  i,,  ll...  I,,,si„  „f  tlio  F,..l 

l)crg.*       This    Sl:iti..|l.   Wilicl,    Lolcll-s    In    II 

I>'<t<.>rv.     There  nw    in    ihr    Tnil.,!    St 


xviirroil   ill   Ijii-m;.'  iiiiml>er  ,i(   th 


••r-Scr.  ill  W'iirt 


AlM.Tlr;m    nc|.siiik,.|S    nf   the    s,-,|,„.    ki,„l.    (,,    wl,i,.| 

the  iiiii»eiiilix  Id  this  work. 


II'  St.. in-  jim:(.,  \v;is   |.,irli(iii,irlv   rid 
ites    Xiiti.Miiil    Mil 


•  •111- 

I   in 

'inn    suiiic    ('('iiinil- 


1   ri'tiTcncc  will   j.c   nia.l 


('   in 


Km.  77    -HmIiomIui, 


Fi.iM.  77an,l7M.~.-H,„k  ll.,:,i   .,n,l  w I.,,  iinplnur 


ll     W.O     >l.|t('c|     oil     ,1     lll'iTCI 


Klu.  TH.-Wuii^,,,, 
Ml    I'lir  llllinii,'ill;,'  IHIH. 


„,      „     ,      ,       „  "■""  I '■■'.^"  "'■"■•'  I'-u   ■•niirlanistni,,.  I,,.rk,l..,„.si„ 

,"     '"'■''""'•^     ■^'"-'"""     'I'P'--  (.,    I ■    .„m,.„.n,    si.,.   ,„    |„,,.,    |„.„„    „„..,   ,.,.,. 

-■>ni.iH.|:.         ,,,77,N,..;jj;,Hnv,nv..|,, nh.-ni.  u  hi.-h  ...  , „l,n;|„. 

.    .uilKUM.n    hK,...,,    .,.,.,,,,,      lM~..r,v..,.n.iih,-.|i.,,„.,„|,,,,„„,.,|u,tH:i 

"■'"•'■''"";""■      'l-l;'l-n,.n,,;.i.i,.d...,.| ,,„:,,  I..,. i,;,M|,.,,,i„,s 

*'"t        "";"l-"na.,.n,..ls,,||riv, nllv  .■:n,,|„v  ,.,||„,  ,  l„.  >: ,,„,,„,..       y.,, 

Z\T    !'■""■' '^^ '-■'--''-- "-' l^.-lL-n.|.,r 

^»  llli'll    I  lli\     .ll',.    lii.'iilr 

i„ , :V:,;;:;'';; '""■''■ '  "•'-^^-,.,.1,,..,. n.,.,i  n,  n.. rs, , ,, ,ii,..,i 

.M>     U,.      ,..,,n,.,..     ...,,sh,n.ui,,,l,.n.,.n,  nu,,,.,,,,|,,,,,, ,,,„■.  ,|.,nl. 

''"'     ■      '''"">^ ■"•""I'l" nl-uvn,..  n,  ii>,...ni ....M,, n    -      In, 

'". '•'""■ ^'-"-' ^'11— .,.,. ...vM.  in  ..„..'.  it, sij:: 

Ki-li.r  :    l,„l,,    I),,, 11,,,,,,,    v.. I    I,  |,   .-rfia, 
*  I'H'I  :   v.. I    II    |'i,„„  xxn    ^.||j  „ 

;  ii'i'i  .  V..I  1,  ,.  71. 


«4 


l>|{i:ilis|(>uir   I  isiiiNci. 


tli;it  the  ;mri('ii(  tislicnm-ii  ,i|i|)lic(l  -iicli  simple  .(.iilrivjiiirr-  tfmliiiL;  In  Oirililjilo 
(lifir  wiiiK 

It    iMllllnl     now     lie    (Ic'fitU'd     wlirllllT    IIm'    l.tki'-inrli     lii.'lili'    llliii-    Iirl:-.    "iili    II 

fraiiii'  liv  kiinitiiiL.'  tlic  striiii:  .it  >';\>-\\  |>niiit  ni  inti  rsi'diun,"  ;i»  M  l^'ii^iiicr 
fiiiijiM-tiircx,'''  nr  frnpli'vctl  iiclliim-in'i'illcs.  Tlic  l,i)trr  .in'  n'|K'.il('ill\  iillinlcd  to 
in  the  wnrk  tVnm  wliicii  !  (lrri\c  iln-  |iriiii'i|>;il  I'.irts  ln-.n-iiiii  ii|iiiii  prfiiistoi-ic 
lirtliiiiir  ill  till'  Swiss  aiul  i>tluT  lake-.  ISiil  tin'  iintici'-  n-latin-  to  tlii-sc  iiii|ili'iiiciils 
arc  vai^iic  aixl  not  calciilali'il  |u  tlirnw  any  liixlil  mi  iln'  nnllmil  ii'  ni'l-inalvini;. 
Aniiiiiu'  tlic  antii|iiitics  Inuml  at  tlic  stoiic-ayc  >latinii  iirar  Xi^siliirl'.  nn  the 
UclicrliiiLtcr  Sec.  tlic  IK. rtliwcstcrn  hraiicii  of  the  Lake  of  ('(Hislainc  (IJailcin,  arc 
nicntioiicd  •■  ncttiiii:.  hair,  or  clothes  |iiiis.  iiiade  out  of  lioai's'  tusk-,  ar.il  consc. 
«|iU'iitl\  ciirxcd  :  llie\  |ia\c  .1  sharp  point,  and  ai'c  soiiicliines  notched  at  one  e:!,', 
prohaldy  caused  hy  the  use  in  which  llie\  were  applieii.  The  pins  fur  uiakini; 
lishiim-iicls  were  made  out  of  the  corner  toutii  i.f  .1  hear  and  perforated. "I-  I 
rcpr.'ducc  iM  Fii.'s.  7!>.  «<••  and  SI  the  repfcsentations  servinu  to  illustrate  the 
aliovc  descriptions.;  I"'i;is.  7!*  and  SO  cerlaiiil\  liear  no  rc~enili|ancc  to  ,iny 
ncttin;.'-iiiiplcnicnls  with  which  I  ,1111  acijuaintcd  ;  and  as  for  tin- pierced  iicar's 
louth  (!•'!;.'.  SI),  there  i<  no  statenient  made  in  .■»iipport  of  tin-  view  that  it  served 
a"'  a  pin  for  niakiiii;  lishini;-iiets.  It  ditVers  in  110  way  from  the  pierced  teeth 
xMini  a>  trophies  or  charm-  li\  tin'  pi'ehi-l'iric  |']ur'ipi  ,in>  as  well  as  li\  still 
o.xistiiiu:  Miivaifc  trihes.  roinled  riiis  found  at  sume  l.i' n-lrine  stations  Iia\c 
lieeii  reu;arded  as  nctlinu-imi'Ienieiit- ;  Init  it  i-  not  at  all  c,  riain  that  lhe\  were 
thus  eniploVL'd. 


Ki'i   wi 


l''n..-..  !'•>->*[.     -Illl|i|rlllrlll.'.  Iliailr  iif  lloill>'  |l,   k.',  :i    il  |irl  I'linilrii  lirlll'.-  lolilll.       NlI'MJiilf 


*  h'tmi)i-r'   I'riiiiilin' .Miiii ;  y    It'i 

;  K'Hur-    l.rilti'  l>n'i'lliiii{ii;   V>'l    I    |.    Il'.i 

;  IIm.I   ,   v.. I    II,  I'luli'  .\XVIII     I-.--    li.    1:     iM.I  |..    M..i,mliv..ly. 


I 


NKTTIN(J-N|.;i:i)|,ES 


(m 


I.M,r,In-tuslH.wM.,.  a,,,K..-uM„.vnr  n,.tli,„., ||,.s  .•.!   ,.,v>,.,„  „.-„..|  i„   x.,,,|, 

AM.on.-a    Imll,   l,yt -ivili....!  ;anl  uu.uvili.e.1,  I   insert    l.r.v  iv,.,v.oi.UtioMs  .,f 

siicli  IlllllloillUlitS. 


c 


Km.  Ki'.-Nuw  i:r,i;i„n.|.    (i«ii:i), 


■*■'.'        "T 


Klo.  M.-Khklin...,  NunlniU  IkI.iuI,  Airutln.    (in 


(iniTO- 


I'M.  M.-l->kiin,.,,  Chiru..!!  I-I.in.l,  Al.,li..    ,11.--*). 


Pl<  ;>.  S'J-M.,       MiHlrrii  im  lliiii;  iinriliiii,  nd 


Ki..  H^_iII,H,n(..s  .IH.  sha, f  ,1 ,,,  ,„,.„,..„   ,„.,„       _ 

'"•"""•"""•'•'I   lli-'iv   l.v  marliiiHTv       Fi..    s- ■      ''-"•'''"'''•"' 


':""::• '''•••'7'  'r ,""•  ^'^'- '-i^i i-.  x.n.ivak  i.i.„.i,  1..:     V 

.v,..vs,.n,...l    .nlM,.M.,;.n.lin   Fi,.  s;^.  la.llv    I. „„.,.,. ni„.  :     ! 

"':'.7">:'r'  :'■,";•"""  ^^  .1,..  mhi.....!  ui..,.  m,!.,.  ,„  .•ai,,;,,,,,  ' 

Ill"-      ^^MiH'liiM.^  tl,..v  US.,  a  slirk  l,ii.Mvat...|  a-,  l.,.il,  .,„|s 


U  !> 


66 


I'KKIII.STOUIC    FISIIINd. 


lionta. — I,;iciistriii('  lilr  wniiM  li.'irdly  liav(>  lioon  jms.-^ililc  uiilioii)  llio  iiifans 
t»t"  liMMniintiiiii  nil  I  lie  Water,  aiitl  lic'iic'i'  \vi'  may  assiiiiic  dial  iIumt  was  no  lacU  uf 
lioats  aiiiiiii;;  tlii<  lal\<'-iii<'n.  Many  Ituats,  IikIimmI.  Iia\r  lici'ii  t'oitiiil  iiii)it>il(l(>il  in 
till'  iiiml  nil  \\v  near  lln-  sid's  uf  rc-rmiT  lalvi>--*i'lllt'iii;-iii-i.  Kxrf'ptiiiu  a  lew,  tlii'm- 
■•iiicii'iit  Imats  arc  iiiadf  nt'  a  siiiiili-  tree,  ai;i|  IiuIIuwimI  nut  l»y  mean.-'  uf  sti'nc  or 
iiiflallir  iiii|ili'im'ii(s.  acciiriliii'.^'  to  tin-  pcrioil  ju  wliii'h  tlu'V  oi'itjiiiatcil.  In  timrs 
aiilcccdiim;  tlu'  iiilroiliii-lii.ii  nt'  liroii/i«.  (iriMluiildlcss  was  an  I'llicinit  aid  in  liic 
maniifacf lire  ol  these  luiats.  Siuli  iiriiiiitivc  vi-ssels,  eorres|i(tiidin'4  to  llie  diiu'- 
oiits  in  lliis  ('(iiinlry.  ar"  still  in  ii-i-  on  some  of  the  Hwiss   laUe.s,  a>.  for  in-tniee, 

on    those  of    LllciTlie.   /li  .',   and    .\eu-eli.    ill    llie    Cilltoli   uf   /.wx,   ill     \\hieh    di-llict 
Ihev  are  liialllll'act  lireil    |e  (he  pre-'elil   day.         A   lioal   ol'   (liis  di'SCI'iplion   i>  called 

Kinbdum  (oiic-tt'ee)  iti  Su  ii/er!aiid. 


M 


l''li;.  Sr,.       l',.i:ti         Kith  liliilll-rli. 


All    ancient    ImmI,    t'..iihd     ii     Knii.  nh  iii-eii    iiv     Mr     \|c---ik  Miniier,    and.    I 

hejieve,     -till     III     esi-te ■        l|.  il  \x  it  li -1 .1  lid  I  IIl:     I  lie     dlHimllX      of     |  ircsiTV  i  IC;     -lleh 

oliject^    whill    "lit    u|'     the    M   ili|'       i-    l'e|i|i Illed     III      |-'iu.    ''^'•-        It     \~    U>ehe    feel 

loll'.;-,  iwn  tei'l  aiii|  a  hall  wiije,  and  ll\c  ilic|ie>  de.|i  ;  |  tind  n.i  'lateliielil 
roncrinillu   (he  Iviliii   ••!     W.ii'd  111'    whiih    ,1    i  -   luide        The  |||||>(IM(I Il|i|ier   \  ie»\  , 

(■ide-',  ie\\,  ,ind  rre--.--eeti.iiii  I.  iidcr^  any  t'liiiler  de-icripiieii  iiniiecc.-.>ai\ .  As 
UMl»enhaii>cn  i>  a  -talimi  ■■f  ihe  -loiie  n^^.  .  (hi-^  lioat  cm  with  >afe|y  he  .i(( riKiili'd 
to  that  jiciind. 

|*rot'e»>or  |)e~or  -iiteaKs  ol  a  nnniher  nf  -n  jiii'ouiii's  in  (jo  |..iKe  m|  jhenne, 
one  ol  wliiclican  lie  seen  near  Saint  l'etel-'>  Ulaiid  ( //.  (/.>'//(  '-/V' C/'c),  I'l'ojcc 
till:;  fr'.iii  tic-  mud  nf  the  Idu-,  ami  -till    icddini.'   (Ii.'  cai'jfo  o|'  .".tone-  with  whicii 


•  K.II.t:   I..1I..)  Dwllliig*  i  V.i    II    l"..i"  .V,  l-'ii;   M 

t    II. hi    ;    v.. I.    I,  ,.    Ail. 


i 


i;ii A  IS. 


er 


it.  h;i(i  t'"!ni(lf  ivi!         U    i-   in.ulr  cf  tli.'   iniiiK  mI  ,iii  nak.  m'.-ii ly  Ic--  tlnii   lit'ty 

fei'l  Imiijj.  Ity  iliriM'  .ukI  .i  li.ilf  I'l  I'Hir  I'.  I    in  »i(illi,i     ■•.\i-.  ur.liicu;  l<    M.  UcMir," 

s;iv.-  M.  »|c  M  flillrt,  ••till-  (akf-ilWfllcl-s  Mltlli'  >|iPli.-  .l-v.  ill  or-l.T  In  cnlisulidlllf 
llli-  (lilcs  i|c.«i-:l|.''l  \'<  -ill  lii'l't  tisi'ir  ll.ll'italinll-,  Ui'il-ril  llnlu  u|>  (/«'•"''■"/""  •'') 
wiiU  siiiiK'M  wliirli   tli'V  ^^itlhcri'il   ill   Imit-^  on   ili.-  ^Ihut,  (lie  luitliuii  I't'  tlic   laUr 


l-finu  I 


.i;iii\  iViT  nf  111. 'Ill     r 


|1'      |lll'U_'lll'     (I 


t'    Saint     rrtiT'-~    I- 


iihl 


tlMMTlurc, 


wouM  .iiijicMr  (.1  !i.>  .1  M-..'*cl  slink  vviili  its  !ip;iil  111'  .stuiii'.-i  at  a  ilair  i-i'acliinn' as 
lar  liii'U  IS  til-' cicmIi  i>r  iinljslicil  -iHii'.'  I  A-  it  is  wrll  kimwii  tliat  maritiiiif 
Irilifs  !i,i\i'  |ii)ll<>\vo(i  iMil  MTV  laiiji'  caiii'i':-!  willnnii  niftallir  Imils.  .M  ilc  Mnf- 
|i||''l's  vii'w  may  I'c  i  i.rrii  I  ;   tiiit  il  is  oi|uaily  pus-ilik    that  the   loat   in  i|il('sti<ni 

lu'liiiiys  lit  a  iairr  linic. 


Ki.i.  >.".     |{...ti      .M. 


( 


i 


l''iir.  H7  illii-ir.itr-  tin'  lunii  "I'  ■air  ut'  -rxci-.-il  i|ii--miii.  (mumij  ,it  ihc  .'lalmn 
I'l'  .\iiiiii-i  II,  Lake  i.t'  Hii'iMii' ;;  It  ■•(■rl,iiiil\  lia-  ,i\rr\  |>i'iiMii  i\  i'  .i|i|n'.ir,inii', 
.'iini  lua.v  l)('lun;i  In  tlir  -Ihim'  .i;;'' ;  lail,  .I'li  idriiii;:  that  tlir  Mi'iiimt-n  srI- 
lli'iai'iil  lias  t'n.riiisl.rcl  .iliini-  ut'  -ii.iic,  l)iiiii/c.  .iinl  irmi.  it  i-  inip"  — il'lr  \'< 
as,si;i.r|i  |o  it  ..  ilcrMiih'  [ilaiT  ill  i.iiii--triiii'  ■lir.-n.'li'UN .  Slranui-ly  iii"ii:^li,  ilir 
(limi'i!«iiia-   i.r    till-    li'i.ii    ;iiT    iin     iiicli.'iitiil    in    llic   tiMii-laiini.    cij'    |  >r     I\i'!Iit'-. 

rcjinl't-.  ailcl    I    \»'.||[ii    I|m|    rii'll    1^11. i\\    lli.lt     II    rulisi.-ls  <>!'   .■al'. -W  n.Ml,    if    tin    tail    W'li' 

ih>l  i.niiii II  III   M.  'I'iipviih'-  ■•  llaliil.a'.iniis  Larii-I  I'ls  "  i|iai,'.c  l(>.'ii. 

Ml  iiiinii    is   III  III"  .  ;iiiil  .1  li'^iifi   Lii'ii  11   111'  a  |.'\ -liii-it  I.r  iii-\Minil.  I, ill.   iii.'lii'~ 

l.'i".;  aih! •ami  .1  li.ilr  uiil.  .  I'.aiiiil  at    ill.'  "I'ttli  nil  III  ..i   ti.  i'..!rni..i'ii  iImthI'ii  i. 

Ill  ill.'  I..ik.'  .1  liii'iiiii'.  aiiij  (■li.'ii'arlri'i/i'il  .1-  '  iiii'i'i  l\  a  r.'iiri'ilnrli.'i  .•lllic 
lai  ii-li;u.'  I  III...  -  .1  ill''  -I'.ih'  |>.  ri.'.l."  I 'nil  li,i\  iiii;  l.i'.'h  1 1. 1 1  111  I  .i^si'i'i.'iii'il  w  il  II 
iiiij;'!  I»  "I    iiirlal.   |K  .iiitii|liil\    i-   iiliri'll:iiii. 

I  .III.  111. I  .iw.irr  tli.ii  aii\  i.iiiiri\  .111. .  ■  I'T  |ir..|..  Iliii'^  Im..iI-.  mi.hIiIIi'-.  "li-.i 
li.txi  ii'-rii  ili-i'.i\i'ii  .1  .iiiii.ii:.;  lln'  I'.ii-i  riiic  I'l'iiiaiii-  ..|  Sw  ii/i  I  l.iiiil  nr  iitli'i' 
(iiiiiilrii'-  .\ii  an'lii'r--l"ii>' li'i'iii  Nnlin  i> 'Ir -riilicil  aiiil  liuiiii''!  in  I...' -  traii-- 
lalii'ii        hs    cri^iii,   iiosxcS'i',    i^   <il'    r'Hiipanilivciv    rrcciit    dali ,  and    iln-ri'l'iirf 

•  Bbibt;  ^ln!ttli.»i  |.   'MKi. 

(  Tccyoh  :  llnliliiiii"i.>  t.iiiMiaii'it;  |.   Iilii. 

;  |i    M.  rlill.t:  Orii.ih.'.l'   hi  N,i\n.«ti..ii  .  I  .1..  In  IV.  !i.      Mm,  r,..ii\.  V.l    III     |s,i7;  |.    (7. 

<K..|l.r^    l.uk..  I>w.'lliii«-:   V        II.  I'l  ii,    \l,    l••l^    I 

i:  tiHii  1  Vi.i  1,11  vj 


(58 


ruKirisrouic  I'laniNo. 


boyinul  (lif  cniiipjis.-  of  nn  pn'sont  .ihsorvfttinnH.  Arconlini,'  to  I'rofoasor  (ins- 
tahli,  ii  wooden  .iiiclior  caiiii'  to  li^iil  in  (lie  pi-.itcovrriMl  small  pilo-work  at 
Mcrciii'iiiro,  ni'iiv  Amna,  on  Lauo  M  iiruiorc.  Tliis  station,  from  tin-  oltjccts 
tluTf  loniid.  is  suppostMl  to  pcitain  t<  tin-  tin.r  wlim  In-on/.c  licuan  to  take  tlic 
plai'c  ot'  slono.  'riic  wi.oilcn  anchor  was  more  llian  a  mctiT  in  length,  ti'rminati'il 
at  om-  end  in  two  iiooks,  and  was  pert'oi-ated  at  tiie  other,  to  receive  the  rope.'' 
Xo  further  description,  or  li^ure,  is  i,'iven.  and  it  remains  doiilitfiil  to  wliat  period 
the  olijecl  lii'loni's. 

[  shall  have  to  refer  to  luciistrine  lioats  auain.  when  treatini,'  of  (ishiiii,' 
during'  the  liron/e  period. 

The  .ilistracls  of  reports  on  l.iUe-selllements  in  Austria,  IJavaria.  etc., 
contained   in   the  tr.in.-lalion  of  Dr.  Keller's  work  have  fnrni-'hed    no  .idilitional 

Uiifortunatelv,  the  ori^iimd 


details   lieariiiu'   Upon  tisliiii;;-   III    the   neolitiin;  age. 
troutiaes  iiri'  not  at  iii}  command. 


FISFllNt.-IMi'LKMKNT.S  AND  t'Ti:NSll,S  N(»T  I'lHND  IN   I  .\Ci:.STI{|NK 

SEITIdCMtlNTS. 

liiiinnl  Uviiiiirkfi. — The  aliove  title  siillicieiitly  e.\pl;iin>  the  purport  of  this 
seciioii,  in  u  hich  a  liiiiiti'd  niimlMr  of  olijects  w  ill  tie  ilescrilieil.  It  .ippe.irs  t" 
me  that  llol  IliailV  isol.iled  lis|iiliu-ilMpl<llie||l>  ha\i  lieeU  discovered  ill  I'jir-.pc  ; 
for,  if  tliev  wefi'  iVeipieiit,  more  vvcpiild  lie  >Miil  cciiiceriii::!':  them   in  ;irclia'>ihi^ical 

Works.       Net,   ll'it   .1   few    Ill.lV    lie   ill  e\islelice  of    which    i     ha\''    nil  klloWi|ed;L;e.   Iinl- 

vvithslandiim  mv  iinleavois  to  lulluw  the  pruure.-s  of  prehislurn  jirch.i  uIm-x  ni 
l''urope  iis  cli»ely  ;is  disl.ince  :ind  oihe"  ailvcrse  circum^l.iiici--  pi-rmit.  In  the 
main,  however.  I  heljeve  mv  oli-<erv.itioii  reuardinu  the  com|iiarali\e  si;ircit\  of 
iii'olithic  aniiipiitie-  lie.irinL;  iip"n  ll-him:  to  he  inrnct.  I  \\ill  mention  an 
e\.  I  III  pie  ill  p.  liiii.  Iji  .\uuust  I  S.St  I,  1 1 II  re  W.I--  in  the  cilv  <>i  licriin  m  iNhilHliiiii 
of  ;ireliieo|<iu'ic:il  liiids  [  luiiiilii  iieide  in  (■ermaiiy,  to  which  ne.irlv  all  pnhlic  ;iiid 
priv.-ile  collictioiis  of  the  .■  iipiri' hiid  cuiilrilMiicd   their  siiaire>,  .nid    it    liondlhs^ 

repre>elltei|     llnl    umIv    ail     tVpe>ii|'   <ierni;lll     prehistoric     llltiiniilililies,    liilt     lUii  their 

niinieriiMl  piMpnriinii.  riie  i\liiliili'd  i.lijeii-  .ire  i  iiiiiiiirni'  ■!  in  .1  priiited  c.ii.i- 
lo;^l|(>  III'  fvUt  i<cl;iv  11  p;iiie>.  to  which  a  .-llppleliient  o|  I^S^  p;ii:i''»  is  .added.  Ill 
;'\amiiiiii'.i  the  c.-il.-doirtie,  I  w.is  -iinck  with  the  >c;ircit\  .m  ti>hiim.olijei't-  nieii- 
tiiiiied  in  it.  llier>  liein;^  specilieil  only  a  nuiiilicr  ot'  lliiiin-  puinted  .-ii  lioth  emU 
and  ^llppiiMil  I  lii\i'  liiili  ll-i  d  !ll»i  li>ll-l|.ii'k-.  I  Uii  l«--iie  Ii -ii  liiM.k-.,  i.iir  Imiic 
li.'irpiioii-hi'ail,  I  W'l  liiiiie  il.irts  (  /•'<'.■« 7/.s/«7/r/'i  — one  w  iili  ii  -1  rted  .--plinter^  i>t'  IlinI  — 

■  UiiHlnUli  .    I.ilx'   lliil'iLili'ii'   iiikI    l>r,'liiMMi'ii'  Kiiiiiniii.   Ill    lii"  Till  liuri'',   :itii|    Murl  U.-Jh  ,,f  N,inlii'iii  iiml 
tViiliiil  Itiil.V,  liiih-liili'i  I)  1'.  II    t'liHUil' rs;    Li. ml. Ill,  IHii.'i;    |.    lOU. 


1 


i 


DontM.  i(>I.NTi:i>    I  LINT    I  M  I'M'.M  I'.NTS. 


69 


i 


1 


and  scvcntfcii  iii't-wciglits.  some  of  lliciii  marked  dniilitful.  A  iiiimlx'r  ul'  (lu'so 
siidvfTH  may  iml  liclnii!.'  l<i  iicniidiii,  l»iit  ti)  later,  times.  Tlicre  are  fiirtlior 
cmimerated,  I  will  add.  a  lisli-himk  <>(  ltrniizt>,  <iiie  of  iron,  and  two  or  three  utlicr 
olijects.'--  It  will  lie  admitted  that  these  lew  articles  furmed  Imt  an  iiisiirniti,  .nit 
t'raetitin  nf  th(>  many  tlmiisantls  i>t'  anlii|nities  exhiliited  at  ISerlin. 

I  will  nn\v  iircMced  {i<  <!rscril>e  (he  lishinii-implements  referred  to  at  tho 
liPffiniiinL,'  of  this  section,  classify iiij;  them  according  to  the  use  to  wliich  they 
were  applied. 

Duitt'e-imnti'd  Kfra'niht  Haif-Ziolihrs. — Referonco  has  hcen  made  on  procoding 
p!ij,'i's  to  l)oii(«  rotis  taperiiii,'  toward  hoth  ends,  which  were,  and  still  are.  nsed  in 
lieu  of  tish-liook-i.  It  ;!ppcars  that  in  mojithic  times  smcIi  simple  impicmi'iits 
for  cttchinu'  fish  wci'c  m;ide  of  iV\\\{.     |  never  have  seen  anv  of  them,  ami  there- 


lore  1 


ia\e  lo  rclv  on  the  sl.i 


tements  of  others,     Mr,  Kricdel  alludes  to  one  in  tho 


Fishery  hep.irtmcnt  of  the  i*»erliii  Provincial  N!iis<'nm.  of  which  he  is  in  charp'. 
He  says  : — ••  I'l'.  p|i  these  stone  spindles,  chipped  to, -i  pi  linl  .at  each  I'lid.  ;iml  attached 
ill  tlie  middle  t"  a  line,  the  liait  was  fastened,  in  order  to  In'  swallowed  entire  hy 
the  tish  inieiiili  <l  lo  lie  (•auj.dit."t  The  specimen  in  i|iie>tion  w;is  found  on  an 
island   in  the  ri\i'r   Havel,  near  IJi'rlin      Si'verai.  iiiit;iined   fnuii   the   Island   of 


It 


Mijen.  Ml  the  15  illic  Se;),  uen<  exhiliiled  liy  .Mr.  Kn-eiilier-  at  l!"rlin  in  IM.Sd. 
He  eonsiders  iheiii  well  -idled  fur  catchiui,'  pike.)  Mr.  Uu-enlierLT  speaks  of 
aiiMilier  ehiss  iif  tlihl  implemeni- lVi>ni  Kiiueii,  whicii  pre-ent  a  peciiiiai' form,  ami 
ser>ed,  as  he  lliinks,  in  tlie  ceiistrnctjcin  of  li-h-iKiuks.^  I  .-hall  revert  to  them 
hereat'ter,  wlien  ire.itiiii:  >>(  a  peculi.ir  da.—  of  li>h-hiM'ks  from  (ireenland. 

riti/i-liiiiit.s.  '\\\t,  entire  lisli-hook'*  of  flint.  |»r»'!Mrved  in  the  .Museum  of 
l.niiil.  Sweden,  .are  de-ci-ilM-d  ,and  lieiirei!  I.y  l'roft^,-nr  .Sven  NiNsim,  I  repro- 
iliice  on  liie  ne\r  paL:e  hi-  d  luii-  .i.s  I  i^-.  SH  and  «!».![  'j'he  Swedish  ardi.-i-- 
olo;.'ist    Liixes   t  he  fojlitu  ill::  .ici-.tiinl  of  I  he  specimen-. : — 

"    riie  lir-l   of   the*e   i  here    V\[X.  H.S)    v\;|S  fo|||;<i     lle.'ir   Lonilll.l,  of    the    -Imre  of 

Hie  .'^oiind  i<  III -mid  i        li    i-  in    ii'ii:.'!li.  iVom    lli<    inid.lle  of  ihe  "i    I  of  l  ii.> -h.aft 

to  liie  liellil  o|'    llie  liooK.  .'iliMiil    i>ne  ilirli   Mild   live  line.-,  .'llnl     ill    lil'e.idlh.    iVolil    llie 


i 


*  Aiiit'iii;  Unii-p'iiiiiiii-  !iri'  iiii'iili''iiol  tliiwi'  ul  llif  |.iki'  Inuii  ii  |.ili-\nirl>  <iii  tli.  K..-i'iiinM-l  tilitli*"!'  Ui»m"I) 
III  liiiki' Sliiriilii'ri;.  Ilnviinn,  iin.i  Ml' ill..  HVA  [Silnina  •il,ini>.  "I  Un' •  iit-li-li  r«iiiilv  iiml  piU' Iri'iu  S4'hi<B«.<'iin— I,  in. 
Wiirlciiilwru. 

I  Kricnli'l  ■  Kiilin-r  iliinli  ilii'  Ki-i  liiTii-AI'ilH'iliiiiK 'I' >  Miirkioli''!!  l'rii\iii/iul-Mii<>iiiin-  'Iit  Stiiilm-ini'ifct* 
llcrllli  :    ili'riili,  \HXit;  |v.   t 

J  Siirli  iiiipliMin'lil''  111'  .luiii'.  I"iiii-,  iir  tiri'iilli'  iin-  i'hIIoI  Sfiilzungfln  in  (iiriiiuii. 

4(Vii>i»|:  Kiiliil.iL'  iliT  .\ii»«ic'lliiiiK  |ir;ilii»liirli(i'lii'i'  iiml  itiillin'|ii>li>({i..lMT  l-'iiiulo  Di'iitvlilmi^l!-  -  -  w» 
Barliii  (AllifliHt,  IHHO);    itorllli,  IHHO;  |..  lUM. 

II  Nil»<"ii;  Till'  I'riiiiillVf  liilmliitiiiit*  i>r  .S.  Miiilini;vii\ ;  lruii>l«l.(l  I.y  Sir  .1  >lin  I.iilili."*  I...nilnii,  fWtH. 
I'luti'  II.  KiK".  '-'*  i>i"l  -"•  ^'ll-'  -".•  i«  iil«"  !•■  !«■  I. mini  iti  W>'r-uiii'  -  "  lliiiiiiiurki  olilii.l  ..|.1\»  vi.il  i  tl^ni;i.r  ..; 
lirnvlinii'i'    •'..|M'iiliii..;.:i    l«|.l,  |r    \<, 


F)  . 


li   ' 


I 


70 


I'UlllllsToltIc   llslUNd. 


uulyiilc  ut"  till'  (.liiit'l  to  llic  outside  id'  llir  licpnk,  ;tliniil  oiir  iiH'li  ;iii<l  fniir  lines. 
At  tlie  tn|i  it  is  iliick  fiiitl  liroKeii  nlV  str.iiLrlil,  Mini  lielc.w  tlie  tliici»  emi  iliere  is 
ii   seiircelv  iiiiiieeaiiie   iiicisii.n.  <ii'   iieeli.  iiiiiiul   wliicii   In   lie  llie   line.      Il  lapers 

(liiwiiWMi'ds  tu  liie  pniiil,  aiiil  ii.is  I ii  f/iiii/ml  mi  lint/i  siilrs  liiwni'ds  llie  iVniil  iind 

liack  ;  il  lias,  tlierel'nre,  as  we  .-ee.  Keen  rasiiimied  wilii  some  skill  lu  aiiswt'r  ils 
purpose, 

"  \oi)ody  who  has  st<('ii  llie  lishdiooks  of  hone,  wood,  or  shell,  iiiadi'  i>y 
savau'i'H.fiin  eiilerliiin  the  lea^^t  doiilii  tjiat  this  one  has  lieeii  iwed  I'or  the  same 
piirp"'e,  Il  is  even  possilile  to  -ay  ujili  Idleralde  acciiraev .  jiiduinLr  tVoiii  ils 
si/.e  and  the  placi'  where  il  \\,i--  Icmnd,  what  ilescriplion  of  ll>ii  was  principally 
t'aiiuhl  with    it.     Aiiioimst    the  li-h    indip'iioiis   to   (he  .Snnnd  inresuinll.  un   ihe 

.>hiii f  which    it  w.is  picked  up,  il  \vniild   ha\e  heeii    toil  larp'  for  the  niouth  of 

eels.  Ilounders.  or  wiiiliiiL:.  hnt  it  is  ^iiilaiile  in  every  way  for  the  Oresimd  cod- 
lish  {(litilim  (-(tllKrlds,  Lin.',  and  tlii-'  >pecie>  ni'  lish  i-  sliil  i'.iui:lit  li\  heok-;,  hei-e 
.and  el-ewheie.  'I'liere  is  I  it  I  je  diMil.l ,  therefore,  thai  Ihe  said  llini  tish-hook  w.is 
used  in  ancient  limes  for  cod-ti-hinu  in  the  Sonnd.  The  other  lish-iiook  of  Mini 
(hi-re  l'"iu".  ■'^'■•l  was  toiind  on  tin'  li.ai.k  of  the  Kraidvc  L.iki-.  ne.ir  Silfakra.  It  is 
smaller,  ihe   lenulii  >c.irci'l\  exeeediiiu one  inch  and   one   line,  .ind    the   hrcidih, 

from     the  onl>ide  nf   ihe  -halt    |o  the  mil-ide  of   the  i k,   not   (|Mile  -i\     line-.        It 

has  likewise  lieeii  I'iiippeil  in  fi'oiil   and    liick.  .and    the  -h.aft   widen-  ,il    the  lop   |o 

allow  Ihe   line  to  II,'  lii'd    loji,      |i    hi-    1 n  ii-ed  for  cilcjiiie.^- -^mailer  li-h    than 

till'  I'ormca'.  Tin-  KiMidvi'  Lake  j-  .|i||  -iiM'ki'd  with  perch  and  eel,  .and  an 
experienced  anL:ha'  h.i- .i--nred  nic  ihil  on,'  would  -till  In' .aMe  to  c.ilc'h  lhe-i> 
kinds  iif  |l>li  with  thi-  \ei\  hook."' 


t 


i 


Vitt  m     "it'-unil 


Kl.l    •'!       Klrinll.'    I.ili,.  I'l.l    Ml      M.'itlli|lllii«lit       i.v.lfO. 

FkIH.  ««!K>.       I'"lifll    (Ml   ll.i.ikx. 


Mr.  .lojiu  Lmhis  m.akes  liie  I'l.ilnw  iie_'  si.itenieni  w  ih  I'e'/ard  to  IlinI  lish- 
hoiilx- : — ■•  l'"i-h-iMok-  formed  enlinly  of  llinl..iiii|  foninl  in  .S\veden.  hiveiieeu 
enL;ra\ed   li\    .\ il-Min,  jiiid  oilnr-.  iire-nnnd   lo  h,i\eliein  fomid   in    lloldrrness, 


*NllMni):   l*rlliiltlvi>  liilinliilHtitt;  |i  U'J,  n|n. 


l'fS||.||IHIKS. 


I.y   Mr,  T.  Wri-lil,   K.  S.  A.     The  IhII.t  an-,  l,n«vvcr.   in   mII   |pn.l.;.l.ilil_v,   (nv- 


K<'rir 


1 


'  iiilniilii 11  llir  |.rrci'(liiiir  y.v^r  iiiol  willidiil  sninr  iiiisMi\  iii^'<)  I-'Il;-.  iN',  it|). 

r<'s  nli!!-  M  rliiiiiicil  fliiil  li.H.k  t'oiiiiil  .'illi.T  in  Swrdoii  or  Xnrwa.v,  ami  pr.'sciitcl  I.. 
I  Ik-  .\.i!i..ii«|  Miisriiin  \<\  l*inr,.ssnr,lil|snn.a  -ciillrniitu  nfSraiMlin.iNiaii  nalidial- 

">'•     ''"'"'  ' '*  '-  '""  ''i'-Ik'^  ■•mil  HiM'-ciu-lilli  inn-',  an. I  niaili>  of  a  llalti.^li  Make.  ..n 

•  in  a\.ia-,.alMinl  ciir-ri-lilli  nf  an  inch  in  lliicknrs.s.  Ih.-  sninrwliat  rn.lc  rliiiipinu' 
lMinu-.-Mi,iiii,.,|  l.Mlir  (niliinc.  Th,.  |.nint  t.Tiiiinat.'s  ralluT  >liar|.|_\.  Nn  .|.,nl.t 
'III  !"•  '•nl.riaini'ci  as  i.,  ih,-  ircniiincncss  ..f  tlir  ivlir.  i\<  apiu'iiramv  iprtukmin,!,' 
uivat  anti(|iiitv.  Of  cnnrsi-.  it  rcniains'  iiniliri<lc<|  « li.'thrr  this  hook  was  iliwij^nctl 
I'M-  i-alrhiiiM:  lisji  nr  fur  s.inir  (.th.T  |nir|M.s(..  thnui.-'h  cximtIs  in  anuliiiir  have 
ndiiiitl.'d  III.'  /,„n  jHissihility  tliat  it  may  have  Imtii  a  tisli-liuuk.  'I'll.'  wiillh  of 
Ih.'  shank  an.l  uf  ij,,.  .uivcl  iMiliun,  h(.\vr\.T,  Icsst'ii  its  litiuss  for  that  inu'iiose. 


''"'    "      ■"•^"'''*  l-i,    .-     !• .,„»....  >iu.  IM.-.V.r»,,y. 

Vu,-*.  !U-'.i:!.     Ki^li-liiHiks  cif  liiiii,'  iiti.I  iiiiMli'irlicirii. 


rn.t'.'ssur    .\iK„,n   -ivrs  ||,r  ,lcMTi|ilinn   and    li-mv  uf    a    lln.'  I.arl.i.l   l.Mnc 

fl'*!'-' K   ihciv    I'i-.  !•!  I   wiiirli    |„„,sil,iv     Ihjnii.js  I,,  III,.  I liiliic  auv.t      •■|t    haM 

lin-n  loninl."  \\>-  -a\>.  -in  I'  lii..  .,|d    |icat.hnos   j,,   il,,.  .Snnlh  nf  Scania,      it 

is    ihr.v    inclirs    |,,M-.   .Hhl    ahniil     H\.,.iM|llhs     nf   .•i||     incj,     iVnni     Ihr     pnini     nf    Iht' 

'''■"■'•  '"  ""•  ''■■•'•       I'll''  ''■II'  ■iii'l  III''  Ih'IkI  fiiv  n.'arl,\   mnnd,  and  llattrm-tl  :i  littlu 


•  Kvriii"      Aiii'iciil  Si. .Ill'  liii|.lriiii'iit- ;  )),  SiLI. 

I  Tli.^  111.  ii-inii..  ||.|,.||„„|.,  „r  l,.iiii.,  fir.,  11  »,U  1,1,  ri.ii, t..T..il,  »rr  iiiil.nrl>i>.| 


72 


ntKIIISTOKIC    KISIMXO. 


if 

I 


t 


towards  the  t"|>,  wliidi  is  ln-n.-iil,  I'nr  ilic  imrpusc  ul'  fastciiiiiu  tin-  line  It  \v:is 
fiiiiiul  in  .1  lio^'  i-iintainin!,'  t'n'sli  watiT,  ami  lias  nn  ilunM  licrn  n^cil  (nv  catcliini,' 
pikf.  nf  wliicli  ('iiornnnislx  lai'!.'!' ■*K''l''l'ins  liavr  lici'n  Inninl  in  tlic  liu'js  of  Sfania. 
I  Kniiw  no  oIliiT  tVfsli-watrr  lisli  in  Scania  for  wliidi  sni-li  a  larirt'-sizcd  hook 
roiild  lia\i"  liccn  used."''' 


A  lionc  lisli-l.i.  Mv  of  niori"  iiriniilixc  apiicaranci'.  |ii'csci'\cd   in   llic  collccli 


on 


of  tin'  Soi-iclv  for  I'oincranian  History  and  Arclia'oloLiy,  at  SIftliii.  i>  n'|>ri'scnt('d 

on  tin'  |»r linu'  |»ap'  in   I'iti.  !>>'.     This  s|)ri'iiii(Mi  was  fonnd  indu-ddi'd  in  marl, 

foiirtfcn  fret  lii'low  tilt'  suilarc,  ni'ar  Ki'ddics,  |)istri<'t  of  Knninn'Islinrj,',  I'oni- 
orania.      It   is  lii,'un'd  and  di'sia'ihrd  li\   Mr.  ( 'hrisli'nscn.i 

I'Mu;.  '.•."1.  on  tilt'  sanio  \>:\\xt\  '\n  fopioil  from  "  Matt'rianx.  "  It  sliows  tlif  form 
of  a  lish-liook  of  rt'iiitlfi'r-iiorn.  pri'scrvt'il  inlln'  Mn^i'iiiii  of  Ciiristiania.  Norwav. 
andtaUi'ii  frtnn  a  u'rav f  in  tho  N'lirwt-^ian  part  of  Lapland.  Tiifsc  L:ravfs,  sitiiatfd 
on  llif  l>laiiii  of  lyiflmoi',  in  liic  W'araiiurr  I'jord.  floso  to  llir  l(iis>ian  fronlior.  coii- 
laiiiftl  nirpsi's  wrappfil  in  liaiitls  <>(  willow-hark.    W'itii  tiiom,  orsfattt-rcil  oscr  tiif 

siirfa f  lilt'  soil,  wt-rt'  found  ptillfrv.  i'l'mindiiiLr  "iif  tif  tiiat  of  tlio  tlidmcns,  pit-fcs 

of  nsiM'stiis  (list' nnkiiownl.  anti  a  lar^o  niimhtrof  ohji't'ts  niadi' of  rt'intlt'i'r-liiMit', 

siifii  as  roinhs,  .'irrow  ami  l.iii iii'ad>.  lisli  liouks,  spoons,  ftc.     'I'lit-  aiif  to  wliifli 

llit'st'  .'intiipiitii's  iii'ltiim'  iias  iiol  vi  hrcii  i'>t;il)lisiii'd.|  'riioimh,  in  all  prohahil- 
ity.  tiii'V  art'  po-|-ii('olilliir,  I  did  no!  di'i'in  it  .iiiiiss  lo  ^ivc  ;i  rii;iiri'  of  that 
■Mirioiislv -^liapiil  llshdiook.  Tlii'  rt'pri'st'iii.ilioii  prt'siimahly  shows  ihf  ohji'ft  in 
nalural  si/o. 


lln)'}iiii>ii-lii(iih. — ."^I'Vi'i'ai   aiifii'iit    liarpooiidifatls  of    hont'  art>  tlt'scrihctl    hy 
I'nifossor  Niissoii  in  iiis  work  on   llu'  primitivt'  iiilialiilants  of  .Si'aiitlinavia.^ 


*  Nil»M>n  :  Trlniitivn  InhnMiiuil- ;  |i  'Ji 

f  l'lii'i>lc'n'i'ri  :   /.iirOiiirlii.  IiIimIo-i  .Vri'^''lli>ik<'r|.i ;  D.'Ul^i'lin  Ki-i'lu'rui  /,  ■itiirr.;  ;   Slciliii,  Mnrrli  '.'■_',  \M\  ;    (j.  i.l'i. 

J  ('ii/.,iSis  <!<'  I'',i|ii|i'ni'<' :   t'criiipip-ri'iiilii  ilii  t'.irii;rrn  liiliTiiiitixiiul  d' Arclu'Ml..|:ii,  i-\    ir.\iilliii'p"lii';ii'  I'li'liitl,!. 
rii|iii'.»  ill' ('.i|ii'iilui','iii' ;  ■_'•  I'lirtir;    MiitiTiiiiix  ;   Vol.  VI,  Is7lt;  p  'Jl-'l  ;  tli^iiriMHi  tin' hiiiiii>  |.iii,'i' 


"  t "I -•      '   -     '    ' •  .-..•,   ,.    —  ,   ..-,■..■ |..^.  ■ 

)  II  nil. mill  hi'  "liili'il  lliiit  siiiiii'  111'  till  I'liiii'  iliii'l"  111  1)1'  iK'«<iilii'i|  limy  I I'  |"i»t-iii'iililliii'  uriKiii.      I  ii  Swiili'fi, 

liir  iiiHliiiii'ii,  liiiiii'-hciiili'il  jiiu'liiiii  WIT"  still  ii-i'il  lit  II  liiiii'  wliiii  liniii/."  win  kiinwii.      I'mli r  Nil<'"h  riiriiinln'i 

llii'  I'llLiwiim  iiniiil'  : 

"  Wlii'M,  itliiiut  tiiii-ty  yi'iir-i  iitjii,  u  li'Vi'I  |'i»'i I'  t»rt"tnil  iii-ur  tin'  villiiiji*  ul'  'ry;^i'Ujii,  in  tin'  .Smitli  nl'  Sruiiitt, 

Win     In     llll    I'llllivilti'd.  llliTll  WiTil     I'lllllil,  I'liHI!     Ull.li'r     Hill     nill'lK >l'    til"    I'lirlll,  n  llllllllllT  III    ni.i'll'liilH  111'    lllllllllll 

lii'iii'.^<,  whi>   llll  I   li"'"ii  iiiti'rri'il   IIuti',  iiihI  niiiml  I'uli  lUi'lulnii  w:i.  :i  mw  nl'  ilmim  fnniiiii'.^  :iti  ulnin^iiti'il   '<i|imrii 

M'Vi'ii  I'l'i'l  liy  lliriii'.     Tlii*  limninT  m   inli'i'riim  Uh'  i1i>iii|  i.ii'iir.i  mily  iiiii'iii'.'-t  iIiumi  iiiilimH  wlm  u-nl  wi'ii] <  nl' 

lirnii/.i',  mill  |ir<iliiilily  niily  iiinuii^^t  tin-  imnr,  ih'mt  tiiiiiiiii;Hl  | |il<'  wli"  ii>i'd  niily  siniiii  wi'ii|i'itiM.     Ah  it  riitiln'r 

|ini'il'  tlllll  llliisi'  nliilloliillM  hirl. liili'il  111  II  Ipilli!  wlliill,   wlll'll    ii'lllill','  ill  lliu  .Sillllll  111'  'Swi'lll'll,   WiTil  ill    |lll<l4l'!.Kill||  of 

lirnii/.i',  t    iii:iy  iiiniiliiiii  Unit  mil'  nl'  lliii  kI>iiImIiiii4,  pnlrilily  lliiil  "I'  ii  wunun,  liml   rniinil  niiii  nl'  tin'  uinili'iiii"!  ii 
•■|iiriil  I'ini;  iiiinli'  nl'  linini-i.-irruliir  limn/i'  wiri',  siicli  us  wus  wni'ii  liy  tin'  |nin|ilii  nl'  ilm  lirnn/.ii  m^i'. 

"  Tim  skull  nl'  iMIll  nl'  tlln  sUi'li'Inlls  Wlis    |iii'ri't'il   Willi  II    |:IVi  lin  nl'   linll'',  llliulil  I'i'illl    tin'    |iiiiMt  I'l"  tllll  lllllli'r  of 

nn  I'lk,  wliii'li,  wlll'll  it  I'liiiii'  inln  my  Intinls  win  iiiiililiil"il.  lnil,  wlicii  rniiii'l,  liii'l   * {iiilii  |»>rl'i'i't ;   iilmiil  si'vi'ii 

iiirhos  liin^,  rniiinl,  liiivini;  tin*  ^iinilU'i'  i  ml  |i<>iiiti'il,  lln*  tlin-kiT  i  nl  nlV  slniiKlit,  iiml  iiliniit  tin  iin-li  in  (liiiiiit:l:ir.  ''* 
Primitirr'  InliiihititHtn ;   |i.   171, 


IIAKI'OOX-IIKAIIS. 


78 


"Tli.>  I 

tliuM.'  siiviiij;('s  wliu  iiilml)i|  isl.iiiils  ntnl  ll 


iai-|u.,ni."  ll.-  Hays,  "is; nniion  \UWin<f  aii<l  liiiiitinv'-iiii|>l(>ni<>iit 


llllnlii.' 


!!•  rtcvi-coiist.  It  rail  lir  used  niil\  in  tli 
wjilcr.  wli.Tc  it  i.s  thrnwii  in  unl,.r  tu  l;ist,-n  in  lli.-  .ininial  wliirli  is  in  I.,- Canirlil 
lU  |.ur|H.sr  is  nnl  to  kill  |||<<  |Hvy,  Iml  lu  rUn-k  its  rar.'.-r  in  Ih.'  water,  su-llia 
"  '"'■'>  '»'  """ ''^''.v  ai.pn.aelie.l  ;in<l  iiilled  with  aimtlier  weupon— llie  s| 


tear. 


Fl<is.  !)|  !>7.  — nmii' li!iipoiiiilic!iil,-i. 


I''l.l.  !P7.-HlM.|«li.l 


"  "•"■| -^  "''  '""!'••  >liMri'-|"'i'i<'''l.  "ill"   '•.n-lis  on  ,,ne  side,  an-  neeasinn.dly 

'"iiii'l   ill  "iii-anrienl  |.eat-l.,.Ms   in  S.vniia.     Sin-li  a  une  is  seen  un  I'l.ile  i\',  Kio-, 

71   (li'MV    Kiu.  !»|).     Tins  Iiar| .pnint   a|.|.ears,  like  tln.se  fn. lu   <ire,.nlaMd.  to 

li.i\e  lieen  fastenetl  In  its  Inn-'  shaft  in  sn.-li  a  manner  ;is  I.,  he  dis.'n-a-ed  there- 
iVnni  when  it  sluek  fast  in  the  harpnuned  animal.  Iiecinise  .ahnvc  the  puint  „( 
.•itlacjnm'nl  is  n  pmj.vlinn  nwv  wideh  the  strap  <>v  line  seems  to  li.ave  Im'.mi  tied. 
ll  was  funnd  in  Se.ania.  in  a  Imi-  n<Mr  the  s,.a-enast.  it  may  Inive  heen  nsed  f,.r 
hnntin.L,'  seals  c.r  small  whales  ur  nther  similar  ainmals.  Meanwhile,  it  is  verv 
rem.irk.dde  that  .iniun-st  the  nhji.ets  whieh  Messrs.  Christy  and  Lartet  h.av'e 
fnnnd   in   the  eaves  uf  IVri-nrd.  and   whieh   mav  l)e  eoiisidered  ;is  hein-- jimuie' 


It   10 


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74 


PBEHISTORIC   FISrriNO. 


thn  moat  ancient  traces  of  man  in  Europe,  are  liarpoons  of  bone,  wiiich  seem  to 
have  been  liolvcd  in  tlie  same  mannor."^-^ 

The  Swcdisli  an-lucologist  figures  another  bono  liarpoon-liead,  hero  Fig.  9o. 
on  the  preceding  page,  found  in  a  Scanian  bog,  and  "  siiowing  traces  of  having-'been 
helved  in  a  somewhat  different  manner,  namely,  by  tlie  point  of  bone  beim^  fas- 
tened  to  the  handle."t 

Alongside  of  it  he  represents  a  somewhat  similar  harpoon-head  from  Ticrra 
del  Fuego,  many  of  which,  he  says,  are  in  the  British  ^[usoum,  labeled  Heads  of 
Fkhinr/spears  ased  hi,  the  Nafioes  of  Tierra  del  Farr/o.  In  addition,  he  represents 
two  harpoon-heads  of  bone,  Figs.  96  ami  97  on  page  73,  which  were  likewise 
found  in  bogs,  the  original  of  Fig.  90  in  the  South  of  Scania,  that  of  Fig.  97  in 
Seeland.J     The  type  shown  by  Fig.  90  will  be  considered  hereafter. 


m  : 


Flo.  08.— Arclic!  Ampric!).  Vw.  nil.— Sivini:,. 

Fkis.  98  and  !)9.— Fi.sli  or  hird-.spcar-lioadrt  oC  hone. 


*  Nilsson  :  Primitive  Inlmbitiints  ;  p.  29. 

t  Ibid. ;  p.  !10,  Pluto  IV,  Fii,'.  0!). 

t  Ibid.;  p.  30,  Pluto  IV,  Fiijs  7')  nnd  74. 


HARPOON-HEADS. 


75 


Prolbssor  Nllsson  represents  in  his  work  wliat  lie  calls  a  leister,  or  fisli-spear, 
from  the  Northwest  Coast  of  America.  He  sketched  this  implement  in  1830  in 
the  Museum  at  Bristol.  He  also  gives  illustrations  of  another  similar  imple- 
ment, obtained  north  of  Hudson's  Bay,  and  preserved  in  the  Ethnological 
:Museum  at  Copenhagen.*  I  reproduce  as  Fig.  J>8  his  design  of  the  upper  part 
of  the  last-named  implement.  His  other  ligurc  shows  the  whole  object  on  a 
smaller  scale.     The  implements  are  thus  described  by  him  :— 

"On  the  top  of  along  pole  are  fastened  two  tolerably  long  .sharp-pointed 
bones,  tlic  jioints  bent  a  little  outwards  and  the  inner  side  provided  with  teeth 
pointing  backwards,  to  hold  the  fish  securely  when  struck.  These  bones  are 
fastened  to  the  shaft  in  such  a  manner  that  each,  indei)endently  of  the  otiier.  is 
in  some  way  movable  inwards  and  outwards ;  their  sides  are  therefore  flat  at 
the  other  end,  and  the  inner  edge  provided  with  (me  or  more  teeth,  pointino- 
forwards,  in  order  to  bo  tied  fast,  so  that  they  cannot  be  torn  away  by  the  flsh  ; 
and,  in  order  to  prevent  their  being  bent  too  much  apart,  they  are  tied  together 
by  means  of  a  strap  at  a  short  distance  from  the  handle."-)- 

Speaking  of  the  dart  here  represented  (Fig.  98),  he  says  : — 

"  Its  entire  length  is  thirty-eight  inches,  of  which  the  wooden  shaft  measures 
thirty-one  inches  and  three-fourths;  the  bone  points,  in  all  eleven  inch(>s  loim-, 
are,  to  a  length  of  fiv(>  indies,  fastened  to  the  shaft,  and  consequently  pn.trude 
si\  inches  beyond  it.  Tiie  shaft  is  round,  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  some- 
what compressed  in  front  of  the  lower  end.  the  end  itself  cut  off  diagonally  with 
an  in(!ised  broad  round  notch,  showing  that  a  thick  bow-string  has  been  resting 
thereon  ;  at  the  end  three  feathers  are  fastenctl  lengthwise.  It  appears,  however, 
that  this  implement  was  made  rather  for  shooting  birds  on  the  wing  than  for 
spearing  iish  in  the  water.."]: 

"But  l)e  this  how  it  may,  it  is  nevertlieless  very  remarkable  that  the  half 
of  an  implcnuMit,  evidently  similar  to  this  last-mentioned  one,  has  been  found  in 
tiie  peat-))og  of  Felsinosse,  about  three  English  miles  from  Lund,  in  tlie  i)rovince 
of  Scania.  I  have  sketched  this  on  Plate  IV,  Fig.  79  (Fig.  99,  opp(.site  i>ag(>). 
Tins  bone  dart  is  seven  inches  long,  round,  and  compressed ;  the  back  a  little 
thicker,  ])ointed  towards  the  top  end,  round,  and  bent  outwanls  a  little; 
tiie  inner  side  somewhat  compressed,  with  five  broad  incisions  forming  teeth, 
bent  backwards;  tli(>  lower  end  broader  and  also  compressed,  the  inner  edge 
provided  with  obli(|ue  notches  forming  teeth,  pointing  forwards,  which  thus 
prevent  the  dart  from  being  drawn  forward.     But  what  still  more  shows  the 


*  Nilsson:  Primilivp  rnlmhitftiits ;  Pinto  IV,  Fiir.a.  7"),  77,  und  78. 
t  Ibid.;  p.  <i3. 
t  Iliiil.;  |i.  .1-1. 


r 

I' 

u. 


76 


PREHISTORIC   FISHING. 


perfoet  likeness  between  the  North  American  and  the  Scanian  instrument  is, 
that  If  we  carefully  examine  the  latter,  we  shall  find  it  scratched  transversely  in 
two  places,  the  one  at  the  place  where  the  strin-s  on  the  American  one  attach 
the  points  to  the  shaft,  and  the  other  a  little  way  hio],or  up,  w'.ere  the  shaft  ends 
m  the  Ameri<-an  implement,  and  where  the  points  are  tied  round;  the  Scanian 
dart  is  in  other  respects  entirely  even  and  smooth. 


M 


Km   l(ji.— Prm.iii. 


Fill.  wi,-s,.phiii,l. 


I"iil.  mi— Tiiinuii.'l  l.'iioBci.    (.'.7:;t). 


Flos.  100-102.— Bono  Imrpoon-hcads. 


"  Thus  we  see  that  the  Scanian   implement  was  constructed  exactly  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  American,  ami  it  is  difficult  for  us  to  un.k-rstand  h,.w 


IIARl'OON-HEADS. 


77 


implements  so  complicated  could  have  been  constructed  so  completely  alike  by 
the  Eskimos  of  the  present  day,  living  in  the  most  northern  part'  of  North 
America,  and  by  the  aborigines  in  the  most  southern  part  of  Scandinavia, 
between  which  two  races,  so  very  dissimilar  in  origin,  and  so  widclv  se])arated 
as  to  locality,  we  cannot  suppose  any  relationship  to  have  existed.  That  imple- 
ments so  simple  in  construction  as  the  flint  arrow  should  be  alike  in  nmst 
countries,  even  in  Scania  and  Tiorra  del  Fuego,  can  be  explained  by  a  kind  of 
instinct  111  man,  «.•  man,  everywhere,  as  long  as  ho  stands  at  the  very  l.jwcst 
point  of  civilization  ;  but  the  perfect  similarity  between  implements  so  compli- 
cated as  those  now  in  question,  1  look  upon  as  one  of  the  groat,  still  unsolved 
enigmas  of  ethnological  science."*  ' 

^  I  must  confess  that  the  case  does  not  appear  to  me  as  having  such  an  extra- 
ordinary bearing.  As  soon  as  mnn,  in  any  part  of  the  world,  had  conceived 
and  carried  out  the  idea  of  constructing  a  dart  with  two  or  three  pron-^s  for 
fishing  or  hunting  purposes  (a  plan  very  simple  in  itself),  a  short  practice  would 
have  taught  lum  the  desirability  of  rendering  the  prongs  movable  to  a  certain 
extent,  and  hence  ho  would  naturally  have  been  led  to  fasten  the  ligatures  in  a 
way  to  bring  about  the  change  for  the  better.  Professor  Nilsson's  discovery 
however,  is  very  interesting.  " ' 

I  «nfl  ^o;  Pl.-ite  40  of  Captain  A.  P.  Madsen's  beautifully  illustrated  w.n^k 
'Antiquites  1  rehistori.iues  du  Danen.ark.  L'Age  de  la  Pier're  "  (Copenha-en 
IS/.})  representations  of  Have  bone  harpoon-heads  (Figs.  G,  7,  and  8),  each  of 
them  showu.g  a  ditn.rent  type.  One  of  these  darts  (Fig.  G,  nut  reproduced), 
which  measures  a  trifle  less  than  ten  inches,  was  found  in  a  bog  in  Jiitland  It 
shows  two  broken  unilateral  barbs,  the  iirst  forming  the  do.n.ward  continuation  of 
tlio  iH.int,  the  second  projecting  two  inches  below  the  Iirst.  Another  ({.'jo-  7)  „f 
which  Fig.  LOO  on  the  opposite  page  is  a  reduced  copv,  shows  much  more  eC.borate 
xvorkn.anship.     Jt  was  found  near  Odense,  in  the  Island  of  Fiinen.     The  third 

(I'.g.  «)    of  which   Fig.  101  on  the  opposite  page  is  a  copy,  was  extracted  f, a 

bog  11.  tlu'  District  of  Fredenksborg,  Seeland.    It  doselv  resembles  in  shape  FL- 
JH.,  copuxl  U:m  I'rotessor  Nilssou's  work.     Javelins  wit'h  bone  armatures  of  thi^ 

shape,  but  larger,  are  still  in  use  a. g  the  poor  inhabitants  .^fTierra  del  Fiu-., 

ng.  1()2  ivpres.Mits  one  of  a  number  obtained  during  the  United  States  J-Apjorin.- 
Fxped.tion  under  Lieutenant  Wilkes,  and  now  in  the  United  States  National 
Museum.  The  longest  of  the.se  dart-heads,  which  exhibit  very  creditalde  work- 
manship, measures  nearly  sixteen  inches. 

Not  long  ago  (.'ouut  Jan  Zawis/a,  of  Warsaw,  was  kind  euou-h  to  send  me 
_:       "^  ''  ^'"'"''  l^"'^""-^tion  entitled  "  Wiadomosci  Archeologic/ne"t  (War- 

*Nils.-(iii:  I'riiniiivuliiliHljitiiiits;  p.  ;j|,,,ie. 
t  Ai-cliiuoliigiiiil  Nuws. 


78 


I'HEHISTOniC   FISHING. 


?! 


I 


'i 


i 


Ml 


m 

Ik -'I 


M 


S!i\v,  1882),  to  whii'li  miinbcr  Prince  J.  T.  Lnbdinirski  lias  contributed  an 
interesting  article  relating  to  tbe  discoverv  ot'  tisbing-spear-lieads  on  the  banks 
of  the  Uawiata  River.  The  article,  ibr  a  translation  of  which  I  am  in(lel)te(l  to 
Mr.  Louis  Solyoni,  of  the  Library  of  Congress,  is  illustrated  with  two  re})re- 
sentations  of  harpoon-heads,  of  which  Figs.  103  and  10-1  on  the  opposite  page 
are  copies.     It  i'ollow.s  here  in  full  : — 

"It  is  now  generally  known  that  prehistoric  man  selected  the  vicinity  of 
water  for  his  place  of  abode.  Water  being  one  of  the  necessaries  of  life,  and 
the  art  of  well-digging  probably  unknown,  this  choice  followed  as  a  natural 
conse(|ucnce.  Nor  do  those  miss  the  truth  who  assert  that  it  was  done  with  a 
view  to  facilitate  locomotion,  the  communication  across  large  tracts  of  land  bi'ing 
then  much  impedctl  by  swamps  and  virgin  forests.  FisJiing,  also,  furi.ishing 
palatable  and  healthy  food,  was  another  inducement  to  select  su(^h  situations, 
and  that  lisli  was  duly  appreciated  as  an  article  of  diet  is  sutticiently  [iroved  by 
the  lish-reinains  discovered  in  places  inhabited  i)v  prehistoric  man. 

"But  who  can  e.\i)lain  their  mode  of  lishiiig?  Were  tishing-nets  known 
and  used?  It  is  often  asserted  that  the  discs  of  burned  clay  which  are  fre(|uenlly 
found  served  as  weights  for  nets.  Yet  net-iiBliing  was  probably  not  the  lirst 
method  resorted  to  by  primitive  man.  Those  who  have  observed  how  fish  are 
caught  during  spring,  when  tlu>y  enter  shallow  waters  to  deposit  their  spawn, 
probaltly  will  accept  the  conclusion  that  spearing,  which  is  considered  a  barb.ir- 
oiis  mode  at  i»resent,  though  still  practised,  was  probably  tlie  first  attempt  at 
lishing  made  by  prehistoric,  man.  It  v»'as  during  the  pairing-season  of  fish,  in 
shallow  waters,  that  lie  had  the  lirst  opportunity  for  oi)S(>rviiig  them  closely,  and 
the  lirst  chance  to  get  possession  of  them,  uiilil  he  discovered  that  lliey  could  i)e 
c.iught  all  the  year  round  in  lakes  and  rivers.  In  winter,  for  instance,  they 
could  be  ca|)tured  by  means  of  baskets  let  down  through  openings  cut  in  the  ice, 
tlu"  lisli  crowding  near  these  apertures,  imi)elled  by  the  necessity  of  breathing 
fresh  air.  According  to  Herodotus,  this  iiieth(Kl  was  practised  by  the  people 
who  occupied  i)ile-dwellings  in  Lake  I'rasias. 

"  Nevertheless,  it  is  most  proltaltle  that  the  lirst  tishing-implenient  was  a 
spear  similar  to  that  used  at  the  ]>reseiit  time,  and  hdice  s|)e;ir-heads  are  foiind 
in  all  prehistoric  loca'.ities  where  tish  formed  an  important  jbod-arlii^le. 

"^ladsen  has  jniblished  in  his  work 'Aiiti(|iiites  I'lvhistoriipies  dn  Daiic!- 
mark  '  designs  of  spear-heads  found  in  that  country  ('Age  de  la  I'ierre.'  Plate 
40,  Kigs.  (J,  7,  and  S|,  which  he  calls  bone  arrow-heads,  yet  erroneously,  con- 
sidering that  some  of  rhem  reach  a  length  of  lit'teeii  centimeters,  a  size  not  only 
unnecessary,  but  even  inconvenient  for  arrow-heads.  We  therefore  incline 
without  hesitation  to  the  opinion  of  Oscar  Montclius,  expressed  in  the  'Anticpii- 
tes  Suedoises '   (Vol.  I,  p.  14,  No.  53),  where  he  gives  representations  of  bone 


I 


HARl'OON-ltEADS. 


79 


spcar-hcads.  calling  thorn  harpoons,  and  mentioning  the  fiict  tliat  they  were 
f.HUul  at  the  button,  of  Hastefjorden  Lake,  among  other  articles  of  bone  The 
place  ot  discovery  o.'  these  implements  indicates  their  use. 

''They  also  occur  in  Russia,  as  we  learn  from  the  work  of  Count  Uwarow 
recently  publ.shed,  and  devoted  to  the  prehist,.ric  times  of  Russia.  lie  describes 
there  a  bone  spear-head  found  near  the  river  Oka. 


f>tm\ 


l'"in.  101. 


Flo.  10;5  ami  10 1.— Harpoon-licads  of  ox-liuni.     I'ola 


lul. 


I 


80 


rKKIlISTOIUC    I'lSIllNG. 


"  Hcretotbro  tho.so  implonuMits  had  not  boon  mot  witli  !niinii<j;  tlio  relics  of 
tho  atone  ago  within  the  limits  of  anciont  Poland.  It  thoreforo  ail'ords  mo  much 
pleasure  to  announce  the  discovery  of  two  specimens  of  the  implements  under 
notice,  found  in  the  district  of  Oiszan,  on  tlie  bank  of  tho  small  river  Uswiata, 
which  empties  into  the  left  shore  of  tho  Dniepr.  At  the  time  of  this  discovery 
the  land  drained  by  the  U!5wiata  was  the  property  of  tho  learned  J)r.  Zeckert, 
now  deceased. 

"  I3otli  heatls  arc  made  of  ox-horn,  and  very  well  preserved,  though  dis- 
colored by  the  action  of  time.  One  is  almost  black,  the  other  yellowish-brown. 
Our  illustrations  show  tho  objects  reduced  to  two-thirds  of  their  actual  size. 
Length  of  one,  twenty-four  centimeters  ;  of  the  other,  twenty-three  centimeters. 
They  arc  at  present  in  the  collection  of  anti(iuitios  at  Mala  wies,  near  Groice." 


m 


'i 


Fio.  105. — Boue  harpoou-head.    Victoria  Cave. 

A  bone  harpoon-head  of  peculiar  shape,  represented  in  Fig.  105,  was  dis- 
covered in  the  neolithic  stratum  of  the  Vict(»ria  ("ave,  near  Settle,  Yorkshire, 
England.  "The  harpoon,"  says  Trofossor  W.  Boyd  Dawkins,  "is  a  little  more 
than  three  inches  long,  with  the  head  armeil  with  two  Ijarbs  on  each  side,  and 
the  base  presenting  a  mode  of  securing  attachment  to  the  handle,  which  has  not 
before  been  discovered  in  IJritain.  Instead  of  a  mere  projection  to  catch  the 
ligatures  by  which  it  was  bound  to  tlie  .-ihaft,  there  is  a  well-cut  barb  on  either 
side,  pointing  in  a  contrary  direction  to  those  which  form  the  head.  Ample  use 
for  such  an  instrument  would  be  found  in  Malhani  tarn,  some  three  miles  off, 
ami  very  probably  alsn  in  that  which  furmerly  existed  close  l)y  at  Attermiro, 
but  which  has  been  choked  up  by  peat,  and  is  now  turned  into  gras.i-land  by 
drainage."* 

Having  alluded  to  the  javiilins  in  use  as  liunting-implements  among  the 
Kurile  Islanders  and  the  (Ireenlanders,  Professor  Xilssoii  (lcs(M'il)es  a  class  of 
Nnrth  Eurot)ean  armatures  considered  by  liini  as  javelin-points,  giving  on  Plate 
VI  of  his  W(n'k  several  illustratii)ns,  of  which  I  reproduce  Figs.  124,  l2o,  and 
126  as  Figs.  106,  107,  and  108  on  page  82. 


*Diiwl(iiis:  Cttvo  Uuiiting  ;  p.  HI. 


IIAIU'OON-IIKADS. 


81 


Wc  find  now  und  ll 


luivo  ovitleiitly  been  used  in  tl 


icn  in  oiii-  |)o,it-ni(isso.s,"  ho  says,  "  impleuionla  which 


'IS 


10  sanio  nianiuT  as  tlio  javolin  from  tlic  Kurilc 
Islands,  abovo  doscribod.     Tlioso  imploments  aro  of  bono,  six  to  ton  inciics  h.n-' 
two  and  one-fouvtb  to  tw(.  or  throo  linos  broad,  .nrasionallv  round,  but  ivcnoralfv 
rathor  coniprossod,  taporing  to  a  point  towards  both  onds,  and  oitlior  providoil 
|iIon-  both  sidos  with  a  dooply  indontod  ,i,m)uve,  into  which  thin  sharp  tlakos  of 
flint  aro  inserted,  and  fastened  by  means  of  black  puttv  resembling  pit<-li,  or  the 
groove  with  the  flint  flakes  is  found  only  along  one  side /^^     The  front  end  is 
pointed,  and  l)ohind,  fho  point  is  occasionally  widened,  in  shape  like  a  sj.oar- 
I'"iiit,  so  that  the  whole  bono  represents  a  spear  in  miniature,  with  its  Ion'.' shaft  • 
1  K.  groove  holding  t!  -  flint-splinters  does  not  reach  quite  to  the  point.     Such  is 
the  implement  in  its  ^rhjiml  form,  but.  by  degrees,  as  it  wears  out  and  is  a-^ain 
.sharpo.iod  toapou.t,  the  spear-shaped   expansh.n  disappears  and  the  poi.d  is 
^v.M-n  .Imvn  to  tiie  grooves.     The  hin.ler  end  is  likewise  sharp-pointed,  and  has 
oynlontly  been   inserted  in  a  wooden  shaft.     (bMierally  this  end  is  to  a  certain 
distance  less  smooth  tuan  tlie  remainder  of  the  bone,  and  sometimes  the  resin 
by  moans  of  which  it  has  been  cemented  in  the  shaft,  remains  np  to  a  little 
...oro  than  an  inch.     This  implement  is  principally  found  in  bogs  in  the  South 
«t  Scania  ;  also  in  tlie  province  of  Boluislaiul,  on  Tjoru  (west  coast  of  Sweden)- 
I    1.S  said  to  have  been  also  fouiul  in  the  Island  of  (Jland.     In  the  .Museum  of 
the  Academy  of   Antiquities,  in  Stockhohn,  there  is  a  specimen,  the  longest 
which      have  seen  (ten  inches  in  length),  found  during  the  digging  of  the  (iGtha 
Canal,  between   I  afvelstorp  and  Tutorp,  in  peat-earth,  under  a  bed  of  clay,  an.l 
eight  feet  under  ground.     But  where  there  is  peat-earth  there  must  have  been 
water;  conse.,uently,  everything  that  is  found  on,  and  espcciallv  under,  peat- 
earth,  has  sunk  to  the  bottom  in  some  water.     It  is  probable,  tiierefore,  that  the 
n.iplements  m  question,  while  being  used  on  the  water,  have  dropped  therein 
ami  gone  to  the  bottom.     In  order  to  form  a  correct  idea  of  the  manner  in  which 
iieso  ■m,,loments  were  used  by  the  Scandinavian  aborigines,  wo  ought  to  enquire 
liow  they  are  omploye.l  .-.mongst  the  nations  where  thov  are  still  in'  use 

-'^\^^^  (u-eeiilander  uses  this  weapon  onhi  on  tlie  water,  in  the  pursuit  ..f 
.■Hiuatic  bmls.  It  ,s  provided  with  a  shaft  five  feet  in  len:;th,  ending  at  the  back 
with  s..me  ornament,  generally  a  reindeer-foot  or  soim-thing  of  that  kind,  and  U 
thn.wn  by  hand  at  birds  while  they  are  resting  on  the  water.  It  strikes  usudlv 
at  the  distance  of  from  fifty  to  sixty  paces,  and  Egede  relates  that  the  Greeii- 
lander  can  hit  his  prey  at  a  tolerably  long  <listance.  as  surelv  as  a  good  shot 
could  do  It  with  a  towling-piece.  From  his  early  childhood  the  Cxivonlander 
begins   to  practise  throwing  the   bird-javolin.      It  is  thrown   by  means  of   . 


*  Thu.S(..  iliirts  i-uiiiiml  on.-  by  tlioir  conslnictRM.  of  the  Mcxica 
iiiswiiril. 

Kll 


n  vuiqwihuitl,  whid,  the  Spmiiords  called  cspml,,, 


fm^insittr""""''^" '" 


82 


I'UKIIISTOUIC    I'lSllINU. 


throw in<,'-Htit'k  or  hoard  witli  such  forw  that  it  tl'n's  wlii/xiiiig  throiigli  tho  air, 
and  with  such  woiulorl'ul  akill  that  it  gonorally  piorces  tho  hoad  of  tho  diiuk. 


I 


\ 


i 


Fio.  luo,— Scania.  l''iii.  107,— Sc»ni».  Kkj.  loa.— Suuula.  I'l...  1U9.— PriiMiik. 

All  i. 
Figs.  lOG-101). — Javcliu-haulb  ul  Ijouu  with  in.,i.rtiil  Hint  llukcs. 

"  There  is  scarcoly  any  doubt  that  the  darts  liore  skcti-Iicd  have  boon  the 
same  kind  of  liunting-iniitlcnients,  and  that  they  have  Irhmi  employed  in  the 
same  way.  That  tii(;y  iiave  been,  and  were  intended  to  bo,  thrown  l)y  hand,  wo 
can  easily  see,  because  they  could  have  been  used  only  on  the  water  ;  for  if 
thrown  on  land,  they  must  infallibly  have  been  broken  to  pieces  and  destroyed. 
They  are,  therefoi'o,  found  only  in  peat-bogs,  which  in  former  times  were  open 
waters,  sometimes  of  (^onsideral)le  extent.  They  occur  not  unfrecpiently  in  the 
South  of  Sweden.  Our  niuseunis  contain  a  great  number  of  them  ;  but  in  Den- 
nuirk  they  are  I'are."* 

]*rofessor  Nilsson's  .statements  seem  to  l)e  correct  in  every  particular ;  yet 
these  darts,  on  account  of  their  jagged  sides,  were  also  ser\  iceal)le  as  heads  of 
implements  used  in  the  lish-hunt,  and  for  this  reason  1  have  given  tiie  preceding 
extract  from  Nilsson's  woi!  . 

The  peat-bogs  of  Eastern  Prussi.i  likewise  have  yielded  a  limited  number 
of  these  bonc-and-flint  darts,  wlii<'li  are  preserved  in  the  collection  of  norliiern 
antiquities  in  the  Xew  Museum  at  Ucrlin.  They  were  described  by  Mr.  Friedel 
in  an  article  entitled  "  Ueber  Knochenpfeile  aus  Deutschland,"  which  ai)peared 
in  "Archiv  fiir  Anthropologic"    (Vol.  V,  187 J,  page  433).     Fig.  100  is  one 


' 


y        i 


*  Nilssoii :  I'rimitivo  Iiilmliitiiiits ;  p.  40,  eti'.  —  Minlson  liguiesa  luiinbur  of  Danish  specimens  of  this  liInU  on 
I'lalo  '10  of  \m  "Anliciiiilos  Proliistoriijues  dii  Dimeinurii." 


HAUPOON-HKADH. 


83 


Of  Ins  illustrations,  slinwiuir  ,,  ,i,,,.l  of  elk-honc^'^  wit),  flint-splintors  sot  closely 
tn;,'.'thcT  ami  ilis,,„se.l  in  tw..  r..w,s,  ;  prosn.t  lliis  tiguiv  .simply  with  a  view  to 
HM.wthe  appoaran.-o  of  a  l.u.ie-aiKl-flint  dart  soiu.wliat  .lilleriiig  in  type  from 
tlioso  described  by  Professor  A'ilssoii. 

Stone  points,  wi.  may  assume,  were  also  used  as  armatures  for  harp s  i„ 

neolithic  times;  l,i,t  Professor  Nilssoti's  suo-estion  (hat  some  may  have  l..-en 
inserted  in  sockets  of  l,„iie  or  wood,  and  thus  connected  with  the  "shaft,  is  not 
snj.ported  by  any  evidence,  provided  my  opinion  that  no  such  sockets  liave  been 
discovered  is  correct.  Those  of  woud,  of  course,  could  not  have  resisted  .le.-av  • 
while  sockets  of  bone  or  horn,  if  they  had  been  u.sed,  would  bo  still  in  existence, 
like  the  much  older  horn  and  bono  objects  of  the  reindeer-period. 


Fio.  no. — Scaniau  flint  puiut  set  iu  wooileu  socket. 

Nilsson  tigures  (Plato  X,  Fig.  203)  a  well-chipped  flint  point  found  in  the 
earth  near  the  sea-shore  of  the  Hound  of  Lomma,  in  Scania,  which  he  considers 
as  a  harpoi.ii-head.  "A  per.^oii  who  had  long  resided  in  (Jreenland,"  he  .says, 
"recogniml  it  at  once  as  such ;  and  in  order  to  .show  me  the  way  in  which  the 
sfonep.mit  had  been  fastened  to  the  harpo(,n,  and  the  harpn.m  to  the  shaft,  ho 
l.rovided  it  with  a  piece  of  wood  as  vej. resented  in  the  sketch,  Plate  III,  Fig.'  49 
(here  Fig.  110).  At  the  lower  end  of  this  piece  of  wood  is  an  indenlation^hito 
which  the  sliaft  of  tlie  harpoon  enters.  ]}elow  is  the  loo])  by  which  the  harp.,„n 
is  attached  to  the  .shaft  as  well  as  the  strap,  to  th.;  end  of  which  a  bladder  is 
tietl."t  lie  designates  various  other  Eurupcan  flint  points  ligured  by  him  as 
harpoon-heads  used  in  this  manner;  but  he  is  not  very  po.^ '  i  ve  in  his  state- 
ments, and  linally  expresses  his  own  doubts  in  the  following  remark :— "  It 


*  Till)  European  oik  coiTcspoiids  to  tlie  Anicrioiin  moose, 
t  Nilsson:  I'riiiiilivo  Inliiibitujils  ;  p.  L"J. 


■ll'Ullil 


8-4 


rUKIIISTOUK!    I'lSllINC). 


11    ; 


onij;lil,  iKtwcvcr,  to  he  observed  lliiil  it  is  difliciilt  to  draw  a  line  of  deiiiaivatiou 
between  tiie  stone  points  wliicli  liave  been  iiar|ionns,  and  tliose  wliieli  luivo 
beIon;j;ed  to  arrows,  benuise  tlie  same  stone  jxiint  eould  have  been  adapted  either 
to  ii  harpoon  or  to  an  arrow. ""'■• 

On  tile  other  liand,  it  may  be  taivcn  tor  granted  tliat  shafts  with  ehipped 
stone  [)oiids  of  sintal)le  si/e  and  shajte  iinmciliafi///  attaeiied  to  tliem,  formed 
lisliing-darts  at  tlie  period  under  eoiisiiU'ration.  It  woidd  be  ini|)ossibIe,  liow- 
ever,  to  single  out  the  poiids  tlius  em|>lo\ed,  tiiongh  sneli  as  are  provided  wilii 
l)arlts  seem  partieuhirly  lilted  for  tliat  purjMiso.  .Mr.  ^^>\m  Evans,  in  his  well- 
known  work  on  the  aneieiit  stone  im|)lemenls  of  (J real  Hritain,  lignres  (page 
;M(>,  I'tv.)  several  ehipped  Hint  iioints  of  this  elass,  small  ami  large,  that  might 
well  have  served  as  armatures  for  lishing-spears,  ami  others  are  re]tresented  on 
the  plates  of  Captain  .Madsen's  work  on  the  j)rehistorie  antiquities  of  Denmark  ; 
but,  in  view  of  the  uncertainty  us  to  their  use,  1  refrain  from  co[iying  any  of 
these  illustrations. 

Avroiv-hcaih. — With  rcgivrd  to  arrows  used  in  shooting  tish — a  method  most 
probably  practised  during  the  period  hero  treated — I  have  nothing  to  add  to  my 
statements  on  page  oli.  An  arrow  employed  in  hunting  (inadrujieds  or  birds 
would  also  on  occasion  serve  to  kill  a  lish,  and  hence  tin  attempt  at  speciticatiuu 
must  necessarily  jirox  e  fruitless. 

Sinlicrs. — The  objects  of  this  class  obtained  from  !lie  lacustrine  settlements 
of  tiie  stone  age  may  in  general  be  considered  as  neolithic  relics  ;  but  tin.  aiiti<iuity 
of  such  as  have  been  found  on  or  below  the  surface  of  the  soil,  in  water,  swamps, 
etc.,  is  donblful.  to  say  the  least,  considering  that  line  and  nct-siidvers  of  stone  are 
used  in  Europe  at  the  present  time.  Only  particular  circunistaiicou  .if  associa- 
tion would  favor  the  recognition  of  the  period  to  which  such  stray  specimens 
pertain.  In  a  late  work  Dr.  Arthur  Mitchell,  of  Ediid)urgh,  makes  some  ol)ser- 
vations  bearing  on  this  sul)Ject,  which  are  of  sutlicient  interest  to  be  given  here 
in  full.     I  also  insert  the  illustrations  accompanying  his  remarks. 

'•There  is  a  elass  of  stone  objects,"  he  says,  "which  are  nearly  always  to  bo 
seen  in  collections  of  antiipiities,  and  which  are  now  correctly  called  sinkers. 
They  have  been  often  fouiul  under  circumstances  which  indicate  a  great  age. 
Worsaae  ligures  them  among  the  anticjuities  of  the  stone  ago  in  Denmark.  Tiiey 
vary  much  in  form  and  in  character.  Most  of  them  are  simply  bored  stoiu's — 
generally  with  one  hole  roughly  picked  orgrouiul  through  them,  but  occasionally 
with  two.  Sometimes  they  have  ii  groove  cut  down  (Mie  face  of  the  stone  and 
running  over  its  end,  and  another  similar  groove  cut  transversely  to  this ;  or  the 


f  NilsdDii:  i'riinitivo  Inhiibituuts ;  p.  3*2. 


HINKKIIH. 


85 


i 


groove  may  run  round  tlir- circumfiwnco  of  ii  n.-ittisli  ovoid  water  worn  pobl.le, 
f,'ivin,n;  it  souiewliiit  tlu;  appearance  of  u  niiip's  hlodi. 


Fid.  111.— SinU-stnno  of  stcntito  from  Shetland;  wciglil,  14  oiiiico8. 

"Tlioso  .'ttono  sinkers  I  have  frequently  seen  in  use.  As  recnrds  tlie  first 
type,  those  which  are  simply  lion-d  stoii(«s,  I  have  seen  the  sjinie  luiin  with  one 
of  theni  at  the  end  of  one  line,  and  at  the  end  of  the  other  a  sinker  of  le.ad  cnst 
in  a  mould  and  tiistefidly  shap(>d.  Usually  the  hored  sinkers  an-  water-worn 
stones,  selected  for  suitability  of  shape;  hut  sometimes  they  ai.  made  of  a  piece 
of  stone  roughly  tiaked  into  a  projter  form;  while  at  other  limes,  whore  the 
soft  .soapstone  is  fcumd,  there  is  more  or  leiss  neatnes.s  in  tlieir  design,  and  they 
may  even  he  found  imitating  the  form  of  the  IcMden  .uker,  or  having  rudely 
out  on  them  t!i'>  initials  of  their  owner  (see  Fig.  111).  It  m.iy  Inippen  agfiin 
that  they  aio  entirely  natural  stones;  that  is,  hoth  tlicir  form  juid  the  lioh> 
threngh  thorn  nniy  he  due  to  naturiil  agencies.  A  sinkei'  of  this  last  kind  F  once 
saw  with  a  Slietlander.  It  was  of  flint,  and  he  s.iid  he  Inid  lirought  it  from 
'  foreign  p.arts,'  h.-cause  he  thought  it  would  he  us(«ful  at  home  as  a  sinker. 

"  Of  one  of  the  typ(<s  of  siidcers,  th;it  showing  the  two  grooves  crossing  each 
other,  there  was  some  ditficulty  in  seeing  the  I'.xact  way  in  which  the  line  iuid 
liof)ks  were  made  fast  to  the  stones,  and  what  purpose  tlie  groo\-e.s  served.  Some 
stones  of  this  kiml  have  l)een  found  in  circumstances  indicating  great  age;  and 
I  remember  hearing  a  distinguished  antiipiary,  no  longer  alive,  speculating 
ingeniously  as  to  whether  they  could  re;dly  have  served  so  commonplnce  a  pur- 
pose as  tliat  of  sinking  ;i  tisherman's  line.  But  I  have  been  .•ible  to  sot  the 
question  at  rest  by  procuring  two  s])ecinu'ns  from  the  parish  i>\'  Walls,  tlirough 
the  Rev.  James  Russell,  with  all  the  ;i])pliances  on  them  exactly  , -is  thoy  W(>re 
when  actually  in  use  a  f(>w  years  ago  (.see  I^'igs.  ll'J  and  ll.'J  on  the  following 
page).  Sinkers  of  this  form  vary  in  size.  They  are  genenilly,  I  think,  larger 
tlian  t,h()se  of  the  bored  form  ;  and  I  understand  that  this  is  cwplained  by  the 
fact  that  they  are  (ihiefly  used  when  fisiiing  in  deep  waters. 

"  It  is  not  s(dely,  however,  in  those  districts  of  our  country  which  we  regard 
as  outlying  and  remote  that  we  encounter  lishermen  using  stone  inst(>ad  of  lead 
or  other  materials  for  the  manufacture  of  sinkers.  On  the  Tweed  to  this  day  the 
nets  are  weighted  by  bored  stones,  and  specimens  of  those  are  placed  in  museuma 
of  antiquities,  not  because  they  are  themseh  's  objects  of  antiquity,  but  beeaust? 
their  history  being  accurately  known,  they  teach  lessons  of  caution  in  dealing 


I 


Wm- 


■iSfiSBBaiBta 


!J 


1*! 

is 

1 

ii 

if 


Ir: 


86 


PRlCIirSTOIUO    I'MSHINO. 


with  objocts  not  vory  dissimilar,  alnmt  tlio  iiistory  mid  use  of  wiiic.li  wo   iiavo  no 


accurate  knowU'dgc."'' 


Kill.  ll'J.  Km.  m. 

Fkih.  111.'  1111(1  ll;i, — Siiiksloiii's  IVimi  Walls,  in  Slu'tliiinl.  Tlu"  liiigi'r  is  ii  rmiL^lily-lliikod  piocci 
of  simkIsIciiu'.  and  llu-  smalici'  a  walii'-woni  liraili-stniic.  In  (ink'r  to  niaivo  llic  conl  gmsp  those  .slmioa 
si'cuii'ly,  j;n)i)Vi'S  iiri'  n)U};lily  I'nt  in  (iu'iii  in  llu-  way  inilicatod  iiy  liio  wiMnlriils.  Tlu'  largor  sloiio  is 
S  inclios  iiinir,  and  woiglis  l:!  (uinccs;  tin'  snialli'i',  In  wliich  lln'  lidok  is  slill  atlailiiMl,  is  ■">  inciics  kmi;, 
mid  weighs  1 1  (Uinep.s. 

If,  under  tlioso  circunistii. ices,  I  doscrilx*  and  liij;nn'  some  sinkcM's,  I  do  i(  witli 
tlie  Mieiila!  reservation  wliidi  tlie  riin>n-oiiiu- olisiM'v.alions  necessjirily  iniply.j-  I 
Would  also  ['(t'er  ii^.ain  to  tlie  ditlicnlty  of  maUiim' a  proper  dislindion  iietween 
line  and  not-sinivers,  lor  cviMi  at  present  heavy  line-sinUers  .and  liiiht  nel-sinlvern 
arc  used,  ,uul  vice  versa. 


*  Mit.'liclli  Tlip  I'list  ill  IliP  I'tiwnl  -VVIml  is  ("iviliziilion?     Ni'W  York,  1881  ;  p.  Ill,  (•((■, 

t  The  sciiidnizin!;  rniiU'r,  I  Impc,  will  iml  lliiil  rmiU  willi  iiii'  fur  ili'seriliinj,',  wliili'  trciiliiii;  of  llio  iipulllliii" 
|ici'iiiil,  uliji'i'ls  whii'li  limy  111'  "f  iniu'li  liilcr  ihitiv  Tin'  |i..ssiliilily  timt  sunn' nt'  llii'iii  limy  Im  iii'ulilliii' will  lio 
jirci'plfil  US  my  (»x('1isr. 


1 


SINKIOKS. 


87 


»o 


Sinkers  in   lli(>ir  simplcsl,  1   nni  iiiniost   hMiiptcd   to  say  luilnral,  form  two 
liko  tliat  in  possession  of  tlu'  lisliornian   nienlioncd   l)_v   Dr.   Mitelu'll,  namely 

nalni-allv   perforated   nodules  of  (lint,  wliieli.  a( rdiii<>-  to    Dr.  Klemni.  " suv  so 

freipient  and  sometimes  of  sncli  large  size  on  the  sliores  of  Ileligol;ind  .and 
Iliigen,  lliat  llie  inli;d)itants  use  tliem  as  net-\veiul,ts  and  even  as  aiiehors."* 
Tlier(>  ar(>  several  net-sinUers  .ind  anclior-stones  of  tliis  kind  in  the  Herlia 
I'rovineiid  -Mnseiim.  one  of  liie  latter  li.avinu,'  heeii  obtained  hy  Dr.  Kriodel  in 
tlio  Island  of  liiigen  from  a  lisiierman  wlio  aetnally  used  it  ;is  an  anciior.f  Such 
weights  doubtless  were  employed  in  very  early  times  ;  hut.  of  i-ourso,  no  one  would 
attempt  (o  sjieculateon  the  .antiquity  of  this  class  of  relics,  or  rather  on  the  time 
in  which  they  were  utilized.  Some  of  these  natural  formations  oonsidered  as 
siidii'rs  may  in  re.ality  never  have  iieen  .•ii)plied  to  any  use  liv  m;in. 

Mr.  John   |i]vans,  having  doscribod  the  grooved  hammers  fouml  in  Great 
Britain,  continues  as  follows: — 


I'm.  lit.     Sloiii' .siiikii'.     JJiinis. 


"Clo.scly  connected  in  ft)rm  and  character  with  the  mining  hammers,  though 
as  a  rule  much  smaller  in  size,  and  in  all  probability  intemled  for  ;i  totally  dilVer- 
ent  purpose.  ;ire  the  class  of  stone  objects  of  which  Fig.  1  lit  (here  Fig.  114) 
gives  a  r(>presenl;itioii,  r(>pro(hiced  from  llie  '.Arclueological  Jonrn.il.'  This 
specimen  was  found  with  two  others  .-d  Hums,  near  .\ml)leside.  Westmoreland; 
and  another,  almost  precisely  similar  in  size  and  form,  was  found  at  I'errv's 
Leap,  ami  is  pi'eserved  in  tlu>  Museum  of  Anlitpiiti(>s  ;it  Alnwick  Castle. 
Another,  from  Weslmorel.ind,  is  in  the  .Mayer  ( 'olleclion  at  i/iverpool,  and  they 
have,  I  believ(\  been  found  in  some  iiumbiM's  in  tli.at  district.  A  stone  of  th(> 
same  character,  but  nuu-e  el.iborately  worked,  h.iviiig  sonn-wliat  acorn-shaped 
ends.  w;is  found  l»y  the  Hon.  W.  O.  Stanley,  F.  S.  A.,  at  Old  (ieir,  Anglesea. 
They  wer(>  originally  rcg.irded  as  hammer-stones,  lait  such  as  I  h,i\e  examiiu'd 
are  made  of  a  softer  stone  than  those  usually  employed  for  hammers,  .and   (hev 

*Klfinm:  Allgemcinn  fuUiirwissi'iiaolml't ;   W.Mlizi'iii^.Miricl  WiilVi-ii ;   Loipzl};,  1851 1  p.  V>. 
t  Krii'ili'l:    l''iil\rcr' iliin'li  ilic  KisihiTi'i-Alilhiiliiiii.': ;  p.  1. 


I 

a 


its 


w 

If 
If 


88 


TREHISTORIC    FISniNO. 


if! 


"iU 


hill  > 


.'ir(>  not  battered  or  worn  at  the  ends.  It  secni8,  therefore,  ])robahUi  that  llicy 
were  used  as  siidtcrs  for  nets  or  lines,  for  wliich  purpose  they  are  well  adapted, 
the  groove  being  deep  enougli  to  ])rotect  small  cord  around  it  from  wear  by 
friction.  They  seem  also  usually  to  occur  in  the  neighborhood  either  of  lakes, 
rivers,  or  the  sea.  A  water-worn  nodule  of  sandstone,  live  inches  long,  with  a 
deep  groove  round  it,  and  described  as  probably  a  sinker  for  a  net  or  line,  was 
found  in  Aberdeenshire,  and  is  in  the  Antiquarian  ^hiseuni  at  Edinburgh  ;  and 
I  have  one  of  soft  grit,  about  the  same  length,  given  me  by  Mr.  R.  D.  Darltishire, 
F.  G.  S.,  and  found  by  him  near  Nautlle,  Carnarvonshire.  iMany  of  these  sink- 
stones  arc  pi'obably  of  nr  great  anti(iuity." 

Mr.  Evans  refers  in  the  same  place  to  "sink-stones,  weights,  or  plummets 
formed  by  boring  a  hole  towards  one  end  of  a  il.ittish  stone."  He  mentions 
several  specinuMis,  but  gives  no  illustrations  of  them.  While  in  Sweden,  h(>  saw 
the  leg-bones  of  animals  used  as  weights  for  sinking  nets.'-' 

"  Tu  Ireland."  Sir  William  Wilde  ol)serves,  "sink-stones,  for  either  nets  or 
fishing-lines,  are  by  no  means  I'are,  as  tiiey  continue  in  use  ev(>n  at  the  ]>resent 
<lay ;  and  quoit-like  discs,  of  sandstone,  from  four  to  six  inches  in  diameter  and 
with  a  hole  in  the  centre  to  attach  tlicm  ti>  the  l)ottom-rope  of  a  n(>t,  are  not  uncom- 
mon in  localities  where  lead  is  scarc(\ Hut,  l)esides  these  rud(>  imple- 
ments, we  lind  others  formed  witl;  nmre  care,  and  which  are  generally  supjxtsed  to 
have  l)een  attached  to  eifluM-  lines  or  nets."i-  lie  gives  three  illustrations  of  sudi 
stones.  Figs.  77,  7S.  and  7!*,  of  which  I  r(>j>ro(luce  the  tirst  two  as  I'igs.  lb")  mikI 
IIG.     The  original  of    Fig.   llTj  is  described  as  being  composed  of  soft   while 


J.',v  ■ 


l-l,..  II-..  Kiel.  1111. 

Frcs.  11")  and  IKi.— Stone  ciiikcrs.     Iroliuid. 


sandstone  traversed  by  a  vein  of  quartz,  and  encircled  by  a  groove  round  the 
long  axis  for  retaining  a  string  or  thong.  Fig.  1  H»  represents  "  a  i)himmet-like 
piece  of  sandstone,  three  inches  and  a  half  long,  with  a  hole  at  the  small  extrem- 


*Eviins:  Aiiciont  Stone  Iniiiloiiipnls;  p.  211. 

fSir  W.  Wilde:  A  l)iscri|ptivc  Ciiliilnniic  of  the  Aiitii|iiilic's  in   Un'  Miisoiiin  uf  tlii!   Uoyiil  Irish  Aciuloniy : 
Vol.  I,  Diihlin,  18011;  p.  01. 


SINKER.S.  gg 

ity."  Yot,  Sir  W.  Wildo,  \vhil,<  iKliuitting  that  these  stones  would  f,.nn  useful 
snik-stoncs,  thinks  th(>re  is  no  direct  autliority  bearing  on  the  subject.  Indeed, 
11".^  stone  represented  by  Fig.  llo  lias  been  regarded  by  some  as  one  of  the 
"flail-stones"  attached  by  a  thong  to  a  stick,  used  in  early  Irish  warfare,  and  to 
which  some  allusion  is  made  in  ancient  records.  As  for  the  object  shown  in  Fig. 
110,  he  thinks  it  might  have  been  used  as  a  plummet,  or  tlie  weight  for  a  steel- 
yard or  ouncel,  "an  implement  in  mu.'h  more  frequent  use  than  a  beam  and 
s(!ales  in  the  western  parts  of  Ireland  up  to  a  very  recent  period."* 

I  have  little  doubt  that  Fig.  llo,  at  least,  represents  a  sinker. 


Fia.  117.— County  of  Pown.    (oo; 


Fia.  118.-Coiinly  nf  WVHim.Mlli.     (!liu7). 

Fifi.s.  1 1 7  aii.l  1 18.— Stone  sinkers  (?). 


I  present  n,  Figs.  117  an.l  118  delineations  of  two  of  the  rp.oit-Iike  iliscs 
with  a  ]i„le  1,1  tlie  ceiitiv.  (o  which  Sir  \V.  Wihle  draws  attention.  Thev  were 
s..nt.  m  lH,i).  with  oilier  Irish  antirputies,  to  tin-  .Smith.sonian  In.stitution  bv  Mr 
HolHM-t  Day,  Jr.,  of  Cork  County.  The  material  of  the.se  spe.-imens,  which  cer" 
tainiy  hav."  the  ai-p.-arance  of  being  very  ohi.  i.s  tine-grained  sandstone.  Tliev 
were  touiid.  ivspivliveiy.  in  the  counties  „f  I),,\vn  and  Westmeath. 

Passing  OV.U-  to  Danish   specinuMis.  1  give  in  Fi-    119  on  the  followin-  pn-vp 
a   somewhat  .Mi'arge.l  copy  of  on,-   ligiird  by  Mr.    W'or.saae.t  who  ela.s^es  it, 
doubtless  for  good  reason,  among  the  relics  of  the  stone  ag 
it  was  dug  up  in  a  bog  in  the  Island  of  Seeiand. 


He  informs  me  tiiat 


Rl2 


*;)irW.  AVililo:  Ciit.ilomio;   p.  nr,. 
fWorsuiK':  N..rdiHko  Okl^iijr,.,- ;   irij,.  ss,  p.  18. 


If 


90 


PHRHISTORIC   KISHINO. 


m 


t!i 


Figs.  120,  121,  and  122  aro  copioil  from  Plate  30  of  Captain  Afadson's  work, 
before  cited.* 


t 


^ 


Fiu.  1 


Fios.  119-122.— Stone  Sinkers.     Denmark. 

Tiic  Danish  locality  wlior(>  the  original  of  Fi^-.  120  was  found  is  not  speci- 
fied. The  object  shown  in  Fig.  121  was  ploughed  up  in  the  District  of 
Sor("),  and  that  represented  by  Fig.  122,  exhibiting  two  grooves  crossing  each 
other,  was  obtained  in  the  District  of  Vilnirg.  All  these  Danish  specimens  aro 
preserved  in  the  Museum  of  Northern  Antiipiities  at  Copenhagen. 

I'rofcssor  Xilsson  describes  aiul  represents  several  sink-stones,  ime  of  them, 
like  the  Danish  specimen,  provided  with  two  grooves  crossing  each  other  (Fig. 
122).  Concerning  this  class  of  sinkers  heol)serves: — ''These  i)lummots  ai'O 
generally  large,  and  have  probaldy  been  used  as  weights  for  trol ling-nets,  (>tc. 
They  are  still  occasionally  picked  up  in  islets  and  I'cefs  on  the  coast  of  Uohus- 

*  Tlioy  lire  tliuio  Fii;s,  l.'i,  17,  liiid  !(!,  ruspectivoly. 


BOATS. 


91 


Llin  (west  coast  of  Sweden)/''     Mo  also  fu 


fi;roovos. 


:iires  a  number  of  sinkers  with  sindo 


To  tlio  liguros  of  sinkers  1 


sclcctecl  only  suel 


lioro  presented  otliers  could  be  added,  but  I  hav( 


details,  I  will  confess  that  I  h 


I  as  most  probably  ivcre  sink-stone 


a  ;  for,  without  entorini;'  into 


'"i^'o  >n.y  doubts  as  to  several  other  figured  specimens 
to  winch  that  cliaracter  is  attributed. 

Professor  A^irehow  alludes  to  ancient  clay  net-sinkers,  chiefly  obtained  fr.>m 
pile-Hwks  in  Prussia,  which,  however,  are  of  comparativelv  late  origin,  beiii.^ 
relerablo  to  the  <.lose  of  pagan  times.  The  largest  and  most  recent  of  the 
.sinkers,  iron,  IJoissin  Lake  near  Belgar.l  (Pomerania)  are  described  as  large  flat 
n.i.nd  discs  with  a  hole  i,,  the  cvntre,  ami,  as  a  rule,  rather  slightly  burned.  Of 
siM'cial  interest  is  I'rofx.ssor  Virchow's  observation  that  such  .'lay  net-weights, 
burned  entirely  bla(;k  {f/anzsckwarz  r/ehrrniMf),  are  still  used  in  Eastern  Prussia.-j- 

L'onfs.—qmte  a  number  of  ancient  boats,  discovered  under  circumstances 
f'ivonng  i>reservation,  have  been  described  by  various  authors,  but  most  of  thein 
doubtless  belong  to  post-neolithic  times.  There  is  in  the  Provincial  Museum  at 
I..M-lin  an  oaken  .lug-out,  formed  like  a  shallow  tr..ngh,  ami  hollowed  out  by 
means  ot  lire,  while  its  outside  is  rudely  shaped  with  stone  instruments  It 
measures,  in  its  present  shrunken  state,  eight  nu-ters  in  length  and  ab,»ut  forlv 
centimeters  in  width.  This  boat  was  foun.l  near  Berneuchen,  in  the  I)istri<-t  .'.f 
Lan.lsbcrg  on  the  Warthe  (nran.lonbnrg),  two  meters  imbedded  in  peat  t  It 
may  be  a  relic  of  the  stone  age. 

r  find  no  reference  to  existing  stone-age  boats  in  such  publications  on  Danish 
and  Scandinavian  anli(,uities  as  are  within  my  reach.     I'rofessor  Xilsson  treats 
of  boats  in  a  transient  way,  merely  alluding  to  the  probable  method  of  their 
manufacture.     "These  (the  boats)  seem  to  have  been  excavated  trunks  of  trees 
tor  the  broad  gouge  has  evidently  been  used  for  excavating  wt.od."§ 

Sir  ^^^  Wihle  ,les.-ribes  several  .-.icient  Irish  boats  stdl  in  existence,  thou-d, 
without  giving  any  clue  as  to  the  time  from  which  thev  mav  date  "  So  f,r  "is 
we  yet  kn..w,"  he  observes,  "two  kinds  of  boats  appear  to  have  iieen  in  use  in 
very  early  times  in  the  B.-itish  Isles-lhe  canoe  and  the  curragh||_the  one 
lornied  out  of  u  single  piece  of  w,.od,  the  other  compose.l  of  wicker-work,  cov.>re.l 
with  lii.l.'.  Xo  .•uuMent  specimen  <.f  the  curragh  could,  however,  have  come  down 
to  uu.u.u  times.  The  single-piece  canoe  is  generally  forme.l  of  oak,  and  mav 
be  divided  into  three  varieties,  viz.,  a  small  trough-shaped  .me,  .square  at  (he 


*  NMssnn  :    I'riinitivp  Inliiiliitiints ;  |i.  2fi. 

t  (-'imiliiio  (Ing  Dciitst'lion  FisHioroi-Voroins  ini  .Inluv  187:!;   liorlin,  IS?.-!;  p,  Mn. 

t  Friwlc! :   FCilircr  (liirdi  dio  Fischcrci-Alitliciluiii;  ;  p.  L>. 

§  Nilssiin  :    I'riiiiitivo  Inlmliitant^ ;  p.  101. 

11  Coracle. 


I? 

If 

H 

S4 


i 


\r., 

I'i   ■• 

i; 

•Sii 

m 

It  y 


92 


PKEIIISTORIC   FISHING. 


ends,  from  ciglit  t(i  twelve  feet  long,  round  .at  tlio  bottom,  and  liavinn'  projecting 
handle.-)  at  eitlier  extremity,  apparently  for  the  purpose  of  transporting  it  from 
plaee  to  place.  Sudi  a  boat  could  be  used  either  in  fishing  or  as  a  means  of 
transport  upon  the  inland  lakes  and  rivers.  This,  in  common  with  the  two  other 
varieties,  is  very  shallow,  so  that  those  who  used  it  must  ha\'c  sat  flat  upon  the 
bottom,  and  progressed  themselves  by  means  of  light  paddles — probably  one 
used  in  cither  hand ;  this  is  further  confirmed  by  the  total  absence  of  all  appear- 
ance of  row-locks.  The  second  variety  generally  averages  twenty  feet  in  IcMigth 
and  al)out  two  in  breadth,  is  flat-bottomed,  round  at  the  pi'ow,  and  nearly  square 

at  the  stern. The  third  variety  of  ancient  Irish  canoe  is  sharp  at  both 

ends."-'- 

IT(>  r(>fers  to  the  discovery  of  a  boat  of  the  first-mentioned  kind  in  Monaghan 
Cnimly,  but  furnishes  no  illustration.  It  may  or  may  not  be  a  l)oat  made 
during  the  stone  age.  The  two  other  kinds  are  represented  by  specimens  in  the 
Duldin  Museum,  and  Sir  W.  Wilde  gives  figures  of  them,  which  I  will  not 
reproduce,  because  tlu>  originals  appear  to  belong  to  more  or  less  recent  periods. 

"A  single-piece  canoe,"  he  says,  "  has  been  discovered  eitlu>r  u]ion  or  in  the 
vicinity  of  all  the  crannoges  which  have  been  carefully  examined.  They  have 
;ilso  bi'cn  found  ill  bogs  and  in  the  beds  of  rivers,  as  the  I3oyne,  the  IJrosna,  and 
the  IJaii.  etc.  Ware  says  that  .single-piece  canoes  were  in  use  on  some  rivers  in 
Iri'l.ind  in  his  time.  The  curragh  or  coracle  is  still  employed:  upon  th(>  Boyne 
it  is  foniicd  of  wicker-work,  covered  with  hide;  and  in  Aran  the  framework  is 
formed  of  light  limber,  fastened  together  with  great  ingenuity,  and  covered  with 
canvas. "-I" 

While  treating  of  "  Upheaval  since  the  Tinman  Period  of  the  Central 
District  of  Scotland,"  Sir  Charles  Lyell  gives  a  iiighly  interesting  account  of 
boats  imbedded  in  silt  b(n"dering  the  estuary  fif  tin.'  river  Clyde;  and  though  his 
observations  refer  to  boats  of  diflferent  periods,  I  cannot  resist  the  temptation  of 
inserting  here  the  distinguished  investigator's  valuable  information  : — 

"  It  has  long  been  a  fact  familiar  to  geologists,  that,  both  on  the  east  and  west 
coasts  of  the  central  ])art  of  Scotland,  there  are  lines  of  rai.sed  i)eaclies,  contain- 
ing iiiariiK"  shells  of  the  same  species  as  those  now  iiiliabiting  the  neighboring- 
sea.  The  two  most  marked  of  these  littoral  deposits  occur  at  heights  of  about 
forty  and  twenty-five  feet  above  high-water  mark,  that  of  forty  feet  being  coii- 
sidennl  as  the  more  ancient,  and  owing  its  superioi"  elevation  to  a  longm'  con- 
tinuance of  the  upheaving  movement.  They  are  s(>en  in  some  places  to  rest  on 
the  ariitic  shell-beds  and  boulder  clay  of  the  glacial  period. 


*  Sir  W.  Wililo:  Cutiiloguo;  p.  202,  etc. 
t  Ibid. ;  p.  204. 


1  : 


li 


BOATS. 


93 


onf....  Ii?  "^"''^./''f  •'«*«  ''^'^'^  l="-»"^  i-ivcrs,  such  as  the  Clyde,  Forth,  and  'lay, 
c  tox  ho  «ea,  ho  lower  of  the  two  deposits,  or  that  of  twentv-iivo  foot,  expands 
into  a  terrace,  trmg.ng  the  estuaries,  and  varying  in  breadth  from  a  few  yards  to 
several  uulos.     Of  this  nature  are  the  flat  lands  which  occur  along  the         1  ^ 

t "d  C  t^'77 ''''-'  ^""^'^^  "^  ^'"^'^  ^'^"""'^^^'^  --•'  Si^  ^""v '-! 

U  -^     ■  fl  ,^r  ■-"';"'  '  ''''""'  ''•"*'1"''"->''  "^-^^''^y-  ■"  I800,  informs  us 

.1  rr"  1         ''^''y  y^'"'^'^  l''-^^'^^'^!'".'  that  date,  no  less  than  seventeen 

n.>pccted  a  large  number  of  then,  before  they  were  exluuned.     Five  of  then 

I'.v  buned  .n  sdt  under  the  streets  of  Glasgow,  one  in  a  vertical  position  with 

tlie  prow  uppermost  as  if  it  had  sunk  in  a  stonn.     In  the  inside  of  it  were  a 

M  (ace  ot  the  sod  or  seven  feet  above  high-water  mark  ;  but  a  few  of  then,  were 

lev!  ";/^^'" '^'^^V';^'''' '"'  consequently  more  than  twenty  feet  above  the 
<  .v-1  ^  el.  One  was  sticking  ,„  the  sand  at  an  angle  of  tbrtA-iive  degrees,  ano.her 
l-ad  been  caps./ed,  and  lay  bottom  uppermost:  all  the  rest  were  in  a  horixon,,] 
position  as  ,t  they  had  sunk  in  smooth  water.  Within  the  last  few  years  (ISG!)) 
a^eou.  canoes  have  been  found  in  the  silts  of  the  Clyde,  between  Bowling 
.uid  Dumbarton  and  are  preserved  for  inspection  in  the  adjacent  .rounds  .J 
Auchentorhe.  Two  of  these  had  been  exhumed  from  the  1 J  of  the  river  near 
l^unglass.  I  hey  were  Ibund  lying  abreast  of  each  other,  embedded  in  (enaciuus 
da.> ,  containing  water-worn  boulders,  overlaid  by  a  deposit  of  alluvial  mud 

-Almost  every  one  of  these  ancient  boats  was  tbrmed  out  of  a  singh/oak- 
st,>m,  hullowed  out  by  blunt  tools-probably  stone  axes-aided  bv  the  .;■({.„.  of 
("V  =  .;•  tew  were  c-U  beautifully  s.nnuth,  evidently  with  metallic  tJols.  Hence  a 
gTadavmn  could  be  traced  from  „  pattern  of  extreme  rudeness  to  one  sl.owim^ 
great  meehamcal  ingenuity.  Two  of  them  were  built  of  planks,  one  of  the  tw.r 
.lugupu,,   the  property  of  IJanktun  in  ]8o;3,  being  eighteen  feet  in   le .',   and' 

iil     n,'         ;'"'"V"''"'^:;  ;"  '\  '-'.••l--lmped  piece  of  oak,  litted  in  exa,   ly 
1  Ive  ti  .e  01  our  day.      11..  planks  were  fastene.l  to  the  ribs,  parllv  bv  sin-ularl  - 
.haped  oaken  puis,  and  p.rtly  by  what  must  have  been   s.p.arj  i.ils  :^'  ..n.     ^ 
l-.d  o,    metal:    hese   had  entirely  disappeared,   but  some  of   the  oaken   pins 
~d.      lins  boat  had  been  upset,  and  was  lying  keel  uppermost,  with 
l>-v  pomlmg  straight  up  the  river,      In  one  of  the  canoes  a  iKl.utifuIi;  polished 
eel    m-  axe  ot  greenstone  was  Ibund,  in  the  bottop-  of  another  a   plugi.f  cork 
which,  as  1  rotess.n- beikie  remarks,  'could  only  have  come  from  (he  latitude 
ot  bpain,  aouthern  France,  or  Italy.' 

"There  can  be  no  doubt  that'some  of  these  buried  vessels  are  of  far  more 
ancient  date  than  others.     Tho.se  most  roughly  hewn  may  be  relics  of  the  stone 


p. 


wmt-: 


;.;TIt::-T^?.T-»-^  »->——■ 


'!;l         i 


''il 


U  If 


It 

It' 


1 1 


ii 


04 


PREHISTOUIC   I'lSlIINU. 


period;  those  more  smoothly  cut,  of  tho  bronze  nge;  anil  the  ropularly  built 
boat  of  Bankton  may  perhaps  come  within  tlie  age  of  iroi\.  The  occnrrenee  of 
all  of  them  in  one  and  the  same  upraised  marine  formation  by  no  means  implies 
Tiiat  they  belong  to  the  same  era,  for  in  the  beds  of  all  great  rivers  and  estuaries, 
there  are  changes  continually  in  progress,  brought  about  by  the  deposition, 
removal,  and  redeposition  of  gravel,  sand,  and  line  sediment,  and  by  the  shifting 
of  the  channel  of  the  main  currents  from  year  to  year,  and  from  century  to  cen- 
tury. All  tiiesc  it  behooves  the  geologist  and  anti(iu:iry  to  bear  in  mind,  so  as 
to  be  always  on  their  guard,  when  they  are  endeavoring  to  settle  the  relative 
date,  whether  of  objects  of  art  or  of  organic  I'enmins  embedded  in  any  set  of 
alluvial  strata."* 

M.  dc  Mortillct  mentions  several  dug-outs  extracted  from  peat,  gravel,  etc., 
in  France.f  Yet,  from  his  descriplions,  which  are  otherwise  sufficiently  minute, 
I  cannot  infer  that  a  single  one  of  them  pertains  to  the  stone  age. 

I  am  not  aware  that  paddles  or  other  boat-propellmg  imjjlements  of  wood 
refei*ablc  to  the  neolithic  era  have  come  to  light.  Several  bnjken  paddles  are 
preserved  in  the  Dublin  Museum,  and  one  of  them  is  tigured  by  Sir  W.  Wilde. 
"  They  ai'c  all  of  black  oak,  and  present  the  appearance  of  great  antiipiity."^: 

Anchor' stones. — The  anchor  in  its  simplest  form — next  to  a  naturally  per- 
forated h(>avy  nodule  of  flint — doubtless  was  a  stone  of  proper  form  and  weight, 
attached  to  some  sort  of  rope.  A  groove  rut  arounil  tiie  stone  for  holding  tho 
rope  in  place  rendered  this  primitive  anchor  more  serviceal»le.  Such  stones, 
however,  may  belong  to  any  age,  and  I  allude  to  them  merely  for  indicating  the 
probable  character  of  a  neolithic  anchor. 

Mr.  Friedel  mentions  an  Aii^rrsfcin,  from  tlie  District  of  Angermiinde 
(Brandenburg),  exhibited  in  tlie  Berlin  J'rovincial  ^luseum.  It  is  of  sandstone, 
about  the  size  of  a  man's  head,  and  eneircled  l)y  a  deep  grouve.§ 

I  have  no  illustration  of  snrli  a  slonc  to  present. 

Brofessor  Nilssun  ligurt's  on  Bl.-itc  IX  (Fig.  ISO)  a  })erforate(l  stone  object 
with  four  pointed  arms,  forming  a  sort  of  cross,  it  is  here  reproduced  as  Fig. 
12'3.  This  specimen,  fouiul  in  the  J'rovinee  of  ])oiiuslan<l  and  preserved  in  tlie 
Anti(|Uarian  Museum  of  Lund,  has  l)eeii  considered  as  an  anchor-stone,  and 
Nilssoii  formerly  sliared  this  opinion;  but  siibse(|uently  he  thought  it  more 
proljable  that  it  had  been  the  head  of  a  battle-axe,  though  he  is  by  no  means 


*  Sir  C.  Lj-ell:   Antiquity  "f  Mini ;  ]i.  50,  etc. 

f  Ui'  Jlcirtillct:  Orit;liio  (le  la  Niivigiitinu  et  d':  In  Peclic;  Jliitrriaux  ;  Vol.  Ill,  18(17;  p.  48,  etc.— This  is 
not,  us  llii!  title  wciulil  iiidicati',  M.  ilo  Mnrtillet's  eiitiro  pibliciitioii,  but  (inly  unu  iif  its  flia|iti:rs. 

t  Kir  AV.  "Wilde:   Calaln;,'Uo;   p.  'J(M,  utc. 

§  Friedel  :  Kuhrer  dureli  die  Kiscliurcii-Ablliuiluni; ;  p.  1. 


^  1 


1:  N 
ii 


ANCiroiJ-STONES. 


96 


certain.  A  nearly  similar  object,  on  which  zig.ag-lincs  are  engraved,  was 
hkew.sc  found  in  Bohusland,  and  i.s  now  in  the  Museum  of  Gotcborg.  Professor 
^.Isson  observes  that  helms  not  yet  found  this  form  among  weapons  used  by 
modern  savages.*  The  Peruvians,  1  will  mention,  u.sed  star-shaped  perforated 
weapon-heads  of  stone,  copper,  <,r  bronze.  M.  Cazalis  de  Fondouce,  who  saw 
the  original  of  Fig.  123  at  Lund,  considers  it  too  unwieldy  to  have  served  as 
suggested  by  the  Swedish  arch.-eologist.f 


Fio.  123.— Sione  nuclior('i').    Bubuslaud. 


a— IJRONZE    AGE. 


OENEBAL   GIIARACTEllLSTICS. 

It  would  be  beyond  the  scope  of  thi.s  treatise  to  discass  to  any  length   the 

I.e..  ^^.     to  tho,<e  Kuropcn,  ..ounlnes  in  wl,i.-h  the  u.^e  of  mdal  i-roviuusiy  had 

'"•"  !"''^""""-     '  ^'"'■'  ""'■'•  >  a  iVw  ob..n.„ions,  ,h„„,h  to    the  pm  ,      . 

We  n,  vu.w  ,t  w,,nh,  .n„,ost  suHicc  to  state  ,l.a   ..n.n.e   in  tlK.  n  J  ^ 

"H.th   th,  t   the  ordinary   nnploments    hi(h.-rto    niadc   of    stone,   etc..   could    be 
replaced  by  more  serviceable  ones  of  bronze.     This  transition.  In-wever.  mns 
luu•ck^sh>^^^^es,.aM^  ,,,,  ^„^,,^.  .,„„j„.,i,,.„  j',,^,;,^ 

*JJilsson:  I'rimiUvo  Inlmbiliinls;  p.  75.  ~  " 

n-|UOMloO,i,onl,,,^M,o;   .Matoriaux  ;  Vol.  VI,  1870-71;   p.  •J.'io.  .\„tl„„p,,log,o  Ircbisto- 

X  The  ,„.dinary  l,ron™  „r  „„a  p.n..d  is  an  all,,,-  ,!f  „i„o  paHs  .r  ..,pp«.  «,.,  „„e  ,„■  n,. 


I' 


..i.  TTa-T"~vr,VA^,t,-- — m   --v    yijr '^^"liK .' 


OG 


rUKIlISTOKlC   J'lSHINU. 


J! 


S 


II 


;  1 


tlu'ii,  lis  may  bo  usHiiincd,  acfossible  only  to  tlio  wealthy,  wliilo  tlic  poor  liacl  to 
foiitont  themselves  with  iion-inctallic  tools  ami  implements  as  before.  In  fact, 
u  period  in  wjiieh  bronze  was  exclusively  used  never  existed,  as  tlu;  exaniinatiun 
of  bron/e-ago  tumuli  has  revealed;  for  in  many  of  them  objects  of  liron/e  and 
stone  were  found  in  close  juxtaposition.  Even  in  times  when  iron  was  employed, 
stone  implements  had  not  yet  entirely  fallen  into  disuse. 

Some  believe  in  immigrations  of  bronze-producing  Asiatics — for  Asia  is 
generally  considered  as  that  pai't  of  the  world  where  bronze  had  its  origin — 
among  them  the  distinguished  Danish  ardueologist,  J.  J.  A.  Worsaae,  who 
draws  attention  to  the  circumstance  that  after  the  api)earanc('  of  bronze  a  change 
in  the  mode  of  burial  took  place;  for,  while  the  men  of  neolithic  times  buried 
their  dead  unburned,  those  of  tlio  bronze  period  mostly  disposed  of  them  by 
cremation.* 

The  inhabitants  of  the  ^Eediterranean  countries  probably  were,  in  conse- 
(juence  of  their  commercial  relations,  earlier  in  possession  of  l)n)nze  than  the 
populations  of  more  northern  countries,  who,  it  may  be  conjectured,  received 
their  first  sup[dies  from  the  youth.f  Yet  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  people 
who  obtained  objects  of  bronze  first  by  importation,  manufactured  th(>m  after- 
ward ;  for  in  dillerent  districts  dillcrent  types  of  the  same  class  of  articles  are 
obscrval)le,  insomuch  "that  a  practised  ardueologist  can  in  almost  all  cases,  on 
inspection  of  a  group  of  bronze  antiquities,  lix  with  some  degree  of  conlidence 
the  country  in  which  they  were  found.";}:  The  l)ronze  objects  themselves  present 
a  great  variety  of  tends,  weapons,  and  ornaments,  which  1  will  s]iecify,  following 
Mr.  John  Evans's  classilication.  He  enumerates: — celts  (tlat,  flanged,  winged, 
socketed),  chisels,  gouges,  hammers,  sickles,  knives,  razors,  daggers,  rapiers, 
halberds,  maces,  leaf-shaped  swords,  arrow  and  spear-heads,  shields,  bucklers, 
helmets,  trumpets,  bells,  pins,  tonjues,  bracelets,  rings,  ear-rings,  and  many  other 
personal  ornaments;  linally,  vessels,  caldrons,  etc.  It  should  1h>  understood  that 
this  list  of  the  classes  of  anti()ue  bronze  articles  found  in  Ureat  Britain  and 
Ireland  includes  some  which  probably  pertain  to  a  period  more  recent  than  the 
bronze  ago.  ^Ir.  ]']vans  is  careful  to  make  his  comments  in  every  doubtful  case. 
As  the  most  useful  among  the  bronze  articles  may  be  considered  the  edged 
to(ds,  such  as  hatchets,  chisels,  knives,  etc.,  l)y  means  of  which  work  of  various 
kinds,  es])ecially  wood-work,  could  l)e  done  in  far  shorter  time  than  before  their 
introduction.  The  bronze  relics  in  general  present  r(>markal)ly  elegant  forms, 
even  the  colts,  spear-heads  and  other  smaller  articles,  and  many  are  ornamented 


*  W()i'.«ima:  Die  Vorjjescliiclito  dcs  Noidcns  niicli  t;l(Mi.'lizcitiy(Mi  Donkmiileni ;  \i.  60. 

f  Tills  tliuory,  liowuvcr,  miiy  mil  liiild  good  for  lliin!,'iiriaii  Imiii/.o  aiilliiiiltles,  wliicli  oxiilblt  iimrkid  |iuciill- 
arilkv  of  f.irin.     Tlioy  protjiiljly  iiiiiic  directly  from  tlio  Bust. 

I  Ilvans:  Tliu  .Viicluiil  lironzti  Imiiloiiicnts,  AVeapons,  and  Ornainoiils  of  Great  ilritaiii  and  Ireland;  New 
York,  1881  ;  p.  'Jt. 


LAKK-DWKLLrNOS. 


97 


wit  ,  punclicl  linos  <,f  .livor.s  ,,..,tt. >rn«.  The  p,.ttory  of  this  period,  though  inado 
without  the  appli,-.,ti..u  of  the  iMthc.  is  superior  to  that  of  preceding  times  It 
IH  ol.v.ous  thMt  the  11,0,1  of  tlie  l.ronze  ago,  wiio  sh.,we,l  so  much  appreciation  of 
art,  weiv  <..„,sideral.l.y  advanced  in  culture,  when  on.pai-e.l  witi,  ti,e  stonc-using 
jH'oplo  hitherto  cunsidered.  S..i„e  ol.servations  on  l.ronze-ago  civilization,  as  it 
appears  in  a  special  ilistrict  of  Europe,  will  bo  made  in  tho  following  section. 

LAKE-DWELLINGS. 


Chfimcfer.—'Vhv.  iironze-yiehling  lake-settlements  of  Switzerland  wero  gen- 
erally of  greater  extent  than  those  of  the  preceding  period,  and,  being  t/n'Ther 
ilistant  from  the  shore,  stood  in  deeper  water.     The  piles  suj)portiiig  the  platform 
were  spht  steins,  fn.m  five  to  six  incl,es  or  more  in  thickness,  and  pointed  with 
bronze  hatchets.     The  huts,  it  seems,  i-esembled  in  their  construction  those  of 
the  stone-age  coh.nies.     As  for  the  occupation  of  the  lake-men  of  (his  period   it 
may  be  safely  inferred  that,  like  their   predecessors,  thev  were  .•mriculturists 
hunters,  ami  lishers.     They  .n.ltivated  tho  cereals  previouslv  mentioned,  and' 
m  addition,  oats,  which,  however,  only  appears  at  the  stations  of   later  date' 
I  hey  probably  used  de.-r-hon,  or  wooden  hoes  for  p.vparing  the  ground,  and 
perhaps,  en,ploye,l  a  plough  of  simple  form.     To  the  list  of  animals  ali-eady 
domesticated  in  (he  prece.ling  period  must  l)e  added  a  pony-like  horse  and  -i 
dog  somewhat  larger  than  that  of  the  ea.-Jier  settlements ;  there  are  also  ti-aces 
ot  a  smaller  species  of  dog.     They  hunted  the  wihl  boar,  stag,  roe,  an,l  b,-own 
l)ear.     The  tirst-named  of  these  animals  still  existed  in  large  numbers  as  its 
bones  testify,   while  the  stag   appears   less  fiXMiuently  than    in   former  times 
Remains  of  (he  hare  are  waiKing,  probably  because,  as  formerlv,  it  was  not  eaten 
owing  to  superstitious  motives.     The  ibex,  elk,  urus,  and  bison"  wei'e  not  as  much' 

huided   as   ,„    the  eai-lier  p(>riod.  having,  perhaps,   farther  retreated  f, ,   the 

Ml.nd<.sol   man.     The  bon.'s  of  domesticated  animals  found  .m  the  .s-'tes  of  the 
bron/,,..age  pile-woi'ks  outnumber  those  ,.f  (he  wild  species,  a  fact  which  would 
""iKMte  a  .lecline  in  huiKing  an.l  a   more  vigon.us  applicad'on  to  hnsbandrv 
iMshiiig  evidendy  was  eagerly  pursued,  as  I  shall  have  occasion  to  show. 

Tlu-  bronze  (ools  and  implemeii(s  in  use  among  tlie  lake-people  w..,'e  celts  or 

h.-itcli,.(s  of  every  .h'scriptioii,  h.ammers  whh'sockets  fo,-  (Ik-  ins,>rtion  of  e,- ml 

handles,  chisels,  gouges,  knives  (..f(en  of  elegant  form,  the  blades  bein..-  curved 
m  (he  direcdon  of  a  wave-line),  raz.u's.  sickles  (designed  t..  be  ].r<,vid,,|  with 
wooden  handles)^  (ish-hooks.  sewing-needles,  and  eng,-aving-ins(r>i,i,eiits 
A.mmg  (he  weapons  air  (o  be  mentioned  leaf-shaped,  short-li.'.ndled  swonls  and 

*  S„„,o  ..■  .l,cso  bundle.  l,.vc  Ic.n  ,u,.ncl,  which  ,uc  ca.va  with  gn.t  ingenuity  to  lit  tho  grip  of  the  hand. 

u  lo 


i 


It 


■ 


til  I 


08 


I'HKIIISTOUIO   J'ISIIINO. 


(lappora,  holli  rare,  Horkttoil  Inncc-lii'iuls,  often  (ininmiMitiMl,  and  barlM'tl  arrciw- 
hoada  witli  n  stem  for  inaortion  into  tlic  alial't,  rarely  aorki'tod.  A  low  hridlc- 
blta  of  Itninzt',  iudieativo  of  lioracniaiialiii),  have  Ikm'u  found.  Itut  no  liorsc-alioca. 

The  bronze  ornanionis,  wiiicli  arc  very  nunii-roiis,  coniiirisc  hair  and  dress- 
pins,  armlets,  nock-rinj,'s,  linij;er-rinj,'s,  ear-rin^s,  libuho,  buttons,  and  various 
other  objects  designeil  for  personal  adornment.  Tlie  pins,  sometimes  very  hnii,'. 
are  generally  provided  at  tin?  upper  end  with  knobs  of  diflerent,  mostly  really 
tasteful,  patterns;  some  terminate  in  rin<:s,  Klattish  rings,  aliuul  three-fourths 
of  an  inch  in  diameter,  are  supposed  to  represent  tho  money  of  the  perioil. 
Moulds  of  stone,  clay,  or  bronze,  for  easting  various  objects,  have  been  found; 
other  articles  may  have  been  obtained  by  trade  from  abroad,  especially  certain 
pieces  of  superior  workmanship. 

Numerous  clay  spindle-whorls  bear  witness  to  the  e.vteiisive  production  of 
flax-thread,  undoubtedly  much  used  in  tho  manufacture  of  linen  doth  designed 
for  garments.  Skins,  it  may  be  supposed,  served  in  their  stead  during  the  cold 
season. 

The  clay  vessels  of  this  period  betoken  a  considerable  progress  in  the  ceramic 
art.  The  clay  of  large  pots  serving  for  the  preservation  of  provisions  is  strongly 
mixed  with  (|uart/  sand  ;  that  of  the  smaller  vessels,  which  often  exhibit  elegant 
shapes,  is  purified,  and  forms  a  homogeneous  mass.  Some  vessels  have  conve.v 
or  even  conical  bottoms,  and  had  to  be  supported  by  those  coar.se  clay  rings 
previously  mentioned,  whidi  arc  peculiar  to  the  bronze  period.  There  have  betMi 
found  plates  which  may  lie  considered  as  an  innovation,  as  they  are  absent  in 
tho  stone-age  pile-works  ;  and  clay  lamps  with  two  ears  for  suspension  denote 
another  progress  in  the  civilization  of  the  lake-]ieople.  The  ornan\ent,ition  of 
the  pottery,  like  that  of  tlie  lironze  .-irticlcs,  consists  of  dots,  incised  ])arallel 
lines,  rows  of  triangles,  concentric  circles,  frets,  and  other  geonietrii^  designs. 
Many  of  the  vessels  have  ii  co.uting  of  black  paint,  liut  diflerent  colors  were 
sometimes  employed  for  disjjlaying  ornament.'d  designs,  such  as  triangles  and 
circles.  A  bltick-ware  di.sh  from  the  Corfjiillod  settlement  (i^akeof  Xeuchatel) 
is  decorated  with  regularly-cut.  thin  sheets  of  tin,  whicli  are  rendered  adhesive 
by  means  of  ;i  resinous  substance.  Curious  objects  of  clay,  shaped  like  a  cres- 
cent supported  by  a  foot — rudely  made,  and  yet  exhibiting  some  form  of  decora- 
tion— have  caused  much  speculation,  being  regarded  either  as  head-rests  or  as 
symbols  connected  with  moon-worship. 

It  is  supposed  tliat  the  lake-peoj)le  of  this  period  disposed  of  their  dead 
both  by  interment  and  cremation. 

According  to  I'rofessor  Desor's  conji.'cture,  tho  introduction  of  bronze  in 
Switzerland  took  place  eight  hundred  or  a  thousaml  years  before  the  Christian 


*  JIdst  of  the  fiicts  iiinntioned  in  tliis  sliorl  ru-iiiiic  nre  liiUcn  from  an  oxrnllcnt  little  wurl;,  entitled  "  Dio 
Bliitliezcit  dcs  Uronzealters  der  rfiililbaiiton  in  der  Stiiwciz,  dargestcllt  von  I'lof.  E.  Duaor ;  KulVriit  von  Ur. 
A.  Jahn;   Bern,  1875. 


M     i 

1%         !i 


I'lHII-IIOIlKH. 


00 


Finfiiiitf-iiiiplcinciifs. — Kxci'iifiiiii-  lu'iiii/i'  Hsli-lidoks,  Imrtlly  iiiiv  llMliinj,'  iiii- 
l»li'iiu'iitH  iiavo  eoiiii'  tt»  li;.'lit,  wliicli  cm  lie  mjiIcIv  ri-t'ciTod  to  Iho  period  i-liiirac- 
Ifrized  l»y  the  Unowliiljic!  nt'  hroii/.c.  Tlic  lakc-iiicii  of  tliiw  tiiiios  tloulitloaa 
used  siiik-stiMii's  and  floats  liUi-  tlins(>  pri'x  ioiisly  dcsiM'ilii'd,  and  nets  of  tlie  same 
make,  tlmuuli  tlieir  nietliods  of  net-tisliini;-  may  lia\e  un(ler;;nne  clianjJTes  tor  tliu 
lietter.  Of  tliis,  liowever,  we  know  notliinir.  It  is  (>ven  possilile  lliat  the  use  of 
honedieadoil  liar|>oons  was  continued,  lor  some  time  at  least,  and  tliere  is  some 
likeliliood  tliat  the  one  i.r  tlie  other  of  the  Imuic  har|ionn-heads  (h'scrilied  in  theso 
pages,  wliieli  were  olitained  tVoni  stone  ami  bronze-yielding  settlements,  may  in 
reality  pertain  to  the  age  of  bronze. 


Fm.  124. — Fwliiiig-iinplomeut  {'!)  of  hroiizo.     Switzcrlniid. 


The  pointed  pieces  of  lioiie  or  Hint  serving  as  l)ait-hohlers,  which  are  by 
tins  time  familiar  to  the  rciidi'r.  also  seem  to  have  been  cojiied  in  bronze.  Mr. 
Friedel,  at  least,  figures  a  (hudde-pointed  lironze  object  thus  classed  Ity  him,* 
stating  at  the  same  time  that  such  specinie-ns  are  extremely  rare,  I  reproduce 
his  represent.-itioii  •  s  Fig.  124.  The  locality  where  the  original,  of  course  a 
lacustrine     ("lie,  was  found  is  not  s[»ecified. 

Real  tishdiooks  of  l)ronze,  on  the  other  hand,  are  very  frequent  in  sonio 
stations,  exhibiting  a  great  variety  in  form  ae.d  size,  and  doubtless  shaped  in 
accordance  with  the  character  of  the  kind  of  tish  to  be  caught  with  them.  The 
.smaller  Imoks  are  m.ade  of  wire,  either  rounded  or  more  or  less  sipuin;  in  the 
section;  tlie  larger  ones  seem  to  lie  cast.'!'  Some  ot'  the  hooks  be;ir  so  close  .a 
resemidance  to  those  used  .mI  tlie  ]iresent  time  that  an  expert  in  angling  might 
\\;\\v  occasiun  to  indulge  in  comments  on  their  special  applicability. 

Figs,  ll'-')  to  l.'{7,  on  tlie  following  i>age,  rejjreseiil.  in  half-size,  a  series  of 
thirteen  hooks  obtained  ,i(  the  Xidaii-Steinberg  .settlement.:::  where  the  late  Colonel 
Schwab  collected  so  many  \aliiable  relics,  which  he  bc(|iie;ilhed  to  the  city  of 
IJiemie,  Figs,  VJ't  to  li'S  show  iinbarlied  hooks,  h;i\  iiig  the  upper  part  of  the 
shank  lieiit  over,  so  as  to  form  an  eye  foi'  the  .•itt.-ichment  of  the  line.  Figs.  liiO  to 
1.'34  illustnite  barbed  specimens,  all  with  shanks  bent  ;it  the  upper  extremity  into 
the  slijipes  of  hooks  or  eyes.     Fig.  l."{")  shows  the  shank  notched  for  giving  a  hold 


•  AiiUliflie  Boiitlile ;  ii.  V20,  Fii;.  li I. 

t  I  must  stiitp,  however,  that  I  hiivo  nut  sruii  .-iiciinu'iis  iif  tho  liir{;i'r  kiiul, 

t  Keller:    Luke  Uwullings;    V>.1.   II,    I'hite  XXXVl,  Figs.  2.-,,  3-J,  ;il,  M,  V!'.),  .".0,  21!,  21,  22,  2»,  20,  28,  27 
respiTtively, 


n 


M 


:! 


■"I 


!■:    •,  2 


100 


I'REHISTOUIC   FISHING. 


to  the  lino.     In  Figs.  13t5  and  137  forms  of  unbarl)od  double  hooks  are  given. 
Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  hooks  of  this  character  are  no  recent  invention. 


\J 


Flo.  130. 


Kio,  liiu. 


I 

a 

1/ 


JU 


% 


\jr 


\^ 


\Jkj 


All    ',. 


! 


Mh 


FicH.  12.")-l:>7.    -\\\\)w/y  li;<h-li(Pi)ks.     NitliiuSleiiiln'i't;. 


The  second  group,  comprising  Figs.  13S,  1,'U(,  and  140,  illustrfdes  forms  of 
hooks  from  tbe  stations  of  Font  and  Corlailiod.  in  tiie  Lake  of  Neiicliatel.  TIi(> 
oiiginals,  foi'iiKM-Jy  iiejonging  to  the  CIciiuMit  collection,  are  now  in  tiu'  lV';ii)ody 
Museum  (Xos.  GOOO.S,  -*()471,  and  OOim.Z).     The  uidjarbed  hook  shown  in  Fig. 


I! 


KISH-HOOKS. 


iOl 


138  is  romiirkiible  on  .iceount  of  the  umisual  form  of  tlio  eye;  Fit-'s.  139  and  140 
reprcsoiit  b;irbcd  double  hooks.* 


Fio.  138.— Font. 


Fio.  139.-Cortaillu,l.  i,-,,,.  Ho.-Cortallloa. 

Figs.  138-140.— Broiiiin  fish-hookf. 


Fig.s.  141,  142,  and  143t  sliow  forms  of  iisli-hooks  from  the  station  of  J^Ion- 
tellior,  Lake  of  .Alorat  or  Miirten,  in  the  Cant,.n  of  Freiburi--  (I<^-ibour-)  \s 
the  illustrations  fully  exhibit  the  character  of  the  specimens,  further  exphrnatiuns 
are  not  needed. 


Fios.  in -M:?.— Bronze  fish-hooks.     MontolhVr. 

The  next  sjfroup,  composed  of   Fi,!>;s.   144  and   145.  „„   pno-e  10i>,  exiiibils 
designs  of  two  bronze  lish-liooks,  obtained,  respectively,  at  the  mouth  of  the 


*  Not  u  siiifrle  barbed  doiiblo  hm.k  is  flgiircd  in  tlic  triinshilioii  of  Dr.  Kollor's  work, 
t  ICII.t:    I.„ko  Dwelling.s;  Vol.  II,  I'UU:  C,  Kigs.  21,  I'O,  »n.I  22,  rospoctivcly. 


i 


m 


f 


i«pip<)«pppiiipw3n 


*jj.^»nrf,'^W"T  iT^^'^'^-T '; 


1|  ! 
Ji- 


ll 


102 


puErnsToiuc  fishino. 


small  river  Sclioiiss,  which  empties  into  the  nortlieiistoru  end  of  tlic  Lnke  of  Bienno, 
ami  at  ihe  Lattriiigen  station  in  the  same  lake.  These  two  illustrations  probably 
rcprcsont  the  objects  in  natural  size ;  but  nothing  relative  to  it  is  said  in  JNIr. 
Lee's  translation  of  Dr.  Keller's  reports,  from  which  the  iigures  are  taken.* 


a 


II 


H'O 


Fill,  til— Mi.ulli  "f  rivi'rS.lii'iisr<. 

Fms.  144  and  14"). — Bronze  fisli-liooks. 


ICO 

Fifi.  145.— IjiUtrlngon. 


SI 


m 


Tlio  very  fine  and  largo  specimen  of  which  Fig.  146  shows  the  form  and 
size,  belonged  to  the  series  of  l.-icustriiie  relics  sent  l)y  tlie  Antiquarian  Society 
of  Ziirich  to  tlie  Inlernatinnal  Fishery  Exiiibition,  held,  as  stated,  in  tlie  year 
1H80  at  Berlin,  iind  tlie  ligure  is  copi(>d  from  the  volume  treating  of  tliat  exhihi- 
tion.-|-  It  was  found  id  Rnniansimrn,  on  the  Swiss  side  of  tlie  Lake  of  C'onstan  'e. 
Though  there  is,  as  i';\v  as  I  c.iii  discuvcr,  no  pile-work  iit  Romanshorn,  such 
<'onstructions  existed  in  the  neigliborliood,  and  the  specimen  is  considered  as  a 
relic  of  the  lake-men.|  The  originals  of  Figs.  147  and  1-18§  were  ol)tained  at 
the  station  o{  Uii(er-Ulilding(>n  in  tin;  ITcbcrlinger  See  (Baden),  and  that  of 
Fig.  I  M>.||  a  large  uiiii.irbcd  donlilc  hook,  is  a  relii;  from  the  Roseninsel,  in 
Lake  StariibcrLf,  Bavaria. 


»  KVllir:   Liild'  Dwillinj^'s  ;  I'liitu  XC,  Vh^f.  r-'iuul  U. 
f  Aintlii'ao  liiTiilili';  |>.  127,  Fii;.  71. 

[  Ttiv  IVontisjiiiii'  rcpiTsiMils  ii  still  lariior  liioustriiio  lirnnzo  fNli-hnok.     Oipiod  fnmi  l'l;itfi  LXVIII  of  Krllor's 
'  I.iili.'  Dwi.'lliii;,'.-." 

§  Kcllri- :    l.iilM'  Dw.lliii-s  ;  V..I.  1 1 ,  I'liilr  X  .X  I  .X,  l•'i^'•<.  21  luul  ii'i 
II  I  hid.  ;  Veil.  II,  I'lulu  CI..XXX1,  l-ig.  7. 


II 


Fisrr-iiooKs. 


103 


(A 


9k 


u 


Pia.  I47,-Un(..r-riil,ling,.n.  r,n,  HS.-Untoi-  tll.lilingon. 


Km.  nil.— l!nra:iii'<li>iin. 


Fi.i.  M:l.— lioscMiin^cl. 


Fros.  14r,-nn.— Bronze  fish-hook.^. 

Lnstly,  I  i)rosont  m  flu-  rullowin-  ,,,,,-('  in  V\ix^.  lAO  t„  loir^^ ,,  o,,,ui>  ..f  hn.iizo 
fisli-IuM.k^^.   Imrbcl    and    iinl.arlK.d,   tVn,„   ..,>(tl,.„u.„t..    in    tli.>  L.-.k."  of  Boiii-vt 
S;.v..y.     TI,c  uri^inal  uf  Fi^.  l/JO  is  .vrtMinly  of  vrry  .-hMnsv  n.ako,  and  its  sliapo 
suu-tjestivo  ol  sumo  dduht  as  to  its  tis(>  as  a  tish-liuok. 

Thoorioinals  of  Fi^,..  ir4  and  ir,r,.  also  on  pa^v  104,  ohtainod  at  the  pilo- 
work^.t  IVsH.UM-a.  ..n  I.ake  (iarda,  aiv  dosi.onat.Ml  as  small  liarpoons.-j-     They  cov- 

»  Keller:  Uko  Dwollinu's  ;  V„l.  II,  Ph,t,.  CI.VII,  Fi.^s.  |;i,  ,-•,  Is,  a,„l  I:k  ,-nsncctivch^ 
t  llii>l-;  V.il.  II,  l'l:,i,.  CM.X,  Fi-..  I  ,,11(1  :i 


,11 


11^^ 


■.f 


i  p     ■-. 

*           !■ 

:     ^ 

(1 ' 

f 

1  ' 

;  '    ■ 

J 

i 


^.iil 


k:!  1^1 


104 


PKEinSTOiac    FISHING. 

tainly  are  too  dimiuutivo  for  such  •.  .,« .        .   re- 
curved, and  has  an  eye  at  tl  "'''  '■""'  ^"  '"• 


-  "pper  extremity.     I  ^J^^T^  '^  ""'■^-'^^ 
.>         conjecture  tliat  the  originals  of 


Flu.  lou. 


Fio.  l,',i. 


I'l.i.  If, 


All  1. 


Flu.  153. 


both,  Fi<.s    n-innl  ir-  -«kc.  of  Bourget. 


E3 


i 
Br    i 

I: 
j: 


F,,,.  l,,.i._iv,,„,|„.„,.„  „  J 


1'  li-<li-liii()k.s. 


■Amtliclionerichto;  p.  128,  Fig.  81 


■  I    !:: 
Ill 


BOATS. 


105 


Bronzo  points,  however,  which  may  possil,l.y  have  been  tho  armatures  of  har- 
poons and  arn.w.s^ f,,.  shooting  fish  have  occurred,  and  I  give  illustrations  of  a  few. 
1  gs.  Jo/  and  lo8  show  Imrbed  points  from  Moringen,  tlio  one  stom.nod  tl>c 
other  socketed.^.=  Fig.  1/50  represents  a  sodceted  specimen  f,-om  Peschiera,t  and 
Fig  iGf)  am^her  one  from  the  Roseninsel,  in  Lalce  Starnberg.t  Vet  the  use 
of  bone  aud  flmt  points  may  have  long  continued  ai'ter  the  introduction  of  bron/e 


U.,.  I57.-M.^^i„g„„,  ,.,„.  ,M-M.M-i„.,..,.         P,„.  V.X-Vc,c ,,. 

Flos.  157-100.— KarbLMi  l,r„„ze  annaluiTS. 


I'n.  liai.— n,,.:,.,i|„.,.|. 


7?oa/.s-.— The  possession  of  bronze  liatclief 


period  to  produce  better  dug-outs  than  tl 


s  enabled  the  lake-dwellers  of  th 


IS 


were  restricted  to  the  use  of  st( 


lose  made  by  tluMr  i>redccess.)rs,  wl 


have  been  found  und( 


'ne  iiuploments.     Many  of  the  boats,  1 


10 


anti(piity,  as  in  the  ca.se  of  those  d 


■r  circumstance.s  which  render  it  difficult  to  d 


lowever, 


etevmine  their 


ited 


up  to  the  time  when  i 


iscovered  in  bronze-yielding  pile-works  inhab- 


age  oriffin. 


i'<'n  was  used.     Such  may  be  cither  of  I 


uronze  or  iron- 


A  u  lous  iK^t  was  found  in  the  .settlement  near  Cudrefin,  in  the  Lake  of 
Wh,tel  In  the  translation  of  Keller-s  work  reference  is  made  to  U.e  extent 
of  tins  s(,,t,on  and  its  numerous  piles,  and  it  is  furtluT  mentioned  that  "pottery 
ha^  been  (Vmnd  I.ere  .„d  a  boat  made  o„t  of  a  single  stem."§  From  this  scanty 
jnlormation  it  is  impossii,le  to  draw  any  conclusion  as  to  the  anticpiitv  ,>f  tl^ 
ast-named  ol^jec  .  At  any  rate,  I  reproduce  as  Fig.  161  on  the  neit  page  tho 
hree  views  Illustrating  the  appear.na  of  .is  boat.,  which  is  certain^  of  a 
remarkable  fbrm,  and,  beingprovi,leci^..th  a  sort  of  handle  at  one  end,  reminds 

*K,.1I,.,-:  r.Mk,.I)w..lli,.,.;  v„l.  ir,  l>l,.io  XLVir,  Pi^.  9  nnd  IL 
tll'i"!-;    V"l.  II.  I'lal..  C.XIX,  [.-ii;.  2. 

ill.id.  ;    V..1.  II.  I'ha.!  CL.V.XXr,  Fi^Mi. 
§nild.;  Vol.  1,  J,.  4iiL'. 

II  Ilml. ;  Vol.  U,  Plato  r,XXXVIT,  Fiir,.  :i,  I,  ,^,„|  g.   ■ 


U\ 


ft 


m : 


\ 


ii  -i 


■P^PW1P» 


» 


■  :<{ 


U' 


106 


I'HKinsTonH;  kishino. 


ono  of  a  class  of  anoioiit  fvisli  boats  iiioiitioned  by  Sir  \^^  Wildo  (page  G2  of 
this  i)ul)Iicalion).  Tliis  diig-out,  wliich  wns  with  grciit  ditliciilty  taken  in  several 
pieces  out  of  the  water,  is  thus  described  by  Professor  (jirangier : — 


Fui.  Kil.—Boiil.    Ciuhvfni. 

"The  Cudrefin  canoe  is  about  tiiirtv-six  and  a  linlf  Enulish  feet  lonsr.  and 
about  two  feet  nine  inches  in  its  broadest  part.  The  height  in  tiie  niithlle  is 
about  *\\'o  feet,  the  (U'pth  nearly  oiu^  fi  't  six  inches,  the  thickness  of  tiu'  sides  is 
three  inilies,  and  that  of  the  bottom  rather  nuire  tlian  four  inches.  At  the 
bottom  of  ,'he  boat  there  are  four  t-ross-ribs,  made  out  of  tlu'  same  piece  of  oalv 
timber  as  tiu"  boat,  nnd  at  a  distiince  apart  of  eiglit  or  nine  feet;  tlial  at  the 
prow  is  an  actual  seat,  and  is  about  one  foot  wide  and  eiglit  inclies  high  ;  the 
tliree  otliers  are  about  three  inclies  liigh  aiul  seven  inclies  wide.     Tliey  were 

probably  intended  to  strengthen  the  bottom. As  it  would  liave  been 

rather  dillicult,  with  my  small  experience  in  those  matters,  to  give  an  idea  of  tlie 
dillerent  jiieces  wliicli  togetlier  make  up  this  vessel,  I  have  thought  it  liest  to 
draw  it,  not  just  as  it  is  at  the  present  moment,  but  as  it  was  l)efore  it  was  taken 
out  of  the  water.  The  most  remarkjible  things  about  it,  according  to  my  ide.-is, 
are  tlie  pjirt  like  a  haiuUe  and  the  prow,  wliicli  are  in  very  good  pn'servation."* 

M.  Ediiiiuid  do  Fellenbcrg  succeeded  in  recovering  two  boats  near  tlie 
station  of  Vingelz,  in  the  Lake  of  Bienne.  One  of  them  is  referred  by  him  to 
the  lu'on/e  age.  The  iirst,  an  oaken  dug-out  strengtiicned  by  cross-ribs  at  tlni 
bottom,  measured  a  little  over  forty-three  feet  in  length.  A  (U-nck  extended  from 
one  end  to  the  other,  and  it  had  been  kept  together  in  olden   times  by   iron 

*  Keller:   Lttko  l)wolliiii,'s;   V"l.  I,  p.  282. 


nOATS. 


107 


cniinps,  nMiinaiits  of  wliicli  still  rcniniiiod  in  place.     M.  de  Fellenbcrg  ascribes 
it  to  tlio  pro-Iloiuaii  iron  jiorioil. 


|^f^^W«.^lOT]!^rT''M^™  JWUilfWfSS*Wi|IWWn^wlw«^B^^IiWil|i|p  i''',"'."'^'f|,'f'"''^''r 


__      u.:*  6.. 


.  .;„.:..j 


:iiik^ 


:*^r.i. 


Fid.  1G2.— Bout.     Viugulz. 

Fig.  1(>2  is  a  roduccd  copy  of  the  representation  of  the  second  boat  brought 
to  light  by  him.*     lEe  tlius  describes  it: — 

"When  1  was  ent-ai^ed  in  excavatinc;  the  larcfc  canoo  at  Vinuelz,  one  of 
the  visitors  informed  nie  that  the  stem  of  a  tree,  apparently  cut  into  a  conical 
form,  was  i)rojecling  a  little  from  the  bottom  of  the  lake;  it  lay  about  thirty 
paces  on  one  side  of  the  great  canoe.  When  we  had  secured  the  large  boat.  I 
had  this  conical  .'item  uncnvcred,  and  ibund,  to  my  no  small  delight,  that  we  had 
unex])e(!tedly  fallen  in  with  a  second  canoe,  for  the  conical  jjiece  of  wood  soon 
ap[>earcd  as  if  cut  nil'  suiootidy  above,  and  after  a  few  minutes'  work  we  brougiit 
to  light  the  comjjlete  sides  of  a  small  but  still  ]»erfect  '  Einbauni  "  or  'dug-out' 
canoe.  1  had  the  whole  canoe  car(>fully  uncovere<l,  antl  there  were  so  many 
peculiarifii's  in  it  that  it  may  be  considered  as  oiu'  of  the  most  interesting  lioats 
of  its  kind.  It  lay  with  its  massive  conical  end  t()wards  the  lake,  tolerably 
parallel  with  the  gr(>at  canoe,  and,  like  it,  nearly  a  hundred  feet  distant  from 
the  ancient  bank  ;  that  is,  from  the  viney;irds  below  A'ingelz.  Th(>  massive 
conical  end  was  the  highest  part,  iind  the  canoe  siink  gradually  into  the  mud,  so 
that  the  other  eud  was  buried  two  feet  deep.  This  canoe  had  one  remai'kable 
peculiarity  :  at  th(>  hinder  jiart  it  is  cut  olV  (piile  square,  both  sides  ;ind  bottom, 
and  about  eight  inches  from  the  eiul  a  board  al)ont  an  iiu'h  thick,  and  worked 
with  the  hatchet,  is  fasten'Ml  in  on  the  bottom  and  between  the  sides  as  ii  kind  of 
makeshift.  It  seems  from  this,  eitluM-  that  tlie  front  portion  of  this  jjrimitive 
boat  had,  liy  some  accident,  been  destroyed,  and  that  the  canoe  had  been  made 
again  available  by  the  insertion  of  this  board  in.stcad  of  the  stern  part,  or  that 
the  stern  portion  of  the  boat,  in  its  usual  rounded  form,  had  never  existed,  and 
that  this  singular  arrangement  was  the  intentional  termination  of  the  boat.     In 

*  Kollor:  Luke  Dwuniiiu's;  V.il.  TT,  Pl.it.-  lA'X.XVII,  Fii;s,  1  and  2. 


i 


i; 


I 


108 


PRICIIISTOHIC   KISItlNO. 


the  latter  caPO  it  is  diflficult  to  uiulcrstaiul  the  prolongation  of  tlio  bottom  and 
sides  for  ciirlit  inches,  or  the  additional  thiekness  of  the  wood  just  at  this  end 
from  ahout  the  liftli  rih  down  to  the  i)art  eiit  oil'.  One  would  almost  have  thought 
that  this  was  the  middle  of  the  eanoo.* 

"  The  canoe,  in  its  present  state,  is  a  trifle  more  than  nineteen  English  feet 
long,  from  the  extreme  point  of  the  eonical  end  to  (he  part  cut  otF.  The  circum- 
ference is  somewhat  round,  so  that  the  sides  project  beyond  the  bottom  and  slope 
very  gradually  downwards;  thus  the  boat  has  somewhat  the  shape  of  a  trough. 
It  is  strengthened  at  the  bottom  by  tive  cross-ribs,  which  rise  nearly  two  and  a 
half  inches  from  the  bottom,  but  do  not  reach  the  sides.  There  is  a  peculiar 
beak-shaped  projection  in  the  massive  conical  bow,  which  stretches  about  eight  in- 
ches into  the  hollow  of  the  canoe  and  divides  the  extreme  end  into  two  parts.  The 
sides  are  very  thin  at  the  edge,  and  this  is  also  the  case  with  the  bottom,  except 
near  the  part  where  it  is  cut  nfV,  where  it  is  twice  as  thick  as  (dsewhere.  It  was 
unfortunately  impossible  to  preserve  this  very  perishable  canoe,  as  it  was  of 
poplar,  and  fell  to  pieces  as  soon  as  it  was  exposed. 

"  If  we  ask  the  age  of  this  interesting  boat,  it  will  itself  return  the  answer; 
for  in  fact  we  found  lying  on  the  bottom  in  the  middle  of  the  canoe,  a  (|uantity 
of  pieces  of  pottery  belonging  to  three  dillerent  earth.onware  vessels.  This 
pottery  is  of  hali'-baked  clay  in  two  instances,  mixed  with  a  quantity  of  quartzoso 
sand.  One  has  the  edge  ornamented  with  impressions  similar  to  those  common 
at  Nidau-Steinberg  and  Moringen.  One  piece  belonged  to  a  shining  black  thin 
vessel,  and  very  decidedly  indicates  the  hroiize  ar/c,  and  to  this  age  we  may  con- 
sider the  canoe  to  belong.     It  may  probably  have  hailed  from  Nidau-Steinberg."f 


IM^ 


Fia.  163. — Boat.    Mercurago. 

A  boat  from  the  i>ile-work  in  the  turbary  of  Mercurago  (see  page  G8  of  this 
pul)lication)  is  described  and  figured  by  rrofessi>r  Oastaldi.;];  His  illustration, 
here  given  as  Fig.  1()3.  shows  the  boat  in  a  fragmentary  state,  only  one  meter 
and  ninety  centimeters  of  its  length  remaining ;  it  is  about  a  meter  wide,  and 
thirty  centimeters  in  depth.     The  station  in  (piestion,  it  will  be  remembered,  is 


*  This  iippiMirs  ]iluiisililu  i'n<iii.i;h.  lint  ii  (lll^'■(lllt,  twonty-lwu  iVcl  Idiii;,  with  ii  sti'm-pic^i'o  placed  oxurlly  as 
ill  till!  Swiss  liiiiit,  WHS  round  in  tliii  lakc-dwi'llini;  nl  ISiistuii,  near  Kilniaiirs,  SfoUund.  It  is  described  and  repre- 
sented in  Dr.  Uciliert  JEimro's  "Ancient  Scottisli  I.alie  Dwellings  ur  Crarinogs  "  (Edinliurgli,  1882;  p.  iiOli,  etc.). 
He  mentiuns  in  his  work  several  Scottish  I'anoes,  hut  does  not  seem  to  assign  to  them  any  great  antiquity. 

t  Keller;  Lake  Dwellingi';  Vol.  I,  p.  224,  etc. 

t  Oastaldi:  Lake  Uabilations;  p.  102,  Fig.  30. 


Ii     J'i 


KISII-IIOOKS. 


nZ'^!'!:'  r  ''"""^'""  ''] ''''  "•«"«'*'-'  '■'•-»  «t""«  to  bronze,  and  the  du..- 


109 


may  bo  of  bronzo-ago  orii'in 


out 


FISIIING-IMPLEMJCNT8    AND    FTENSILS    NOT    DERIVED    FROM    LAKE- 
HABITATIONS. 

fisl.ing  „,ay  bo  in  oxi.tonc,  „,v  scanty  litorary  nrnt^al  fvil     ^t  1       T'  7" 
beyond  an  allu,si<.n  to  a  fow  tish-l.ooki  and  boat"  ''"""'  "'''  ""  «" 


Fiu.  liil.— Jrolund. 


'■'"'■  "'■'•-«i"<lnM.I.  K,,,.  luc._s,.„|,an<l. 

Fills.  KM  KJr.— 15i(,ii/.e  iish-Iiooks. 


Flu.  107.-  Iiuiii.iurk. 


Mr.  .Join.   Evans  states  in  Ins  exeellent  work  on  ti.e  bron/.e  ago  that  he 
knows  onlyot  one  bronze  .ish-hook  .onnd  in  (he  British   Islands,  n'nnelv   the 

nsh  speennen  figured   by  Sir  W.  Wilde.^^^     It  is  here  represen.ej  as  Fi,'',I! 
In  tins  siKvnnen    ,t  w,ll   1...  seen.  ,he  upper  end  of  ,he  shank  is  flatten..!  :„.  ,ur 


file  aftachnient  of  (he  line,  jii.st   ;,s 


'"   HMMlern  lish-i.u„ks.     There  are,  however, 


:,,    it.  ,    V   1-        1    If  iMiM:iiii-    iiu\ve\er, 

.      he  Aa hunal   Museun.  of    A, allies  of  Sen.lan.l  five  bronxo  ho..ks   fron 

Gknluee,  \  ,g  ,..sh,re,  two  of  wln.-i,  have  be.„  .inured.  Figs.  1.15  and  ICt;  are 
copies.-!-  ^  r.  W  ursaao  figures  .mly  oik-  Danish  fish-hook  of  b,-on/e  in  his  ....l- 
al..gue  o,  tlH.  a„ti,ui,K.s  in   the  ("opnihagen   Museuni.J     His  represontalion' is 

Isl.n.l  o.   iMinen,  .Tdding  that  several   others  are  in   the  (>op.„haue„   .Milmmih, 
one  of  them   belonging  to  a  large  find  of  bronxe-age  anti,uities  i,.  a  tun.uin 


*Hir  AV.  Wildor  Catalo-iio;  p.  520,  Fii;.  .103 
t  IVin'cudiiiKs  (if  llic  S. 


t  Wor.-iaiio:  Nordi.sko  Oldsagcr  ;  p.  CO,  Fig.  277. 


inty  or  A „ti.,„an,.,s„r, Scotland,  l8S0-'m  ;  minhnr^^U,  1881  ;  Kigs.  I()a„d  11  „„  p.  1-75 


1^1 


'mmmmmf^ 


W^IIBWWBiVW" 


lii 


f      ) 


110 


I'UUHISTOUIC    J-'18IIIN(1. 


in  Kiincn.  Bronzo  hooks  were  found  in  tho  foundry  of  Ti!iniiui<l  (Jura)  and  in 
tiio  iioard  of  Saint- I'icrro-on-Chatro  (Oise),'"  but  tlio  works  in  whicii  mention  of 
thorn  ia  luado  arc  not  at  my  diapusal. 


i  '^ 


ii   M 


Fio.  16S.  Kio   im. 

Fios.  168  and  169. — Brouzo  fisli-houka  in  the  form  of  baits.    Gcriiiauy. 

There  are  in  a  iiuis(Mim  jit  liiihoiik  {C'ltlfiir/iisforischea  Museum)  three  lisli 
hooks  made  of  thin  sheet  bronze,  and  having  sliarp  points  and  somewiifit  lisli- 
sliaped  shanks.  Mr.  Christensen,  wlio  describes  and  represents  tliem  in  the 
artich;  quoted  on  paj,'e  72,t  is  of  opinion  tliat  they  were  tiuis  formed  in  order  to 
serve  as  artiticial  baits.  Figs.  108  and  lOO  are  fae-simile  copies  of  two  of  ids 
rather  uncoutli  illustrations.  If  the.se  hooks  w(>re  emph)ved  as  baits,  which 
seems  probable,  it  was  diietiy  their  metallic  lustre  which  attracted  the  lisli,  while 
iron  hooks  of  the  same  shape,  on  account  of  their  less  shining  appearance,  i)rob- 
ably  would  have  been  useless.  These  Liibeck  specimens,  therefore,  may  have 
purposely  been  made  of  bron/e  at  a  time  when  iron  was  the  common  metal. 

Mr.  Friedel  describes  a  bronze-age  dug-out  preserved  in  the  Provincial 
Museum  at  Berlin.  It  is  made  of  an  oak-stem,  four  metei*s  long  and  eighty 
centimeters  wide,  and  was  found  in  a  turbary  near  Linum,  in  the  District  of 


*Kvaiis:  Aniii'iit  linirizu  Iinpluinciits ;  p.  l!l'2. 

t  Deutsche  Fischerei-Zeiuiiii,' ;   Marcli  22,   IHHl  ;  p.  1)5. 


IKtATH, 


III 


EMst  Ilavcllaiul  (nran.!..,,!,,,.-),  on  sandy  noil  covorotl  l.y  a  layer  ,.f  n.-at  ox.r..,l- 
niy  tlii-oc;  nu>tcrH  in  tliicknoss.* 

Two  Danish  ..ak.n  ,l,,^..nu(s_or  ratlKT  their  mnnants-in  Iho  ("unonha-^.n 
MnsHun,  whn.h  pn.hal.Iy  h..lon,.  t..  th.  hn.nz.>  a,..,  a.v  n«p,vs.nt...l  in  Wursaa.-.s 
oatalofruo.  Yot  tho  <listinn.uish.Ml  a.riia.uh.^a.,  i.  nut  aU..^..(h.-r  c-rrtain  as  lo 
hen-  ant..,u.ty,  (or  th.  wunl  lironcealdenn  ,s\ih  .,n  intorrooation-nmrk  after  it 
lornis  th,.  iii.a.lin.i,'  <.r  the  |)a,-.«  on  which  tiicy  aro  li-nred.f 
^^''"^^  ^'"'"y  '"y  '"'•"•"''t  "f  prohi8t«.riJlishinfrin  Europe  to  a  close. 


*  Priodiil :  Fiilircr  (hinli  dio  FiscliiTi.i-Abtliciliin!,' ;  p.  ^. 

'    '"  ^  '^;  "'•'  ";;';:"•'■-'«' «1»,  ,..,ns,.l,„s  „f  tl,,,  ox..«vuto.l  l,«lf  .,(•,».  „ul<-stc,n  with  ,run..,.„..l  ..,„ls.     1.,.  „w 

Oubru,!  do  M„rt,llot  orronoously  rofors  lo  it  a,  u  Ouni.h  o«„.,„  of  tl,o  bro„.„  ug„  (M„t^n„ux,  Vol.  Ill,  lWi7  ^ 


fi 
f 

IH' 


I   •ii^tMiii   WW  i] 


•' 


i  I 


I' 


I: 


TART  1 1.- NORTH   AMERICA. 


INTRODUCTOIIY    KEMAIIKS. 


Whilo  tlioro  is  no  (liffi(Milt\ 


iiltplicd  to  tli(3  !iiiti([iiitit.'.s  of  I'airopo.  (1 


ill  coinprdioiiding  tlio  term  "  proliistoric."  wlioii 


cimco  111  Its  i-oiuiL-ctioii  with  the  aitclacts  loft  l)v  tlio  t 


i(>  s.uiR'  word  .•issiiiiics  (111  jiltt'ivd  si^nili- 


fouiitry.     Horo,  l)y  .i-'oncral  consent,  all  olijects  are  considered 
whicli  occur  in  mounds  and  other  burial-places  of  early  date,  on   and'  !., . 
surface  of  the  ground,  in  cuves.  shell-]iea])s,  etc.— in  fiict  all  articles  of  al 
ual  werkiiianship  that  cannot  with  certainty  I 


ornier  inhaiiitants  of  this 

as  prehistoric, 

low  the 


lornii- 


which  are  either  still 


je  ascrii)ed  to  anv  of  the  tril 


or,  to  speak  more  distinctly,  within  tl 
the  Indians.     Thus,  a  collection  of  Xor 


hi  e.Kisteiice,  or  have  become  extinct  within  historical  t 


)es 
imes, 


of  very  liivdi  antiipiity  as  well 


le  recollection  of  the  white  successors  of 
iiericaii  relics  may  contain  specimens 


IS  noway  of  sugi^vstiiig  accurate  discriminati 
that 


IS  others  of  coniparativelv  recent  date;  vet  tl 


lere 


on.     Ml 
some,  or  even  many,  of  the  objects  classed  witl 


after  the  arrival  of  Europeans  in  this  country;  for,  tliouyl 

slow  in  reco-nizin.Lf  the  superiority  of  the  white  man's  tools  and  (.th( 


ireover,  it  cannot  be  doubted 
li  our  anti(piities  originated 


an 


d  endeavored  to  olitaiii  them  by  barter  from  tl 


ones  among  then 


1  the  natives  were  not 

T  implements, 

le  immigrants,  the  less  favored 


or  not  all  n.uld  be  sujiplied  at  once— were  still  compelled  t( 
manufacture,  according  to  old   usage,  various  articles,  which,  when  discovered 


•e  placed  in  collections  of  Xorth  Amei 


It 


cei'tainlv  wou 


Id 


lean  aiiti(|uitie 


district   positivelv   to   the    Iiidi 


mistake  to  attribute  altorigiiial  relics  t 


loiinh   these  iia 


alls   who   (Krii|)ied   it  when   the  whiti 


fives  doubtless  left  many  nianiifactui 


roiii  anv  given 


arrived. 


special  country,  it  cannot  be  decided,  at  least  not 


there  discovered  is  to  b 


issigiied  to  the  last  occupants,  or  t 


res  on   the  soil   of    their 
in  most  cases,  whether  an  obicct 


ilecessors  of  a  dillereiit  lineage.* 


to  invadei 


s,  or  to  pre- 


If  all  these  cii 


'cumstances  are  taken  into 


that  the  one  or  the  other  object  liereal 


accouii 


t.  II 


eiv  arises  a  jirobability 


recent  origin,  and  even  post-date  the  advent  of  the  Ci 


■r  described  by  me  mav  be  of  more  or  1 


ess 


lucasians  in  this  countrv. 


►Tl 


witli 


lic'so  iilworviitiuiis  i'(.|or  iiiiincdiiitulv  to  tlio  lone 


^jiml  I'lin 

ail 


iilililiod  to  the  wfstern  districts  wliich  hi 


settled  ciistorii  ro;,'iiiiis  of  North  Ainer 


ericn  ;  Imt  Ihuv 


1  Iiituly  biiuii  colonized  by  tliu  white,-. 


(ii;j) 


5-. 


,-t. 

W' 


I 


ir 


•  i^ 


3 


1  > 


114 


I'HEillRTOUlC    FISHING. 


Was  tlioro  a  p.ilu'olitliic  nuo  in  Nortli  America? 

Uiiriiig  a  miiiibor  of  years.  Dr.  Cliarlos  V.  Abbott,  of  'rrciiton,  New  Jersey, 
has  publislied  papers  in  wbii  li  lie  ilescribes  rude  implements  found  by  him  in 
the  undisturbed  yrave'  bods  of  the  Delaware  Valley  at  Trer.toii,  and  he  linally 
sums  up  his  exiierien<'es,  together  with  those  of  others,  in  the  thirty-seeond 
chapter  of  a  late  work  treating  of  the  aboriginal  relies  of  the  northern  Atlantic 
sea-board  of  America.  The  implements  in  (piestion  resemble  in  shape  n)ore  or 
less  those  from  the  drift  of  France  and  England  ;  yet  while  the  latter  consist  of 
cretaceous  flint,  the  material  of  the  Xew  Jersey  specimens  is  argillite.*  I  have 
seen  but  three  of  them,  which  were  sent  to  me  by  ])r.  Abbott,  and  these  are 
unmistakably  fashioned  by  the  hand  of  man.  They  were  all  found,  he  informs 
mc,  by  himself  in  the  gravel -bhifT'  facing  the  Delaware  River  at  Trenton,  at  a 
depth  of  thirteen  feet  from  the  surface.  "The  i)urplish-colored  one  was  under- 
neath a  boulder  and  could  never  have  been  above  it.  since  the  dei)osition  of  the 
boulder."  Dr.  Abbott's  illustrations  of  Trenton  implements  likewise  leave  no 
doubt  as  to  tlie  artiticial  shaping  of  the  originals.  He  admits  that,  "having  l)een 
seriously  misled  by  the  various  geological  reports  that  purport  to  give,  in  proper 
sequence,  the  respective  ages  of  the  several  strata  of  clay,  gravel,  boulders,  and 
sand,  througli  which  the  river  has  linally  worn  its  channel  to  the  ocean-level,  he 
has  probably,  in  ])revious  publications,  ascribed  too  great  an  anti(iuity  to  thc-^e 
implements,  although  what  is  now  known  to  be  a  substantially  correct  history  of 
the  various  deposits  in  the  river-valley  does  not  dissociate  these  traces  of  man 
from  a  time  when  essentially  glacial  conditions  existed  in  the  ui>per  valley  of  the 
Delaware  lli\er,  though  they  occurred  subsequently  to  the  existence  of  the  great 
continental  glacier,  when  at  its  greate.-t  magnitude. 

"  It  was  not  until  the  surface  geology  of  the  Delaware  River  Valley  was 
carefully  studied  by  Air.  Henry  Carvill  Lewis,  of  tbe  Second  (Jeological  .Survey 
of  IVnnsylvania,  that  we  were  in  possession  of  all  the  facts  necessary  to  enal)le 
us  to  recogni/.e  the  full  signilicance  of  those  early  traces  of  man,  discovered  in 
ono  of  the  latest  geological  formations  of  this  valley. "f 

T'le  conclusions  drawn  by  Mr.  Lewis  from  his  investigation  are,  that  tlie 
Trenton  gravel  is  a  true  river-gravel,  and  is  the  most  recent  of  all  the  formations 
in  the  valley  of  the  Delaware  River;  that  it  is  apparently  post-glacial  ;  and  that 
the  stone  implements  of  pal-eolithic  tyi)e,  which  this  gravel  contains,  indicate  the 
existence  of  man  in  :\  rude  state,  at  tlie  time  of  its  deposition.;}:  It  renuiins  to 
be  seen  whether  this  is  the  last  verdict  in  the  case. 


*  Only  ono  speiir  heiid-liko  ini|ilemciit  of  flint  lius  tliii.s  fur  ln-en  notkcd.  It  wus  taken,  within  llio  city  of 
TriMitim,  I'nim  lln'  ;;ruvcl,  at  a  ili'plli  nf  six  leol  ln'lnw  llio  .surlaoo. 

f  Abljdtt;  I'limitivo  liiiliistry  :  or  llliistralioiis  c.r  tlio  llaiiiliwnrli,  in  Sloni',  lionu  iind  Cliiy,  of  llio  Native 
l!iu'c'<  lifting  Niiriliern  .Vtlaiitic  Si'abnarJ  of  America;  Salum,  Mass.,  18S1 ;  p.  171. 

X  Ibid. ;  p.  001. 


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DUIPT-IMl'LEMKNTS. 


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Tlicro  has  been  discovered  nt  Trenton,  about  fourteen  feet  below  the  surface 
the  tusk  ot  a  mastodon,  covered  with  partly  stratified  gravel  and  stones.  Allu- 
ding to  this  circumstance.  Dr.  Abbott  observes:-" When  we  consider  that  not 
only  the  remains  of  the  mastodon,  but  those  of  the  bison,  have  been  found  in 
tins  gravel,  and  that  within  a  few  yards  of  the  spot  where  the  tusk  of  the  mas- 
todon  mentioned  by  Professor  Cook,  was  found,  paheolithic  implements  have 
been  gathered,  one  at  the  same,  and  three  at  greater  depths,  it  is  apparent  that 
we  here  have  evidence  of  .„  ni's  contemporaneity,  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  with  the 
arge  mammals  mentioned."*  Bones  of  the  reindeer  also  have  been  met  with 
though  sparingly,  in  this  gravel.  ' 

Finally,  Dr.  Abbott  strongly  inclines  to  the  view-not  an  unusual  one-that 
the  Eskimos  formerly  extended  tar  to  the  southward  in  North  America   and 
indeed,  were  the  makers  of  the  rude  tools  found  by  bin.  in  the  Trenton  "ravel    ' 
Professor  Ilonry  W.  Ilaynes,  of  Boston,  who  has  studied  the  stone  a-e  for 
si.x  years  in  Europe  an.l  Northern  Africa,  latelv  visited,  in  companv  witlfpro- 
tessor  M.  Boy,l  Dawkins  and  other  gentlemen,  the  ivgion   in   .,uestion    and 
became  fully  convinced  of  the  pah-eolithic  character  ..f  the  Trenton  ai-illite  tools 
On  this  occasion,  it  should  bo  stated,  several  implements  were  taken  by  his  com- 
panions, either  from  the  gravel  or  the  talus  on  the  river-bank,  in  hi,'  presence 
anu  he  toiind  live  himself.  ' 

"It  has  been  my  good  fortune,"  he  says,  "to  tind  pal.-eolithic  implements  in 
Europe  in  several  localities,  both  where   they  have   been  accompanied  by  tlm 
characteristic  fossil  bones,  and  where  these  have  been  wanting.     I  have  thus  had 
the  opportunity  of  making  myself  l^imiliar  with  the  general  -.haracter  of  such 
localities  and  the  appearance  of  the  country  in  the  vicinity,  touet her  with  the 
nature  and  .|uality  of  the  gravels  in  which  the  implements'are found,     i   have 
especially  studied  the  gravel-beds  of  the  valley  of  the  Seine,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Paris,  and  of  the  Tiber,  near  Pome,  for  .several  succes..iv(>  vears,  and  in  a  verv 
great  number  of  visits,  and  fr,.in  both  the.se  locai.ties  1  have  I.btaine.l  fo.ssil  bone's 
of  the  mammoth,  the  rhinoceros,  tlie  hii)popoiamu.s,  the  bos  aiiti.|uus,  the  great 
extinct  elk.  the  horse,  the  ivindeei'.  elc.     Accomp  ;.iyi„n-  (lio.se  r.s.sjl   bon(>s  were 
found  the  characteristic  pal.eolithic  nnplements.     I  h.n..  also  visited  (he  |;„i,„„s 
hnvility  of  .Saint- Acheul,  and  the  well-known  gravel-pits  near  .S",,isbu;'y.  Kn-iand, 
in  In.th  of  which  spots  have  occurred  numerous  tlnds  .,r  paUeolit;;!,  implements' 
accompanied  by  similar  fo.ssil  bones.     In  another  loealily,  near  Ifin.ni.  in  Nur- 
mandy,  where  the  pleistocene  (h-jx.sits  no  longer  e\is(,  ;,s  is  jiiso  the  .Mse  in  (he 
v.'.ih-y  of   the  Nile,  I  have  found  a  large  .piantity  of   pala-olilhic  imj-lemenls 
made  cmt  of  <piartzite.     From  these  various  ex|)eriences  I  fe.>l  myself  warranted 
in  stati  ;;•    .lat  the  general  appearance  of  the  country  and  the  character  of  the 


*Aljlmlt:    I'rirnitiv'  Iiulii^ry  ;  p.   IS'J. 


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116 


PREHISTORIC    FISHING. 


gravels  at  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  present  a  most  striking  resemblance  to  what  I 
have  seen  in  the  various  localities  in  the  Old  World  to  which  I  have  referred. 
There  is  the  same  riulcly-stratiiiod  mingling  of  coarse  materials  marked  by  a 
similar  absence  of  clay.  It  is  true  that  in  the  gravels  of  New  Jersey  thus  far 
not  many  fossil  bones  have  been  discovered,  but  only  a  few  of  the  mammoth,  the 
bison,  the  reindeer,  and  the  walrus,  some  of  which,  like  the  animals  of  Europe 
under  similar  circumstances,  have  since  migrated  to  the  colder  regions  of  tho 
north.  But  'he  fact  remains  that  fo.ssil  aninuil  bones  have  actually  been  dis- 
covered in  these  gravels,  and  when  we  call  to  mind  to  what  a  limited  extent  they 
have  as  yet  been  examined,  we  may  reasonably  expect  more  to  be  found  hereafter. 

"I  limit  myself  to  a  general  statement  like  this  in  regard  to  the  marked 
resemblance  of  the  locality,  and  the  precisely  similar  character  of  the  gravels  at 
Trenton,  New  Jersey,  to  what  I  have  seen  in  many  localities  in  Eurupe,  which 
have  yielded  true  pakeolithic  implements,  and  I  leave  in  more  competent  hands 
the  discussion  and  determination  of  the  true  geological  character  of  the  gravels 
of  tho  T3claware  Valley. 

"Speaking  then  merely  from  an  archa-ological  stand-point,  I  do  not  hesitate 
to  declare  my  lirm  convicti()n  that  the  rude  argillite  objects  found  in  tlie  gravels 
of  the  Delaware  River,  at  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  are  true  pakeolithic  imple- 
ments."* 

This  is  certainly  a  strong  vindication  of  Dr.  Abl)ott's  claims. 

I  have  el.-^ewhere  e.\|ires:<ed  my  lielief  that  man  is  an  «'xotic  element  in 
America;  but  that  the  present  Americ;in  continent  received  its  lirst  poi)ul.ition 
at  a  very  remote  jieriod,  when,  perhaps,  the  distribution  of  land  and  sea  w,is 
dillerent  from  what  it  is  now.  The  earliest  immigrants,  I  further  stated,  ni.iy 
have  been  so  low  in  the  scah;  of  human  develo[)ment  that  tlicy  lacked  the  faculty 
of  expressing  tiiemselves  in  .-irticulate  l.niguage,  as  it  is  tlitlicult  to  account  in 
another  way  for  the  totally  diverse  characteristics  of  tlie  numerous  linguistic 
families  of  America. 

In  acconiance  with  these  \  lews,  I  do  not  deem  it  iniproli.ibli' that  ini]ih'm<'nts 
analogous  in  clcir.-icler  to  diosc  of  the  i'luiope.in  drift  siuudd  occur  under  cor- 
respoiuliug  circumslanccs  in  North  AuK-rica. 

I  cnuint  express  a  similar  opini(»ii  witli  regard  to  "pliocene"  ni.-iii  in 
America.  Admitting,  for  inst.ince,  the  correctness  of  the  rejiorts  (Ui  liie  jiolisiied 
stone  imi)lements  said  to  h.ive  been  taken  from  a  l)eil  of  'i'.ilile  Mountain  in 
Tuolumne  County.  <'alifornia.  older  tiiau  the  I'airopean  tlrift.  it  would  follow 
that  man   lived  in  America  in  a  polished-stom-  age,  before  the  ccuiteni| n'.iry  nf 


*  lliiyiics  :  Tile  Argillitu  Iiji|>l<'iiu'iit.'!  tniiml  in  llio  Clnivcls  nf  tlio  Di'liiwaru  Itivc'r,  at  Tri'iilnii,  N.  J.,  Cdiii- 
|iarc'il  will'  Uip  I'aUi'nliUiie  Iiii|i!fim;iits  nf  Kiirii|ii' ;  I'rooucdiiiijs  c'l'  tliu  liosum  Sociuly  ><(  Natural  History;  Vul. 
XM,  .laiuiary  lit,  1S81  ;  ]..  13G,  utf. 


douhlk-pointki)  stone  implkmknts. 


ii: 


the  mammoth  in  Europe  fashioned  his  ru.Io  implemenis  of  flint.  An  inference  of 
8ucl,  stui.en<i-,us  hearing  si,n„i,l  not  he  accepted  without  incontrovertihle  pr<.of«, 
and  theso,  it  seems  to  me,  liave  not  yet  he(>n  nirnislie.L  If  ultimately,  what  now 
appears  almost  incredihle,  should  hocome  an  ostahlished  fact,  all  douhts,  of  course, 
will  lie  removed. 

While  treating  of  prehistoric  fishing  in  Europe,  I  was  enahled  to  divide  the 
Ruhject  into  ditlerent  sections,  devoting  each  of  th.'m  to  a  special  phase  ..f  human 
existence.  But  such  a  mode  of  proceeding  would  hardlv  he  applicahlo  t<.  Xorth 
America,  and  I  prefer  describing,  in  proper  succession,  such  relics  hearin-  upon 
fishing  as  may  he  called  prehistoric,  according  to  the  explanation  of  the  term  as 
given  on  a  preceding  page. 

The  abundance  of  fish  in  the  rivers  and  lakes  of  North  America— not  to 
speak  of  the  sea-bonrds—e.xcited  the  astonishment  of  the  e.-.rlv  European  colo- 
nists, who  found  the  natives  well  acquainted  with  various  modes  <.f  fishb,-.  which 
could  only  have  been  acquired  by  long-continued  inirsuits.  Takino-  tirem  as  a 
whole,  they  practised  fishing  by  spearing  and  shooting,  with  houk  and  line,  and 
^s  of  various  kinds,  and  they  even  knew  how  to  stupefy  fish  by  throwin-^ 
intoxicating  substances  into  the  water.  They  constructed  traps,  weirs.  fish-iKMis'' 
and  fish-preserves,  ami,  iiiially,  navigated,  for  the  purpose  of  fishing,  the  .stream.s", 
lakes,  and  seas  with  boats  varying  greatly  in  size  and  make. 

All  this  will  subsciuently  be  set  forth  in  a  series  of  extracts  from  authors 
who  describe  the  natives  of  North  America  as  (hey  were  when  iirst  observed,  or 
when  Uieir  habits  had  not  been  niatcri;.lly  changed  l.y  intercourse  with  the  whites. 

For  the  rest.  I  abstain  fr.,ni  giving  any  details  ciiceining  Indian  mode  of 
life.  The  indigenous  American  still  belongs  to  the  ]>resent,  and  it  may  be  pre- 
suijposed  that  his  characteristics  are  known  to  the  reader  of  this  w,.rk.  " 

FISIIING-LMPLEMi'XTS    AND    UTEXyiLS. 


i'r 


fh>,;i''-p.nffd  sfvni;,ht  IMf-I/ohlers.— Among  the  many  thousand  North 
''^'"'  "'■  •"''■i^''^"!'  flint  and  other  st<me  exhibited  in  the  Unib'd  States  National 
Museam  '  ,v  i^  not  one  to  which  the  above  applicdion  could  with  any  .U-ree 
of  sal.>ty  be  .  ,„ed.  Only  ,•,  few  among  them  possibly  n,i-ht  have  thus  been 
employed;  but  these  .■..nstitute  a  fraction  by  far  too  small  to  form  a  type,  ..r  in 
other  words,  to  represent  a  class  of  obj.vts  made  for  a  common  purpo.se.  Never- 
theless I  will  descril)e  som(>  of  them. 

The  ..riginal  ..f  Fig.  170,  on  the  following  page,  is  a  .-hipped  implement  of 
dark-gr.iy  jasi.(>r,  found  by  Mv.  Paul  Schum.acher  near  Ro-ue  River,  Orc-.n.  It 
IS  slender,  and  (he  points  are  rather  blunt,  apparently  not  from  use,  but  in  cmsc- 


I 


.'^tiiitai^Ait^  w.:-tii,,^Mii^m0<»'^ 


"":  'WPiBM«K.».M;;jli^p^ytw«»?t-f^ 


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118 


PHEHISTORIC    FISHINO. 


qucneo  of  oxposuro,  tlie  spocimoii  showing  a  kind  of  polish  oviflcMitly  produced 
by  contact  with  other  bodies.     It  looks  as  though  it  had  been  drifted  in  water. 


} 


f 


Fio.  170.— Orognn.     (12.'*^:.).  Kiii.  171.— Toiinosso.'.     (('.ivvul)  I  i,.        .■.--Wy.)tiiitlg. 

Fi(is.  170-172. — Dimlile-pDiiited  stone  iiui)lemcuts. 

Fig.  171  shows  tlio  form  of  a  sonunvhat  similar  object,  in  this  instance 
brought  into  shape  by  grinding.  Tliis  specimen.  ])re.sented  by  Professor  W.  A. 
Kite,  is  not  Hattish  like  tiie  one  first  described,  but  almost  round  in  the  cross- 
section,  anil  terminates  in  tolerably  sliarp  jtoints.  It  consists  of  a  blackish  kind 
of  stone,  apparently  argillite.  and  was  foumi  nearly  opposite 'lie  mouth  of  Middle 
Creek,  in  Greene  County.  Tennessee. 

Fig.  172  is  taken  from  the  "Fifth  Annual  Report  of  the  Superintendent  of 
the  Yellowst.me  Nati<mal  1'ark"  (Washington.  ISSl,  Fig.  1(5  (Ui  page  ;}7).  It  is 
not  distinctly  stated  whether  the  original,  wiiich  belongs  to  a  series  of  stone 
imphMuents  collected  in  the  National  Park  by  Superintendent  P.  W.  Norris,  con- 
sists of  flint  or  olisidian.  This,  however,  is  of  little  consequence,  as  the  shape 
alone  is  the  noticeable  feature,  and  that  is  certainly  exceptional  and  suggestive 
of  the  application  here  considered.  The  notches  would  have  facilitat(>d  the  attach- 
ment of  a  line,  and  the  implement,  inserted  into  a  fish  and  swallowed  liy  a  larger 
one,  could  not  easily  hav(>  been  disgorged  by  the  latter.  IJut,  nevertheless,  it 
l)rol)al)ly  was  ])repare(l  for  a  totally  difl'ereut  puri)ose. 

I  give  in  Fig.  173  the  ilelineation  of  a  rather  large  polished  implement, 
found  in  Berks  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  presented  to  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution by  the  Hon.  G.  II.  Keim.  I  figure  this  specimen  for  the  simple  reason 
that  it  has  been  regarded  l)y  some  as  a  bait-holder,  an  opinion  in  which  I  cannot 
concur.  The  material  is  a  greenish-gray  argillite.  The  illustration  shows  its 
form  distinctly,  and  I  have  only  to  add  that  a  cross-section  laid  through  the 


I 


DOUBLIM'OINTEI)    liON'E    IMPLRMEXTS. 


119 


middlo  would  proscMit  a  sonicwliat  flattened  oval.  [  am  inclined  to  regard  this 
specnnon  as  a  cereni-nial  \veai)on  in  wiiieii  the  usual  i«.i-turati(,n  for  theVeception 
of  a  handle  is  rci)laeed  by  a  groove.     It  weighs  three  ounces  and  a  half. 


Fig.  173.— Double-pointed  grooved  stone  implement.    Penusylvaniii.     ((iG27j. 


- 


Straight  bone  rods  tapering  toward  both  ends  are  not  wantin-  in  the  archae- 
ological division  of  the  National  Museum.  Thev  were  .■hieflv  /.l,tained  in  the 
course  of  explorations  of  the  Californian  Santa  JJarbara  group  of  islands  and 
their  neighborhood,  undertaken  in  the  interest  ..f  the  United  States  National 
Museum  by  .Messrs.  Paul  Schumacher  and  Stephen  Bowers.  These  explorations 
extended  over  the  islands  of  San  Miguel,  Santa  Cruz.  San  Nicolas,  and  Santa 
Catalina,  and  varn.us  points  on  the  main-land,  embrace.l  in  the  counties  of 
San  Luis  Obispo  and  Santa  Barbara.  A  place  c^alled  J.),.s  Pueblos  in  the  last- 
named  district  has  furnished  many  remarkable  objects.* 

Figs.  174,  17o.  and  17(i,  on  page  120,  represent  specimens  of  pointed  bone  rods 
found  by  Mr.  B..wers  on  Santa  Cruz  Island  ;  the  original  of  Fiy-.  177  M'as  obtaine.l 
by  him  on  Santa  Rosa  Island.  Some  of  tlu-  specimens  ..n  exhibith.n  in  the  National 
.Aluseum  show  traces  of  asphaltum  in  the  middle.  Thev  are  of  a  somewhat 
compressed  tbrm  and  generally  well  made,  and  their  number  in  the  Museum  is 
suiHcient  to  form  a  class,  if  they  were  grooved  or  lu.tched  in  the  middle  as 
shown  in  Fig.  -J  on  page  13,  I  would  have  little  doubt  as  to  their  use  as  bait- 
holders,  though  the  grooves  or  notches  are  not  absolutely  necessary  features     As 


Tho  rol.cs  were  f.,und  in  gmves  as  well  us  on  tho  surface,  and  while  many  o(  them  arc  evidently  very  old 
others  betoken  a  n.nre  recent  origin,  and  s„„,o  of  tho  latter  have  occurred  in  nssoeiation  ..vith  articles  of  Kur,,,ean 
manufacture,  such  a.  iron  blades,  objects  of  brass,  beads  of  glass  and  en.unel,  etc.,  provin,  that  thev  are  referable 
to  the  na  ,ve.  who„,  the  white,  found  in  possession  of  the  islands  and  the  neighboring  coast.  Tl,;  islands  have 
been  totally  vacated  by  the  Indians,  the  las,  of  whon,,  a  few  in  nun.ber,  were  renu.ved,  nearly  llf.v  vears  ago,  to 
tno  Santa  Uarbaru  .Mission. 

,  „.^!T";'' "?''"  "'''"'•'"'"■'^  «■"'■  l'"''li-^l'^'J  '0-  i>':  U.  C.  Yarrow  and  Mr.  Paul  Sclmn.acher,  and  more  than 
halt  ol  \  ol.  \  II  ot  the  •■  United  States  (Jeogr,.|,bi..al  Surveys  West  of  the  One  Uundred.h  Meridian,  in  charge 
of  First  Lieutenant  George  M.  Wheeler  "  ( WasbingKm,  IHT-I),  is  devoted  to  a  minute  deseri, -Jon  of  the  locali- 
tiea  and  the  objects  there  obtained. 


(.1 

■:i 


:4i 

I 


sz 


'f^mmmmfmmmmfmmm 


120 


rUKHISTOHIC     I'-ISniN'fl, 


it  is,  tlioy  may  have  si-rvod  in  tin-  manner  indicalcd,  or  as  parts  (if  fisli-liooks,  or 
ill  some  other  way  not  yet  explained. 


I 


Fio.  174.-H!inen  Cruz  Islnn.l. 
(202:17). 


I'i'l  17;..— SiinlaCniz  Ishiii.l.  l"hl.  Kii  — Sniitil  i;ni7.  Nliiml.  Ki.i.  177.— Siinlii  l!n«n  Isliinil. 

(2C.2.-17).  (2r.2:i7).  (23r,sn). 

All  ]. 


Fids.  174-177. — D(ml)lt'-[)()iiiti'(l  Ijono  implements. 


RJ 


Fish-hook^. — Tt  does  not  ai)])ear  that  tish-hooks  entirely  made  of  silieiouH 
material,  lik(>  tiiose  dcscrihed  hy  I'rol'cssor  Nilsson,  have  been  fonnd  in 
North  Ameriea;  hut  hooks  constnicted  of  (lint  or  clialeedony  and  bone  have 
oceurred  in  Greenland.  Dr.  (uisttiv  Kienim  de.seril)es  and  represents  such  a 
specimen  obtained  from  .in  old  j^rave  in  tiiat  country.  Fiu'.  ITS  is  a  reproduction 
of  his  illustr.'ition.  The  curved  bono  shank  and  piece  ol  worked  tllut  are  bound 
toivctlier  with  a  narrow  strip  of  wIi,ilebon(>,  and  the  line  attached  to  the  upper 
end  of  t)'  ■    ,iMMk  consists  of  twisted  vei^etabjc  tibre.* 

Another  somewhat  similar  sp(>cimen  from  a  grave  in  .Southern  Greenland 
is  in  tile  EtiinidoL>ieal  ^[u.seum  at  Copenhagen.  It  attracted  the  special  attention 
of  Dr.  Hmil  IJessels  during  a  visit  to  that  city  in  1881,  and  th(>  distinguished 
artist,  Captain  A.  I',  ^^adsen.  made  for  iiim  a  drawing  of  the  object.  That  gen- 
tleman's di'sign  is  heri>  copied  as  lug.  17i).  The  shaid-;.  pierced  with  four  hoh>s, 
and  nearly  cylindrical  in  its  upper  ])art,  but  worked  tlat  lower  downward,  is 
made  from  a  bone  of  s(tme  ipiailru])ed.  and  shows  a  brown  coloration,  like  bones 
extracted  from  peat-i)ogs.  Th(>  chi|)ped  liook  consists  of  bluish-white  clialc(-.Iony. 
Both  shaidc  and  hook  wer(>  found  together,  but  without  ligature,  this  connecting 
mediuni  having  yielded  to  the  etVects  of  (h'cay.     The  re-uniting  of  the  two  jiarts 


ICIiMiiin  :   Allu;enK'iiiiM;iiltiirwissonsrlmrt ;   WitUzimi;;!' iwnl  WullVn  ;    Ijcipzi!;,  1H.'>I|   p.  (il,  Kii;.  101. 


imm 


J 


FISH-irOOKS. 


121 


I 


by  means  of  twiiio 


is   tlio   \v..rli   „f  Mr.   ('.   L.  Stoinliauor,    Ins|),n-t..r  of  tlio 
nuisoum  just,  mentioned. 


i 


3 


P""-  ""•  Flo.  180. 

Fkih.  178-180.-Fi.Ii-l,o,.k.s  composed  of  l.oi.e  aiul  chipped  stone.    Greenland. 

T).-.  I^essols  Obtained  on  the  same  occa.si<.n  a  verv  fine  specimen  from  Greon- 
lan.l,  nan.ely,  a  well-el>ipi.od  piece  of  transparent  blui.b-g..,vv  cbalcedonv.  win..). 
iM>l>.'UvntIy  lormci.  ,.r  was  designed  to  fonn,  a  part  of  a  ii^l.-i.ook  of  tbe  kind 
l.ore  n..t>ced.  F.g.  180  sl.ows  its  appearance.  This  objo.-t  is  trian-n.lar  in  the 
cmss-scction,  the  portion  not  seen  in  the  illustration  being  flat  and  but  little 
chipped. 

It  is  doubtful  whether  flint  was  thus  prepared  by  the  former  inhabitants  of 
the  present  l-n.ted  Wtate.^  to  serve  in  the  construction  of  ilsh-hooks,  for  not  a 
s.ngle  spec,,nen  o1  the  required  form  is  to  be  found  an.ong  the  thousands  of  ilint 
objects  m  the  Aat.onal  3Iuseum.  Articles  of  „,is  description,  however,  appear 
b.  occur  .n  Gern.any,  and  a  number  ..f  specin.ens  derived  fnnn  the  Island  of 
Rugen  and  thought  to  belong  to  this  cla.ss,  were  presented  for  inspection  bv  .Mr. 
Rosenbe.^  dunng  the  exhibition  of  preiustoric  (iern.an  relics,  held  at  JJeriin  in 
1880._    lo  judge  Iron,  the  description,  they  are  not  brought  into  a  .leiinite  shape 

l.ttle  mod.t  ed  lor  the  attadnnent  to  a  shank.  Their  sixe  being  considerable,  thev 
could  only  have  served  .n  the  construction  of  hooks  designed  to  catch  the  laro'c 
species  ot  fish.*  "^  LiioL- 


fl 


lV„s,):  Kutalo^dor  AnssU-nung  ,,ral,iHtorisol,e,.  ,„al  n„,l„.„|,„l„,is..lu.r  Kun.l,.  I),ml..|,l,.,„N ,  „.  3«3 


u  10 


!'! 


hi 
I 

t  ! 


F 


?i^ 


iM»ummgeittL,t 


immmm 


■•ninraipsonMifM 


r  J 


Im  ! 


:ii 


;ii  i 


fi 


r '' 


J** 


122 


PKEHISTOniC    FISIItNG. 


A  similar  statonipnt  is  made  by  Mr.  Christenscn  in  tlio  article  already  quoted 
in  two  instances.  IIo  says  tiiero  arc  sunictimes  found  in  Ciermany  flint  splinters 
with  curved  points,  occasionally  fashioned  at  the  thicker  end  for  attachment  to  a 
shank.  These  .specimens  are  regarded  by  him  as  component  parts  of  lish-hooks. 
In  addition,  he  represents  a  bone  object  of  a  form  suggestive  of  the  same  use, 
preserved  in  the  collection  of  the  antiquarian  association  "  Prussia"  in  Konigs- 
berg,  Prussia.     I  copy  here  his  illustration  as  Fig.  181.* 


Fin.  1  SI, — Bone  point  of  fish-liook.     Germany. 

After  this  short  digression  I  resume  the  subject  of  North  American  pi-eliis- 
toric  iish-hooks. 

In  the  first  place  I  have  to  allude  to  their  great  scarcity  in  the  eastern 
portion  of  North  America,  and  to  state  that  those  which  have  been  found  within 
that  area  arc  almo.st  exclusively  made  of  bone.  They  occur  more  frequently  on 
the  Pacific  Coast,  especially  in  Californian  latitudes,  and  there  they  consist  either 
of  bone  or  of  shell.  I  refer  here  to  real  fish-hooks,  and  not  to  relics  which 
possibly  were  parts  of  hooks.  Hone  fish-hooks  are  occasionally  mentioned  by 
the  early  authors  on  North  America,  .-is  a  perusal  of  the  "  Extracts"  at  the  end 
of  this  publication  will  show.-j-  The  Ik  ks  useil  by  the  Indians  of  Virginia  arc 
thus  described  by  Captain  John  Smith  : — "  Their  hookes  are  either  a  bone  grated 
as  they  noch  their  arrowes  in  the  forme  of  a  crooked  pinne  or  fish-hooke,  or  of 
the  splinter  of  a  l)one  tyed  to  the  dift  oi'  a  little  sticke,  and  with  the  end  of  the 
lino  they  tie  on  the  bait."  From  this  short,  but  eminently  graphic,  description 
we  learn  that  the  Indians  of  a  certain  Atlantic  district  used  fish-hooks  made 
entirely  of  a  fragment  of  bone,  and  others  consisting  of  two  parts  joined  together. 
The  latter  class  of  hooks  is  still  in  u.<e  among  some  North  American  triljes. 
The  ilakali  codfish-hook.  Fig.  10  on  page  15,  is  similarly  constructed,  and  I 
present,  additionally,  in  Fig.  182  the  form  of  a  fish-hook  used  by  the  Kutchin 
Indians,  who  inhabit  the  territory  l)ctween  the  Mackenzie  River  and  Norton 
Sound.     "  The  hooks,"  observes  Mr.  Strachan  Jones,  "  are  made  and  baited  in 

*  Deiitsclio  Fiscliorci-Zc'idint,';  Miiroli  22,  1881  ;  p.  05. 

f  Seo  "  Extructa:  "  Captuin  Smith,  Ogilliy,  Siiyurd,  Kftliii,  etc. 


FISH-HOOKS. 


123 


the  following  manner.— The  pinion  of  a  goo.se  is  taken,  and  tl.o  smaller  bone  i. 
s  .arj,ene<l  an.l  fa.stened  liook-sI>ai.e  to  tl.o  larger;  a  piece  of  llsl.-skin  is  cut  in 
the  shape  of  a  fish  and  sewed  on  the  iiook  ;  that  part  representing  the  head  is  at 
the  point  ot  the  hook  ;  that  representing  the  tail  is  where  the  bones  have  crossed 
each  other;  a  lino  is  then  knotted  to  the  larger  bone,  and  all  is  complete  "=" 


■< 


Fio.  182.— Bttited  bone  fish-hook.    Kutehin  Iiidiaus,    Alaska. 

Prehistoric  fish-hooks  of  this  kind,  as  far  as  known  to  me,  have  not  hoon 
preserved.  After  the  decay  of  the  ligature  the  c<.nstituent  parts  of  such  .a  hook 
would  become  separated,  and,  when  discovered,  their  real  character  probably 
would  escape  recognition  in  most  cases.  :\[r.  A.  T.  damage,  of  Uamariscotta 
Maine,  informs  mo  that  he  has  found  in  the  artificial  shell-deposits  near  that 
place  quite  a  number  of  double-pointed  bone  ro,Ls,  which,  ho  suggests,  were  parts 
of  fish-hooks. 

I  now  pass  over  to  a  description  of  i\ortli  American  fish-hooks  made  of  a 
single  piece  of  bone  or  horn. 

Fig.  183  (on  page  U>4).— The  original  of  (his  bone  hook  was  presented  to  the 
National  :\Iuseum  by  Dr.  \^^  J.  Ilolfman,  of  the  Hureau  of  Ethnoloo-y  It  is  as 
simple  a  form  of  a  tish-hook  as  could  be  concei^■ed;  there  is  not  even  a  .listi.u-t 
notcii  at  the  upper  end  of  the  shank,  ..i.ly  a  faint  trace  of  one  being  visible  The 
surface  ot  the  hook  .shows  the  stria>  produced  by  the  scraping-instrument  used 
in  fashioning  it.  Dr.  Hoffman  has  furnished  me  with  the  foliowino-  ,,ocount 
relating  to  its  disco\ery : — 

"Traces  of  aboriginal  settlements  occur  quite  abundantly  alon-  the  \alley 
of  tlie  .AEissouri  River,  north  of  the  mouth  of  Oak  Creek,  at  the  former  location 
of  Grand  River  Agency,  Dakota.     The  latter  stream  (Oak  Creek),  emptvin-  into 


'Iv 


;/ 


•  .Tone., :  The  Kutcliia  Tribes;  Smitl,soniu„  Ueport  for  18G0,  p.  324  ;  liguro  ,.,.  the  same  page. 


;f^ 


II  u  m9!"H' 


CE 


mmmm. 


2tJ22232Eli2. 


£2SS 


124 


ruKinsToiiio  I'isiiiNo. 


tli('  Missouri  from  llio  wost,  luis  iorincd  n  ])oint  of  tlw!  prairic-tcrrnco,  upon  wliicli 
nro  visii)l('  iiunn'rous  low  licajis  or  mounds  of  oartli  mul  dav,  varvinij,'  from 
sovoral  inclios  to  a  foot  in  liciglit,  and  from  two  to  ten  feet  in  diamt'tcr.  Some 
of  thcso  consist  underneath  almost  entirely  t»f  bones  of  tlio  larjifer  mammals, 
wliilc  at  various  other  points  the  soil  seems  to  have  been  washed  away,  leavinu; 
the  bones,  sturi^i^in-scales,  et(\,  lying  around  ]»roiniscuously.  The  Itones  in  no 
instaneo  presented  the  elVects  of  tire,  l)iit  always  exhibited  the  sharp,  irregidar 
appearance  of  having  been  cracked  for  the  removal  of  the  marrow. 


+  i 

Fid.  lax— Dakntii.    (:11S10).  I'm.  IM.-llliio  (Mn.liionvillo). 

Figs.  1813-185.— Bono  fish-hooks. 


Fin.  la.".— Arlcftnaaa. 


n. 


"Upon  digging  into  one  of  those  smaller  earth-heaps,  the  fish-hook  was 
found  in  the  end  of  a  fractured  thigh-bone  of  a  buiValo.  Fragments  of  pottery 
were  very  abundant,  while  arrow-heads,  hammer-stones  (such  as  arc  used  at  this 
day  for  driving  down  tent-pins,  etc.),  and  small  blue  beads  wove  not  uncommon. 

"  Black  Eye,  chief  of  the  Upper  Yanktonnais,  informed  me  that  the  Arikara 
wore  defeated  and  driven  from  that  iilentical  spot  by  the  Dakotas,  under  the 
command  of  his  father,  in  1818.  Tiio  hillocks  present  every  appearance  of  having 
once  been  earth-lodges,  though  smaller  than  found  at  this  day  at  Fort  Borthold." 

Fig.  184. — The  original  of  this  much -corroded  hook  w.as  found  in  one  of  the 
so-called  ash-pits  of  the  great  cemetery  near  Madisonville,  Hamilton  County, 
Ohio.  The  depressions  at  the  upper  end  of  the  sliaidc  are  the  result  of  decay, 
small  particles  of  the  bono  having  come  off  in  that  ])lace.  Tlio  hook  is  in  jios- 
session  of  the  IIoii.  .fosepli  (,'ox,  of  Cincinnati,  who  kindly  sent  it  to  the  Xatimial 
Museum  to  be  drawn.* 


*  Tlio  rosuU^  of  im  oxploration  of  this  cfmetcry,  nirricd  on  under  tho  auspioos  of  llio  Madisonvillli*  Litcriiry 
iind  Scientific  Society,  lire  presented  in  tlirec  illustnited  reports  liy  Mr.  Cliarles  F.  Low,  piildislied  in  tlie  "  .Jour- 
nal of  tlie  Cinciniuiti  .Sociily  of  Natural  History  "  (Vol.  Ill,  1880,  p.  40-G8;  p  128-139;  p.  203-'J2ll)i  and  Dr. 
l'\  W.  I.ani^don  has  given  in  tho  .same  j.mrnal  (Vol,  IV,  1881,  ji.  '2!)'-2!'>T)  an  nreoiint  of  the  ostoologieal  c'larac- 
teristies  of  the  skeletons  there  exhumed.     In  addition,  the  siiliji'ct  liu-s  been  treated  in  several  articles.     I  siihjoin  a 


FISH-HOOKS. 


IL'5 


Fig.  185. — A  bono  lisli-huok  preserved  in  tho  collection  of  the  Daveuiujvt 
Aciuloinv  of  Natural  Sciences.  Mr.  W.  11.  Pratt,  Corresponding  Secretary 
and  Curator  of  that  association,  had  the  kindness  to  send  it  to  nie  for  examina- 
tion. Tiie  specimen  is  polished  on  both  sides;  that  not  seiMi  in  tlx-  illustration 
exhibits  a  portion  of  the  marrow-cavity  of  the  bone.  The  point  is  not  very  shiirp, 
and,  owing  to  the  curvature  of  tho  bone,  not  in  the  .same  plane  with  the  shank,  tho 
upper  jiart  of  which  shows  some  slight  indentations  for  the  attachment  of  the 
line.  I  am  informed  by  Mr.  Pratt  that  this  specimen  was  taken,  together  with 
a  bono  awl,  from  a  small  clay  mound  on  the  Craighead  farm,  Mississippi  County, 
Arkansas,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Big  Ilatchie  lliver.  The  mound  was  altuut 
two  feet  high,  and  three  feet  l)clow  its  surface  the  skeleton  of  a  l)oy,  aliout  twelve 
years  old,  the  bone  hook  and  awl,  some  shell'beads,  and  a  ipiantity  of  lish-bones 
and  turtle-shells  were  found.  Mr.  Pratt  learned  these  details  from  Captain  W. 
P.  Hall,  a  resident  of  Davenport,  who  presented  the  lish-hook  to  the  Academy. 

Fig.  18(j  (.in  jiage  12()).— The  original  was  found  by  Mr.  F.  II.  Ciishiiig,  of  the 
Bureau  of  Ethnology.  It  is  made  of  deer-bone,  and  beautifully  polished, 
especially  at  the  point.     Tiie  shank  ex|)ands  a  little  at  the  upper  end  where 

Viewed  hori/ontallv  from  the  lower  end,  this 


ther 


e  are 


ime  sliirht  grooves. 


hook  shows  in  a  slight  degree  the  cavity  of  tins  bone.  It  was  discovered 
in  an  accumulation  of  debris,  eighteen  inches  below  the  surface,  ne;ir  the  centre  of 
;ui  old  circulir  earthwork  in  the  township  of  Shelby,  Orleans  County,  New  York. 
W^ilh  it,  Mr.  Cushing  informs  me,  occurred  \arioiis  other  reiii.iiiis.  such  as  broken 
bones  of  animals,  rudely-ornameided  pot-sherds.  Hint  implements,  awls,  spatida*, 
jiortions  of  weapons  and  ornaments  of  bone  and  deer-horn,  shell  and  stone 
beads,  etc. 


Fi-.  V 


'ig.  IS/  (on  |)age  12()). — A  hook  of  larger  size,  remarkable  for  its  straight  b;isi'. 
Itshows  the  marrow-cavity  of  the  boneon  the  side  iiotexposeil  to  \iew  in  the  ligun-. 
A  slight  coiitniction  itelow  the  end  of  thosluink  allowed  the  line  to  be  tirnily  tied 
on.  This  Jippareiitly  old  specimen,  of  ;i  yellowish-iirown  color,  belong.-  to  Dr. 
•lohn  Sloan,  Secretary  of  the  Society  of  Natural  History  at  New  Albany.  Indian.i, 


(•liiirt  ncili™  riiim  u  loiter  by  Mr.  dix: — 

"TIiu  iTiiiului-y  i.i  lucati'tl  in  a  ilrn.-t:  wti.t'l  ,'t'  ['(.'I'liapa  M'\'cnly-tivo  nr  ii  liuii(lr(.-(l  arri'S,  wliiih  lias  Ipouii  UTL 
intact  f^inr,;  wliitu  nn-n  l,u)k  p"is.si>sinii  of  llie  Miami  i-inintry.  Tlu'  trees  arc  very  tliiek,  iVi'tu  three  ti>  the  I'eet  in 
tliaineter.  So  far  as  wo  Inive  sminileil,  tliero  are  lil'teen  aeres  I'civercJ  liy  these  i;rave8.  We  have  exhuniej  aliuul 
seven  liunilrtd  skeletnns,  anil  apparently  tin!  wlnilc!  lil'teen  aeres  are  eovereil  with  the  same  av  '_,.  niinilier  uf 
grave.s  as  the  spare  we  have  openetl.  Thus  the  interments  wmiUl  reach  the  niiinlier  iil'  ten  tluie  j,  1  The  jjravi'S 
are  ahi>nt  twe  ami  a  half  I'eet  deep,  anil  iiniler  them,  ninnini,'  duwn  Ihroiiyli  lianl  elay,  are  eirenlar  ash-pits,  as  we 
call  them,  three  feet  in  diameter,  and  I'rum  twn  tu  six  I'eet  in  depth.  These  Iniles  are  lllled  wiih  ashes  and  earth, 
inelnsing  ilill'erent  kinds  of  stnne  and  hei'e  articles  :  pipes,  axi's,  arri)\v-heads,  deer  and  eik-liiims,  wt-»rked  and 
tinwnrked,  hone  awls  and  needles,  and  llsh-hueks  and  harpu'in-heads  of  the  same  material.  We  have  openi'd  iiver 
feur  hundred  (if  these  in  the  cemetery.  From  erdinary  ealeulation  of  the  growth  of  trees  on  the  graves,  wo  esti- 
mate tho  trees  to  be  from  two  to  three  hundred  years  old.  How  old  tlie  graves  are,  or  tlic  ash-pits,  or  for  what 
purpose  the  latter  were  made,  we  have  no  eonjecture." 


^S 


< 


i 


m 


wmm^ffmrnrnfimmmfi 


tiiwimii<iii>i.i«M«.ini.wiiii 


,  'i 


n 

ir 


'  'I' 

It  - 


If^f 


y= 


>'  1 


i 
i     ' 

i 

f 

ii 


;  ,1 

1 

I  ill 


120 


ritKIIISTOKIC    KISIIINO. 


.vjio  oltligin;,!}'  loaiiod  it  to  mo  for  tlu'  piu'itosc  ul"  liavinj,'  it  (Iriiwii.  Tho  Imok, 
I  am  i'lloriiuMl  !»'  tliat  j,'('iit  Ionian,  occurred  in  tlic  "Indian  ^'rave-yanl "  nt 
t'larksvillo  on  tlic  (Miio  River,  two  miles  and  a  iialf  ahove  New  AHiany,  nearly 
ojiposito  Louisvillo.     Tlio  graves,  being  situatcil  at  a  bond  oi'  tlio  river,  bocomo 


Km.  ls6.-N«w  Yurk. 


Km.  IH7,  — Iiniiuim.  r'lu.  IwM.— itliiu 

Fklh.  18G-188.— Bone  tisli-hooks. 


exposed  after  tlio  spring-freshets  by  the  cnuiibling  away  of  the  bank,  and  have 
yielded  many  relics,  the  commercial  value  of  which  is  well  ajipreciated  by  tlio 
residents.     Of  late  years,  however,  comparatively  little  has  been  found. 

Fig.  ISS. — This  illustration  shows  the  form  of  a  rather  uncouth  bone  fish- 
hook, which,  nevertlieless,  bears  a  general  resemblance  to  some  of  the  lacustrine 
hooks  represented  on  pages  48  and  49  of  this  work.  It  has  been  tigurcd  by 
Schoolcraft,  who  states  that  it  was  found  within  an  earthen  indosureon  Cunning- 
ham's I.sland,  in  Lake  Eric;  (Ohio).  "Within  these  indosures  have  been  found 
stone  axes,  jiipcs,  ijerforatnr.-,,  bo.H>  tish-liooks,  fragments  of  i)ottery,  arrow-heads, 
net-sinkers,  and  fragments  of  huiuan  bones.'"'' 

Fig.  189. — This  figure,  representing  a  large  bone  hook,  is  taken  from  Dr.  C. 
C  Abbott's  ••  I'rimitive  Industry,"  before  (luoted.f  The  specimen  is  in  possession 
of  Mr.  W.  Wallace  TooUer.  of  Sag  Ilarlxir,  Long  Island,  New  York,  and  was 
found  by  him  in  a  shell-heap  in  the  neighborhood  of  Sag  Harbor.  It  is  the  only 
object  of  this  kind  iliscoverod  by  that  gentleman  in  the  course  of  his  exiilorations 
of  shell-heaps  in  Long  Island. 

Fig.  190. — Tlie  original,  a  tine  bono  hook  with  deeply-notched  shank,  belongs 
to  Dr.  J.  F.  Snyder,  of  Virginia,  Cass  County,  Illinois.     I  am  indebted  to  him 


*  Schoolcrttft :  Ilistorical  and  Stiitistiral  Inforinntion,  rospectin;;  tho  Ilisti.ry,  Condition  and  Prospects  of  the 
Indian  Tribes  of  Ui<!  United  Stall's ;  Vol.  II,  Pliiladelpliiii,  18.5- ;  p.  87  ;  Pig.  4  on  Pluto  38. 

i  Fii;.  HID  on  |,.  iOH. 


il 


,  I 


FIHII-IIOOKH. 


127 


fnv  n  .IrawniK  of  U.o  «,,odmo„.     "  It  was  1o,„h|,"  l.o  sta.,.,  "son.c  yoar.s  a...  al 
'••  l'.'s.«  ..I  a  lnn,,r  M.o.HMl  ..n  Ih,-  o.lf^o  of  Mou.ul  Lako,  i„  Cass  ('.„„;, y.  in  :,„'  nf 
tl.o  .Mnm.nH.s   lu.a,,s  ..f  ..a.np-rul.l.isl.    ||k.,v  s.n,.  n.nsistin,'  of  ..n;ss..l.sln.|ls 
a^  u's,  ..|,a,v..al,  an.l  .aril..  i„t..rs,H.rs...l  wi.l.  ...anv  .Va,.no„.s  of  pottn-v.  flint' 

1'"''^'  ■■;"•',' '^  '"  •'-•'  '•""•"'"'.  -i'-'  t..rk..y,  ra..,u,,  ..poss.nn,  el  „  .1.;  whole 

covoml  w.th  sa.ul  and  silt  aoposited  by  the  imnulatiuns  of  ages 


Flu.  190.-III|iioia. 


Kid.  M9.-I,otm  l»l«n.|. 

Fios.  189-11)1. —IJono  fisli-hooka. 


Kia.  lui.-oiilu  (M»ai«<)iivillo). 


Mound  Lako-hko  all  th-  od.or  lakes  and  slon^bs  of  the  San.an.on 
I3o  torn-,,  n.oroly  a  sOvh-l,  of  u,.,.  of  the  an.-i<.nt  hods  of  the  S,u„an.on  Uivor 
|...  .o.nnu.n.cates  with  it  l>y  a  shoH  outlet;  and  is  now,  as  it  pn-l^hlv  was  ..n. 
_u  0.  ,,.,,  to  alutat  o  .nnun.erahle  pike,  hum.lo,  ..t,  and  othe.-  .p.;,,«  .,r  ,,,0 
.  1  .  J  .au  had  no  ev.denee  to  sustain  the  idea  that  the  ancient  t Vihes  „f  ,i,is 
ogu  J  underst.,odtl.e  art  of  eatehin,  tish  with  nets;*  hut  this  hone  hook  proves 
that  they  practised  at  least  one  method  of  ilshing." 

-h.te,  and  _,s  ot  exeellent  worku.anship  and  well  polished.     The  uppe     p." 
Uiesha^dc^hul.^^,^,^^       the  well-cut  groove,  is  four-sided.     The  tigure 

»  Dr.  Snydor  found  n„  not-sinkort  m  tl,nt  neighborhood. 


I 


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f  t 
H''5 


il 
I 


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it  ■  M 


K/  '  ii 


>M.ssa 


.'It        ' 

lit ; 

+i ' 


m 


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1! 


i! 


J' 


128 


I'UEUISTORIC    FISHING. 


shows  !i  portion  of  tlio  inarrow-civity  of  tlio  bono.  Tlii;,  specimen,  fcunil  in  one 
of  the  Mailisonvillo  ash-pits  or  gnives,  was  sent  to  the  National  Mnseuni,  with  u 
view  to  furtlier  inv  work,  hv  the   Hon.  Joseph  Cox.     its  posse^or  is  tlie   II..11. 


tianuiel  F.  Covinurton,  of  Cincinnati. 


Ki.j.  l'.L'.-i)liii.  (Mii.li...nvilli.).  Kin.  l'j:l.-Now  Ytirk. 

Fliis.  11)2  iiiid  ll).">. — Fi.-li-liiMiks  (it'  1)11111!  mill  ilicr-linni. 

/lu;.  102. — Another  line  speeinien  tVnni  thi'  M.'ulisonvillo  conictory,  and,  like 
tiM  riojiial  .f  l''i,i;-.  15M.  owned  liy  Mr.  S.  V.  Covington.  This  earefnlly-worked 
and  polished  hook  is  somewhat  ilattish  at  liie  npper  end  of  the  shaidv,  while 
the  remaining  portion,  excepting  the  curve  where  the  marrow-cavity  apiiears, 
presi-'it.T  ;i  roundish  form.  1  h.ive  not  st'en  any  other  Ixme  tish-hook  found  in 
the  United  St.ates  which  is  jjierced  for  suspensjnn.  'riie  hole  is  pl.iced  near 
the  extremity  of  iIik  shank,  .and  carefully  drilled  from  hotii  sides.  This 
specimen  shows  .-i  ■, cllnwidi  colnr. 

Fig.  !!>.'{. — Till  llgnre,  ri  present i''.^;'  a  d  'cr-horn  lish-liook,  is  copied  from  a 
drawing  kindly  sent  liy  the  I\r\ .  W.  M.  IJe.-inrli.iHip.  of  l>;ddwins\  illo,  Onondaga 
County,  New  York  Tliis  spcrine'ii  w.is  luund,  in  ISSd,  liy  ,1  l.iborer  on  wli.at  is 
calli'd  tlie  .\iwrll  Site,  in  I'ompey  Tnwnsliip,  (),iniid;ig,i  (or  .Madisnii)  Cuui  ty, 
Xew  ^'ork.-  ami  is  ,n  posscssiun  of  Mi  L.  W.  Lcdyard,  i>\'  Cazi  no\  ia,  in  .Mad- 
ison Connty  of  that  state.  Tin-  limik  being  pro\  ided  with  a  barb.  Mr.  Heau- 
cliamp  I'liinks  lli.it  it  w.is  made,  in  imitation  of  the  I'airope.an  ll>h-linok,  by  an 
Oniimlag.i  Indian  in  tbe  scsiMiteenth  century.  There  w;is  aiM'arlliwork  .and  ditch 
on  the  site,  wliirh  has  yielded  di'er-horn  forks  nr  cnndis,  bone  punrhe.^.  awls  of 
deer-horn,  day   pipes,  some  of  them  i-xhibiting  curiously   intertwiiu'ii  luinian 


*  "Till'  ."ill',"  »»yf  Mr.  Il('iiiii'liaiii|>,  "  i«  ciimiuinly  (li'.«('rllii'il  iis  l»ini'  "ii  Lnt  44,  riiiii|ii'y.  Oti>iiiJiii;H  t'lmiily, 
bill  i."  iiiuru  8lrictly  in  Mudisuii  C'uiiiity. "     Tliusu  cuuiilius,  iil'  cimrao,  uru  euiilljjiiutis. 


I 


I'ISII-IKIOKS. 


129 


foc-es,  pottery  with  luunan  fiurs  .-.t  ll,.  a^nl.-s  uf  tl.o  ri.ns.  :n..l  ,n,,„v  otla-r  oLjccts. 
llio  specimen  l.ere  figuro.l  is  the  only  v.^nhvU  harl.ed  lish-iu-ok  uf  aburi'.ni.al 
'"'uuitadure  known  to  n>e,  .-nul  Mr.  iJe,-uieh,m>p-s  view  as  to  i,s  recent  on.nn 
appears  very  plausil)h>. 

In  California,  as  stated,  lish-hooks  have  have  been  luund  in  greater  number 
than  111  tlie  eastern  jtart  of  JVortli  America. 


Kl.l.  IM. 


l''ici.  19,5. 


Fi.is.  194  1.11,1  19o.~J{oMc  fy.-houks.    >Saiu:i  Cruz  IslaiKl.     (262-10). 

Fi.?-.s.  li)4  ami  li)r,.-They  represent   bone  hooks  from  Santa  frn.   Island 
whu-h   wiMV  obtained   by  .Mr.  Stephen    I'.owers.     In   the..e  spe-i.nens  the  ■  ntor 
••m-ve  IS  nm.Kled,  the  inner  rather  Miunla.  mitii  it  reaches  the  .shank,  whi.  .i  pre- 
sents a  ronical  .shape,  an.l  is  dcslii  „,,  of  any  di'vice  for  liohlim,  a  line      The  end 
"t  the  In,,,  was  tightly  wonn.l  ar.m.d  tli.   shank  an-l  fasten,.,!  ,„,  with  asphaltum 
l-Hions  of  whi,.h  can  still   be  seen  in   .    th  sp....i„H.ns.     Even  the  impre.s.sionJ 
produ..,.,!  by  the  line  are  visible.     The  y  cnliar  featnre  of  tli,..s,.  lish-ho„ks  an,l 
■'"l.HMl.  ol  n,.arly  all  other  CaHforiiian  sp,.,.in„.ns  in  th,.  National  Mn.rmu   ,s  the 
ei.ise  approach  of  the  ,.nrv,.,l   point  to  Ih,.  shank-a  f,.atnr,.  whi,.|,  a,-taallv  has 
;.'<l..c..,I  son,,,  to  .ioalit  (h,ir  u.se  a.s  lishi„.-i,„p|,„„.„,...     |  i,.,,„,  ,  ,,,,„  ,„;.,.^,,,,, 
'n  r,.|,io\  ;i;-  ihes,.  ibmbts. 

I''ip<.  !!•-!  :o  l!,!l  („„  p,^.  i;{())._Th,.s..  ti^,M.,.s  show  ,1,,., ,..,..,„.,.  „f  ii, 

7''-' ^'  "'  """•'•  '•••vl"l"''l  t-nns.     Tl„.y  w,.re  ,.,dl,.cte,l  bv  .Mr.  l',„,|  Schnm., 

eher  on  the    Islan-I  of  Santa  Crn/.      In   tl„.  original  of  Fi,-    !!•(!  H ,„l  of  th,. 

'''•"!''  "-' ^■'■''  ••'  ^'""■t  •'"-''■i'"'''  •'"  ' .-ide.s.  ami  fartiM.r  ,low„  .,„,,.h,.,i  .„,  ,|„. 

nnls„l,..  ihns  otn.riao-  a  firm  h,d,l  to  ll„.  lin...     Wh,.iv  the  .hank     „is,  ..li,,.;,,  ,,.,,,,, 

;:'  •■'^•'''■•''f'""  ••'"•'•  I"-rc,ivab|,..     i„  (ho  ,i„, „u.r  sp,.ci„„.ns  .1...  f.stcni'; f'  ihi. 

Imewas  pc^vtun,,,.,!   i„   ,.,   similar  n.ann,.r ;   but   (h,.  ,.•, v,.  on    b„||,  .si,l,C,.t  ,|,, 

s  ank  ,s  ,.a,Ti..I  aro.nnl  it.  Th..  lo,„.  hooks  in  this  .,..,up  hav,.  a  n,m.|, fresher 
•'I'l"''"'""'''  »1'.".  til"  pr,-,.,.,li„u  on,.s.  an,l  in  th..  last  fluv,.  th..  shanks  ,„•..  |hi,.Uv 
-ve,v,I  with   a>pl,altu„,.      Tho   b,,rb-iik..   pn,i,„,i „    ,|,.,   .„.,,,  ,,.,,,^  „,,,.,. 


M 


i 


^iaWJiiiaa&A^>fclffi>miV»WHfiirimw»r 


■.r^  ■?»,;■  JWty;^^r-  n 


!     . 


130 


PREIIISTOUIC    FISHING. 


Characterizes  these  specimens,  probably  was  only  intended  to  hold  the  bait  in 
place. 


Fiu.  1J7. 


ir 


Fiu.  IJS. 


All 


Fius.  190-1  i)9.— Hone  fish-liDoks    Saimi  Cm/,  I.slaiid.     (,1«1»«J. 


L*'   I 


The  same  iVatinv  rliaractt>rizos  Nrw  Zealand  lisli-lidoks,"'  and  it  is  obsorviible 
in  two  liiKiks  tVnin  An-tii-  Anicrica.  preserved  in  tlu>  United  States  Natinmd 
iMuseum,  and  rcpre^       'd  by  llu'  lullDwini;-  liuinvs. 

The  i)ri,L.'inal  n['  Fig.  2110  is  a  larLrc  Ijonc  liuoU  iVnni  (ireenlaiid,  itpcsentcd  by 
the  t'opeidiMixen  Musenni.  This  imnk  is  iinbafbiMl.  and  cxbibils  the  nuter  pro- 
jection, thoiiirh  not  very  prHniinfiitiy.  'i'lic  np|H'r  end  nt  tlic  sliiink  is  |iii"rc(>d 
with  two  Inilcs.     Tiie  a',)|)caran(i'  nj'  lin'  bone  indicates  tliat  Ibis  bonk  is  r.atbcr  old. 

The  (itlier  siiccinien,  rcprescnlcd  by  l''ii:'.  2(tl.  is  liarbcd  and  pro\  idcd  wilb 
a  i»arl>-li've  point  nil  till' iMit-idc.  It  was  presented  tn  tin  Xatiniial  Alnseiini  by 
Dr.  E'wii  Hessels,  til  wlniiii  it  bail  been  iiiveii  by  Captain  II.  ('.  Cliesler,  of  the 
United  States  Conunission  of  Fi.sh  anil  Fisheries.     Tiie  laiur  iiil'iiriMed  nie  ho 


»  Sw  I'ii;  m.")  oil  |i.  n" 


.-..T--—      -;=-•-:-   -j:^ 


FISH-HOOKS. 


131 


liacl  obtained  it  from  Eskimo.s  near  Chesterfield  Inlet,  in  the  northern  part  of 
Hudson's  Bay.  Tiiis  hook,  which  shows  a  iwculiar  contrivance  for  fastening  the 
line,  namely,  a  cavity  sunic  from  the  top  of  the  shank  met  by  a  lateral  one,  seoins 
to  consist  of  reindeer-horn. 


Fw.  am.-liskimo,,    i)ro,.iil»„,l.    (iVKU).  Fio.  aii._Esklm(,..    (■|u,.t..rliol.l  ImIb!,    iTMrj). 

Flus.  200  and  201.— Fish-lmoks  oi'  lionu  uiul  riiiKloer-lu.rn. 

There  are   mo.h'n.   bone  fish-hooks  from  tril)e.s  of  the  Northwest  Cnast  and 

otiier  nurthern  re-ions  of  America  in  the  Eli l.,-ical  JJ.^p.irtmriit  of  the  United 

States  Xational  Museum.  These.  Imwever.  mv  .ompuse.l  <(  diH'crent  parts,  .-uid 
tlie  originals  of  Fig.s.  i'()(»  ;nul  201  are  the  only  specin.e.  -vmsisting  of  ,-,  single 
piece. 

I  now  pas8  ..ver  to  (.alifornian  lish-hooks  made  of  she  U. 


I'ld.  lilW. 


Fkis.  202  :uu\  20:;.  -SIkII  fi«l,.lio.,ks.     .Siiiita  Cm/  MiuM.     >  2(!252) 


1 


m 

"I 
ii-i 


f 


moB 


wmmmmmmmsBmrn 


:\ 


132 


rUEUISTOlUC   FISHING. 


Figs.  202  ,111(1  203  (on  the  procoding  page). — Two  Iiooks  cut  from  the  slioll 
of  Mytilus  CnliforniftHiiK,  and  exliiliiting  on  Ixilli  sides  the  natural  surfaces  of 
tlic  valve,  wliicli  is  j'rnni  one-eiglitli  to  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  thickness.  They 
resonible  so  much  the  originals  nf  Figs.  104  and  lil')  that  a  further  description 
is  unnecessary.  Traces  of  asphaltum  are  seen  on  the  shanks  of  these  hooks. 
They  were  found  by  Mr.  Stephen  Bowers  on  Santa  Cruz  Island. 


1 


f1 


If 


IN 


\  1 

Fio.  an.  Fio.  2ori, 

FioH.  204  1111(1  2().').— Shell  li.sli-li..oks.     Santa  Cruz  Island.     (2(V_'.y2). 

Figs.  204  and  20u. — Of  the  same  material,  and  also  obtained  at  Santa  Cruz 
Island  by  ^Ir.  Uowers,  arc  the  hduks  represented  by  the.se  two  tigures,  which 
show  with  suTlicient  distinctness  in  what  manner  the  line  was  fastened. 


Fid.  200. -Shell  (ir-h-iuMik.     San  Nicolas  Ishiiid.     (^20IO(i). 

Fig.  200. — This  specimen,  cut  tVum  a  |>iece  uf  the  Jlaliofin,  is  apparently 
very  old,  yet  still  retains  tiie  lieaiitifui  iridesc*.  nee  of  that  shell.  F)'itli  curves  are 
cut  angularly.  'I'lie  [loiiil  is  binKm  nlV.  .iml  tlii'  upper  portiim  nl'  the  shank 
damaged.  The  tliickness  is  about  tlin'e-sixleentlis  of  an  inch.  Tiiis  specimen 
was  obtained  by  Mr.  Sclaimaclier  on  San  Nicolas  Islaml. 


mk^ 


FISH-HOOKS. 


133 


Figs.  207  to  209.— In  this  gr..iip  arc  roprcseiitcd  three  fish-hooks  of  Jlalioti^. 
shell,  obtained  on  Santa  Cruz  Island  by  Mr.  Schumacher. 


Kiu.  '.'in. 


Fins.  207-20f).-,Slioll  fish-hooks.     SmiU  Cniz  Islmi.l.     (20407). 

Fig.  210.— A  toloi-al)ly  well  preserved   hook  of   iraliotis-HhoW  from  Santa 
Cruz  Island,  found  by  Mr.  Sduimaeher. 


F...  2I0.-Ran.,.TuzlHl,.n,l.    ,IR1S9).  F,o.  2U.-.««„  Mlgncl  l,l«nd.    (fflC2t). 

Fids.  210  .11.(1  211.— Shell  fish-hooks. 

Fig.  211.— This  ligtiro  represents  a  small  specimen  cut  from  the  M,/fih,s 
Ctilijoniiaiius  in  such  a  manner  that  the  original  surfaces  of  the  slicll  have  (ot-illv 
disappear."-!.  T;.  -  specimen,  obtained  by  .Mr.  Mowers  on  San  .Aliuuel  Island 
hardly  has  suffered  from  the  eflects  of  tini.>.  and  shows  the  purple  coh.r  of  the 
inner  ma.ss  of  the  shcll.-Thc  barb-like  pn.jcctinn  un  tl,e  outer  curve,  character- 
istic of  somc.f  theCalilorMian  iu.ne  fisli-hook.s,  is  abs.Mit  in  the  shell  hooks  from 
the  same  region,  at  least  in  the  specimens  in  the  National  IMuscum. 

Mr.  Schumacher  discovered  on  Santa  Cruz  Island  a  -rave  which  probably 
was  that  of  a  maker  ..f  shell  fish-hocks,  for  it  ••..ntained  th..  tools  used  in  tlieiV 
manufacture  as  well  as  the  material  in  all  sta!.a-s  of  fabrication. 


'1 


1 


....  . .  'i.i9mmmmmmm^-.,:r^..z 


f^fm^m^mv^wm 


^iPilii 


\i 


fH 


I!  ;    I- 
1^  ll 


If  I! 


134 


IMtKPIISTOKIC    FISIIINQ. 


rn  Fig.  212  n.pre«cM.tations  of  a  series  of  objeots  illustrating  the  process  of 
manutaoturo  are  grouped  together.     A  piece  of  //«/,W/.s-shelI  ^u.  tir.st  rec    cc" 
to  a  rude  chsc-tonn  (a),  and  tl.en  pierced  with  a  hole  in  the  centre  (b)  by  means 


-.Fw'rrSjTaii 


d 


g 


r?\-':v^^.^S'^^Kv 


h  i 

Fr...  21'2,-.S.nos  of  .Ic.sijrns  illustrative  of  the  method  of  making  H8h-hook«  of  shell. 

Of  a  f.,ur-side.l  pointed  flint  in.plentent  (c).  The  enlarging  and  rounding  of  the 
li'.lo  (as  shown  i„  ,1)  u-..,s  perforn.ed  with  a  donl>le.pointed  borer  of  hard,  coarse 
sandstone  (e),  and  an  ordinary  flat  piece  .,f  sandston,«  ..erved  to  grind  the  per- 
forated d.sc  mto  a  ring.]il<e  fnr.n  (f).  IJy  the  ren.oval  of  .-ertain  portions  of  this 
nng  (hatched  ,n  g)  with  a  s..rt  ,.f  double-edged  stone  knife  (h)  and  some  further 


ill 


FISII-ICOOKS. 


136 


touches  a  fisli-Iiook  (i)  was  produced.     Tliis  l.rief  aceniuit  is  an  abstract  from 
one  of  tlie  interesting  arti<;les  pulilislied  liy  .Mr.  ]*aul  Seliiuiiaclier.* 

Allusion  was  made  to  tlie  .•^lioit  distanee  between  tlie  point  and  sliank  in 
nearly  all  Calil^jrnian  hooks,  and  it  was  added  that  on  this  aceonnt  their  suitable- 
ness for  fishing.purposes  had  been  doubted.  It  is  difficult,  if  not  impossible, 
to  perceive  how  iish  could  have  I)een  caught  with  hooks  of  this  form,  unless  it 
is  assumed  that  they  swallowed  both  bait  and  hook.  The  latter,  however,  may 
have  served  the  double  purpose  of  hook  and  bait.  Yet  there  can  hardly  be 
any  doubt  as  to  their  use,  considering  that  similar  tish-hooks  (or,  perhaps 
more  properly,  baits  or  bait-holders)  are  still  employed  by  islanders  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  In  the  following  figures  1  represent  two  fish-hooks  obtained 
during  Lieutenant  Wilkes's  circumnavigation  of  the  globe,  and  preserved  in  the 
National  Museum,  with  the  other  objects  of  ethnological  interest  collected  in  the 
course  of  that  voyage.     The  illustrations  can  be  relied  on  as  perfectly  accurate. 


Fu).  2i;i.— Siuiioiiii  li.'-li-liouk  of  .shfll  witli  stono  siiikiT.     to399). 


*  Si-liMriiMi'licr:   I)i( 


*'"  '\""''-"^""^'  ''"■'■  A-U-l -.11  ans  M,,:,  l,,.ls..l,„i,..    l„.i  J,.„  fruhmM,  nowohnorn  (I.t  In.s,.!.. 

imSan.,.  Harl,,,™  CannI  ;  Anhiv  lur  Antl,r,.|,„l„,i,. ;  V.,1.  VM,  ,s-    ,,.  .J,,^.  „io.     (a|s,.:  linllwin  of  ,1„.  V,uU-d 
hUUs  Oooloy.oul  and  U..        |.hkal  Survey  .,r  tl,.  IVnit,.,],..  ;    \   „.  lll.N,,  1,   Wusluui;!,,,,,  Wl ;  ,..  -IL-,  ,.u..^ 


%>* 


,1 
'i 


m 


s^qb: 


mm 


136 


I'HKHISTdlMC   1  ISIIINO. 


Tho  orii';iniil  of  Fig.  21;},  on  tlic  pivtftliiig  \M\iH',  wms  procured  on  one  of  tlio 
Samoan  I^<lall(ls.  It  shows  the  hook,  which  is  umdo  of  nacreous  slicll,  connected 
with  the  sinker  by  means  of  vegetal)h>  ril)re,  botii  plaited  .and  twisted  with  great 
care.   Tlie  sinker  is  an  entirely  unaltered,  somewhat  porous  pebble,  apparently  of 


volcanic  origin. 


i'i'i 


'^ 


•     ! 


1. 


llSv 


m 


f 

m 


I 


li 


i 
1 


Fid.  214.— Fish-hook  of  tiirtloslioll(?>.     ScHe  Island.      (aOTG). 

Fig.  214  e.vhibits  the  form  of  n  liouk  derived  from  natives  of  Werle  Island, 
one  of  the  coral  isles  of  the  liow  Arcliipelago.  imt  far  from  the  Society  Islands. 
This  identical  hook  is  mentioned  by  hr.  Charles  I'ickering.  who  lielonged  to  the 
seientitic  statl"  attached  to  the  United  States  Exploring  Ivvpedition.  Ann)ng 
the  articles  (d)taincd  from  the  islanders,  he  says,  was  "a  large  tish-hook  (perhaps 


! 


I'ISII-IIOOKS. 


187 


<.r  turtlo-bono),  in  form  and  tic  .sin.ilar  to  tl.oso  wo  aftorward.s  saw  at  tl.o  Dis- 
appDinfniciit  Islands."* 

In  tl.o  ori.irin.ds  „r  Figs.  2i;{  and  L'14  tl.o  point  ai)p.-oacl.os  tl.o  sl.ank  so 
clcso  that  tl.o  idoa  of  Imdhnj  n  fish  with  thon,  .n.ist  bo  al.a..donod;  and  vol  tl.ov 
aro  actual  lish-hooks,  acquirod,  many  yoars  ago,  by  bartor  Iron,  isla.ido.;  of  tho 
South  Soa. 


Pro.  215.— Bone  fl.ili-Ii.H.k.    Now  Zealand. 

Fig.  2ir),  rcprcsonting  a  llsh-hook  f.-om   Xow  /oaland. 
c.xcolloiit  lilllo  work,  ontillod  "  Tho  Now  /o.-daiid 


V(dnn.oof  "Tho  Lil).-,irv  of  Fntoi-t 


lining  KnowI(>(U 


is  oopiod  f.-om  an 
<'i's,"'  which  was  pnblishod  as  a 
.  -  '"•'.^■••■'  (l^ni.don.  1,S,'{0).     I  liMVc 

sclodod  th,-  hgu.r  tnm.  a  gn.up  of  Ilshi„g-i,„ph>,„..,.ts  on  pauo  ],Sf)      Tho  hook 
It  w.ll  bo  soo...  oxhibifs  ..ot  only  tl.o  Ho.so  p..oxi,Mi.y  of  point  in.d  sha.d.,  b„l  also 
tho  outs.do  barb  lor  fasto..ing  a  bait.     Nothing  is  said  oonoon.ing  its  sixo 

For  tl.o  purpo.so  of  fnrthor  oin.-idation.  I  oxti-aot  tVom  Ellis's  "  Polynosi-in 
Ko.soaro  .OS"  a  fow  passagos  boaring  on  tishi.ig  with   hook  and  li,.o  a..,on..  tl 
Sociotv  Islandoi'.s  : —  " 


.0 


"  I  hoy  ..so  th.<  iM.ok  a..d  lino  both  in  tl.o  s,.,ootl.  walor  witld..  (ho  ivof  ..nd 
•■'  tl-  npon  son  ;  and  i,.  .litlon.nt  ...odos  display  g.rat  skill.  In  ,i:is  dopa,-ti.,o..t 
h,-y  sridon,  iK.vo  a.iy  bait,  ox.vpting  a  sn.all  kind  of  ,.ob,..  a  blaok  iVosh-wator 
hsh,  wlM.h  ,ho,v  ...nploy  who.,  oalohing  albioo.vs  a..d  bo.d.os.  Thrir  InMs  u.nalh, 
'^»s,rn-  fh,  MIe  ,m-po.r  of  hook-  nn,}  half.]-  Thoir  IL.os  aro  ...ado  will,  tl.o  lou^d 
c  -slio  .•oiiiaha.  .>r  flax,  twistod  by  tl.o  hai.d.  " 

,  "•"  "<•  l'-'"-t  of  Iho  wo,.hl,po,-haps.a.-o  tl.o  {..habitants  boltor  lisl.o.-mon  • 
an.l  oons.dor...g  Iho.r  forn.or  o..li.-o  dostitnlio,.  of  i.-on,  thoir  variotv  of  lishin-.: 
.ppa.-al..s  .s  as,o,usl,ing.  Thoir  hooks  wo.v  of  ovo.-y  lorn,  and  si.;.  a,.d  ...ad^ 
ot  wood,  sl.oll,  or  bone— frequently  human  bone. 


♦  Pickorini;:  Tlio  liiiei's  of  Man;   London,  1872;  p.  48. 
t  Tlie  itnliiiziiij;  in  tlieao  e.\lniit>^  ia  niy  own 
Kl8 


ts 


i\ 


!   t 


138 


I'ltI'MIISTOKIO    I'ISIilNn. 


'■  Tlic  hunks  niadi'  with  wood  woiv  curious:  sninc  wcrtM'xccrdiiiirlv  siiuill, 
not  iiioiv  tliaii  lu'o  ortlirci'  iiidics  in  Iciiuth.  hut  n-iniirk-Jily  slroiiu';  otiicrs  wctl* 
larif(>.  Tlu'  woixU'ii  hooks  inri'  iirrcr  /nir/inl,  Inil  Hinqth/  finiiifal,  iisital/i/  curved 
iinvards  tit  the  point,  hut  st)iiK'tiuit's  staiuliiijx  out  vi-rv  wide,  oirasionally  aruu'd 
at  tho  point  witii  a  ])ioeo  of  hone. 

"Tht"  sholl,  or  slicll  and  hiiu-  liooks.  were  curious  and  useful,  and  always 
answcn-d  the  juirposo  of  hook  and  liail  ;  f/ir  siiiall  imcs  nrr  niailr  </liiiusf  circular, 
and  bent  so  an  to  resenili/e  a  worm. "'■'■' 

Of  this  s|HH'ial  form  aro  the  Californian  hooks  n'presonlod  hv  Fiurs.  10-t, 
19r»,  2iy.\.  L*04.  and  others.  They  prohahly  wero  intended  to  imitate  worms,  and 
to  he  swallowed  entire  hy  the  tish. 

It  appears  to  uie  that  those  ethnidoixists  who  claim  an  atlinity  hetween 
the  Californians  and  Malays  ndnht  use  the  similarity  in  iIh'  lisli-liooks  anioiiii' 
these  peoph  s  as  an  aruument  in  favor  of  their  theory. 

The  foimer  inhaliitants  of  this  country,  it  is  wi'll  known,  made  to  .some 
extent  implenu'nts  ;ind  ornaments  of  native  copper,  which  they  lirouu'ht  into 
shape  hy  hammeriiiu-.  their  supplies  of  the  virgin  m<'tal  l)eini;'  in  all  ])rol),aliility 
chiefly  derixed  from  the  district  of  Lake  Su|ierior,  where  the  traces  of  ]»rimitive 
mininix-o[)erations  are  aluindant.  Among  the  copper  articles  hitherto  discovered 
are  a  tew  tish-hooks,  harpoon-heads,  and  sinkers.  Though  1  knew  of  the  exis- 
tence of  several  copper  fish-hooks  iu  the  United  States,  I  could  ohtain  only  ouo 
specimen  for  inspection  and  representation.  It  helongs  to  Mr.  Charles  li.  Alann, 
of  .Milwaukee,  and  was  for  a  short  time  ohli<;ingIy  placed  at  my  disposition  hy 
that  ueiitleman.     Fiur.  21()  shows  it  in  full  size. 


Fni.  21(1. — Copper  fl^li-liook.     WisooiiHin  (Oconto  Uivcr). 

Mr.  .Mann  descriiies  its  mode  of  manufacture  so  well   that    I  will   quote  his 
own  words: — "  It  is  made  of  coi)per,  hammered  thin,  and  rolled  u|»  just  as  one 


*K11U;  I'cilyiiojiuii  Ucspiiruhcf ;  VmI.  1,  I.i.ruloii,  IH.V!;  |i.  14.'),  etc. — Tlio  nutlinr  s|u'!ik»  rnun  porsoiml  ulistr- 
vutiiin,  )iuviiii;  lioon  eiiijugi'd  in  iiii«si.prmry  laliors  in  Polyni^^iii  fniiii  181(;-"24.  Tim  llrst  cililion  nf  "  IVlyncsian 
Ucscnrclii's  "  ii|iii('nrc(l  in  1S28. 


i 


risii-MooKs. 


139 


wiiulfi  roll  11 


|>  a  |.ic'<'0  of  i.iipcr  l.v  circfiilly  l).';,'inniiinf  at  tli<>  cdov.     ||  is  ,„,(  onh 


un  ciitirclv  iiiii(|iii<  and  liorotolin-c  u 


l)iil 


Ills..  Ill  til.'  iiatiiiv  of  .•orrol)orativ.>  .■si.l..|ict>  that 


riiioti.'c.l  iiK'tliod  of  ab.iriLrinal  workmaiisl 


III) 


were  produce. I  liy  liaiiiiiicriiii 


P 
all  our  copper  iiiipleiiieiitH 


duccd  iiileiiti.iiiallv,  f.>r  tl 


Tlie  swelJin.L,' .(f  tlio  slianU  was   ner 


lias  a  opper  awl  fasliioiie.l  |jv 


I"  purpose  ..f  alVonliiiM;  , I  ii, ,1.1  i,,  tli.- 1 


perliaps  pro 
iiK".     -Mr.  .Mai 


111 


says,  "aloii--  witli  otliers  in.f  made  in  tl 


!i  siiiiilar  pro.-esH. 


Iiese  tw.»  iiiipleiueiits,"  lie 


bits  of  .'opper,  weiv  foiiii.l   in   l.).).se  wl 


saino  way,  and  many  iinw.n-ked  si 


n.'il 


III 


vor,  (Jreen    Hav,   W'is.-.nisin.     Ti 


lili'  sand,  near  tlie  nioiiMi  ..f  tlie  O.-.mt. 


iiuusualiy  ••■o.hI  preservation 


lie  consistency  of   the  soil  accounts  tor  tl 


10 


Nort 


roiisi.leriiiu-  that  tisliin.i,'  with  hook  and  1 


no  was  commonly  ])ractiscd  by  tlio 


1  American  tribes  at  the  time  ..f  lli.>ir  lirst  .•..ntact  with   I 


com|)arative  scarcity  ..f  fisIi-li.M.ks  in  th.-  territory  tormerl 
remarkable.     May  ii..t  th.^  natives  also  have  ma.le  tish-li.'.oks  ..iit 


liiropeans,  the 


y  occupied    iiy  th.'iii  is 

of  substances 

ch  was  lint 


'i'"i'"  liabl,.  t..  .lecay  than  b.,ne.  Irnrn  or  shell,  not  to  speak  of  c..ppcr,  whi 
i-aroly  us.mI?     The  people  ..f  th.'   N-..rthwest  C.ast,  for  i 
pivseiiL  ho.)ks  tor  eatchin-  halibut  and  ..ther  tish  entirol 


or  instance,  make  ev.'ii  at 


the  Mol 

A  number  of  tl 

three  of  which  are  i 


y  of  spruce- Woo. 


anil 


lav's  III   Arizona,  until   lately,  utilize.l  bent  cactus-spines  as  lisli-ho.-l, 
■    'u'se  were  sent  t.>  the  Xational  Museum   by  Dr.  Edwar.l   I'almer. 
.^presented  in  Figs.  1>17,  218,  ami  21U. 


I 

■■!■■ 


Kms.  '-'17-'2!!1.— Fi.s|,.li„„ks  made  .if  iacliis-.s|.iiio.s.     Molmv.s,  Ariz. 
lie  thus  .l.'scribes  their  m.-imifactiire  :— 


'iiii.    (2-li;W). 


"Qiiostioniiin-  s..iiie  ..1.1  In.iiaiis  about  their  native  tl.s|,-li.,.,ks,  F  f..und  that 
they  us.'.l  tl...  spin,'  ,.f  a  (-a.^tus  f..r  this  p,irp..se.  Ilaviiin-  ma.le  a  bai-ain  with 
<»n..  t..  alL.w  me  t..  see  him  make  the  li.-oks,  he  roturne.l  in  a  few  Imurs  with  a 
plant  an.l  a  number  of  the  spines  ..f  Echhwrcrtn.  Wislhcm.  He  c..mm,.n,.ed  by 
placm-  the  spines  in  water  f..r  a  short  tim.-,  in  ..rder  to  render  them   pliable,  at 


'ill 

■r,^,  -' 


jiiBrr'' iimgini.: 


JjiL.^  r.ij; 


-i 


^ 


!'■ 


110 


I'UKlllsTOHlf    I'ISIIINd. 


till'  siiiiit'  time  wrappiiiu;  tlu<  tliuinli  ;iiiil  lir.'^t  tiiii^or  of  liis  ri^lit  liniid  with  riii.M. 
Ho  tlu'ii  mink'  ii  small  tnrdi  about  linlf  the  size  of  (Hu's  little  lliiyiT  \)\  twistint,' 
t*i)iiu'  picfi's 'if  rai;.s  toirotlicr  ratlici"  t;j,'litl_v.  St'lrctiiiu;  ii  s|iiiii>  tVom  tlic  water 
and  iilaciiii;'  it  lietweeii  tl'C  ends  ut'  tlie  wrapped  tliiimli  and  limber,  the  tdreh  was 
lit  and  held  in  the  let't  hand  elose  to  the  spine,  the  workman  dexterously  ehani,'in,i,' 
th<'  position  so  as  to  impart  the  same  amount  of  heat  to  all  portions  at  once. 
Oeeasionally  he  moistened  the  spine  in  his  mouth.  Hy  this  application  of  heat 
and  moisture  he  tempered  the  s]iine.  and  at  the  same  time  applyini,'  a  ueiille 
pressure  liy  the  end  of  the  wrapped  tini,'er.  he  was  soon  aide  to  produee  a  very 
fair  and  stroni;  hook.  As  soon  as  a  suflieieiit  curvature  is  olitained,  it  is  secured 
liy  fasteiiiiiir  a  strinj;  from  the  point  to  the  shaft. 

'•  The  lish  of  the  Colorado  River,  e.iteii  liy  the  Mohaves,  do  not  nildde  the 
li.iit.  hut  linlt  it,  hook  and  all,  and  are  killed  liy  the  wounds  which  are  made  in 
their  iiills.  This  cactus-spine  hook  wtudd  he  of  no  use  in  catchiiiLi;  lish  that 
nililile,  as  there  is  no  li.-irli.  The  I  ndi.ins  fasten  the  'lail  liehnv  the  hook  liefore 
throwiu'j;  it  into  the  w.iter.  The  iron  hooks  iditained  from  the  white>  now  t.ike 
the  place  of  their  old-fashioned  ones."''- 

This  '■  lioltiiii:-,"  as  Dr.  Palmer  calls  it,  throws  some  liijht  on  the  ;ii>plicaliility 
of  the  Caliroriiian  lish-houks. 

The  eastern  Indians,  of  <'ouvse,  could  not  eni]>loy  cactus-spine.s,  liul  they 
h.id  thorny  liriishes  and  trees,  which  miyht  have  furnished  them  the  m.aterial 
for  lish-hooks. 


Fid.  220. — lloncy-lorusi  Iwii;  willi  spine,  cut  to  rcsi'mlilo  a  (ish-lKmlc. 

By  way  of  illustration,  I  present  in  l''iLr.  2J(Mhe  delineation  of  a  hook  which 
I  cut  from  the  thorn-bearinj,'  portion  of  u  stem  of  the  honey-locust  ((llcdiischia 

*  PiiliiHr:   Fi«li-IIo.ilis  if  till!  .M.ilmvo  Imliuns  ;   Aincriciin  Niituriili.«t ;   Vol.  XII,  187S;  p.  403. 


IIAIU'OON-IIEADS. 


Ill 


triacmithoit,  Liii.),  ^jrowin;;  in  tlic  District  i»f  Culiitiihia.  Tliis  lionk.  (■(•nsistiiij; 
of  U>u<ih  \V(M)(I,  |ir<>lt.ilj|_v  wniilil  iiiaUi- jii.Ht  us  ctliciciit  a  tisliiiiL,'-iiiii>l<'iiiciit  as  tin- 
Kutcliin  liiMili  ti.;,'iiri'(l  mi  pa^'i'  ISA,  «v  as('a|»laiii  Siiiitli's  "  splintt-r  of  iioiii-  (vimI 
to  tiieclifl  of  a  littK-  stirkc" 

The  siiiiicrs  used  in  connoftioii  with  iinc-tishinLT  will  lie  ('(insiilcivil  undrr 
the  jjcncral  licad  i>(  ••Sinkers." 

I  am  nol  (•oi,'nizant  of  the  cxistcnco  "i  jiny  prcliistoric  Nortii  American 
objei^s  to  which  tlic  character  of  lloats  can  lie  attriliiited. 

Ilnrpoon  ami  Arrow-hemh. — As  in  tiie  first  jiart  of  this  work,  the  description 
of  harjioondieads  joljows  tliat  of  tlie  implcnieiits  nsed  in  an;;linL.' — a  succession 
bv  no  means  intench'd  to  convey  tlie  idea  tliat  iiarpooniiiij  was  a  later  practice 
than  line-lishini,'.  Man,  in  tin-  opinion  of  many,  hunted  lish  l)efore  he  caiiiiht 
them.  Yet,  a  harpoon,  more  especially  one  with  a  detachMl)le  head,  is  a  rather 
complicated  contrivanci-,  .and  its  later  developments  may.  ^-enendly  spcikiiiir, 
po.st-date  the  invention  of  a  primitive  amrlin^'-appanitns.  A  donlde-pointed 
hoin'  rod  ;itlaclied  to  ,i  line,  thounh  reipiirin,-;  a  bait,  is  certainly  a  very  simple 
device,  tli.'it  m.iy  have  lieen  resorted  to  in  the  earliest  limes.  Thi-  ipiestion  of 
priority,  therefore,  cannot  he  decided  with  aiiscdnte  |)ositiveness.  and  thus  it 
matters  little  whether  I  tre.d  luirpoon-houds  ,d"ter  lish-liooks,  or  rice  rcrsn. 

There  can  be  little  doubt  that  amonu;  the  immense  number  of  dartdieads  of 
('hipped  silicious  material,  which  ;tre  found  everywhere  in  this  country,  many 
served  ;is  the  arm;itures  of  spears  ;ind  iirrows  used  in  the  captni'e  of  lish.  In- 
deed, there  is  hardly  a  collection  of  such  articles  from  which  ii.irbed  specimen.s 
suital)le  tor  such  ■•ipplications  could  not  be  selected;  e\cu  uuliarbed  ones  ai'e 
thouu;ht  liy  some  to  have  served  as  the  heads  of  darts  employed  in  the  lish-liunt. 
1  couhl  tiiiure  a  series  of  such  specimens;  but  in  view  of  their  welbknown  char- 
acter. ;ind  of  the  circumst;ince  th;d  the  use  of  any  iriven  object  of  this  class  in 
connection  with  lishiiiL;-  is  absolutely  problematical,  1  ret'r.iin  from  presentiuL,' 
illustrations.^^' 

The  (ireeidand  K-kimos  sometimes  used,  .'i.s  discoveries  in  ancient  sepulchres 
li.'ive  shown,  bl.ades  of  chipped  tliid  or  ground  .--l;ite  for  poinlinir  the  delacli.able 
harpoondieads.  somewhat  in  the  manner  shown  by  h'i::'.  IK*  on  |ia;j:(' S.'{.  'riie 
Eskimos  of  the  more  eastern  ]i;irts  of  Xortli  America  likewise  pro\  ided  their 
detachable  h;irpoon-lieads  with  iii'ound  sl.ite  points;  luit  ;d  present  tin  y  insert, 
like  the  (Ireenlanders,  blades  of  iron,  in  consei|Uence  of  the  increased  facilities 
of  obtainiiiii  th.it  met.il.l-  In  uenend,  however,  tlu-ir  h.-irpoon-he.-ids  ,ire  entirely 
made  of  bone  or  walrus-ivorv. 


*  I  iini  uwiiri-  of  tlu'  fxi-ili'iico  of  ii  ffw  >lt'mmi'(l   Dint  iHiint.-i  wliirli  itri'  bariu'd  only  on  on<*  >iilt'.      Il  a)<[i*>tirs 
|irnl>iibliJ  tlmt  tlioy  witi^  tin'  iinniiturc-  of  iirr.nvs  used  in  »liootini;  llsli. 

t  I   liiivi!  «(!i'ii  sDiuo  liiiri ns  from  tliu  Norlliwusl  Const,  in  wliicli  tin'  lioiul  t'Tininiitid  in  :i  lihxli'  of  slicot 


I 


''1 


■-^i 
# 


142 


I'KKHISTOmo   FISHINO. 


■;! 


Wc  loarn  from  (lio  early  accounts  of  Xortli  America  that  lione-lioaded  liar- 
pooiis  were  in  use  amont,'  the  Indians  inhal)itin!.'  the  Atlantic  region.  Captain 
Smith,  in  treating  tA'  the  Virginians  (l()2i»).  speaks  of  "staues  like  vnto  lauelins 
headed  with  hone."  .Ios.-<el_vn  (1<)74)  describes  the  harpoon  of  the  Xew  England 
Indians  as  "  a  kind  of  dart  or  staff,  to  t!.e  lower  end  whereof  tliey  fasten  a  sharp 
jagged  hone;"  yet  he  states  at  the  sa'ue  time  that  iron  ])oints  were  superseding 
those  of  lione.  Uoger  Williams,  in  referring  to  the  same  Indians  (l(i4.'J),  men- 
tions "an  harping  Iron  or  Mich  like  Instrninenl."  The  Southern  Indian.s 
employed  harpoons  made  of  cane  until  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  and, 
perliaps,  in  more  recent  times.* 

Considering  ihat  hone,  on  account  of  its  toughness,  was  an  excellent  material 
f(U'  pointing  tishiiig-darts,  the  comparatively  small  numlier  of  old  hoiu'  heatls 
thus  far  discuvereil  in  the  United  States  would  be  somewhat  surpriaing,  if  their 


ml 


I 


h 


Km.  SJI.-Miiliio  (CsHi'.i  liay).         Km  '.'.'•J.-Siin  Ni...l«.-  Ihiii.l.    (J'i:.J7V       KIk.  jj:i. -.-"iiii  Ni."liiH  l-liin.l     (La'.L7). 
FliiH.  'J'21-22.!. — lloui'  liiir|Miiiii  l.iiiil.t. 


*  1^)  "  KxlrurU :  "  Cu|>tiiiii  Siiiilh,  .li>»-i'lyii,  Itn^rr  Williiiin.'.,  Itrirliill,  Ailaii,  lliiiHuiii,  >  to. 


^ 


IIAlU'dON-llKADS. 


ii;} 


scarcity  could  not  bo  h=  counted  for  by  tb')ir  undoubtedly  frequent  loss  in  ti.e 
water  of  the  sea,  of  l.iUes,  and  rivers. 

Anioii^^  the  tweiity-eigiit  heads  of  bone  and  horn,  presently  to  bo  ti-ured 
and  described,  twenty  are  i)rovided  with  unihiteral,  an.l  unlv  ei-ht  witii  l^iliitiTal 
barbs.  I  believe  t'«ut  nio.st  of  them  were  arn.atmvs  fur  lishin--d,irts,  ih.-u-li  I 
would  n..t  ailempt  to  decide  in  each  case  whether  th.-  siKrinnn  IWrn.ed  the  I'.ninl 
»>t  a  siie,-,r-liKe  inipleineiil  or  of  an  arn.iv  used  in  shoofin-  lish.  Tii.-  ..bjecis 
under  n.  tic,-,  being  nmstly  cut  from  h..||ow  bones,  an-  -enerallv  tiallish.  and  often 
cxinbit,  lilio  the  bono  li.sji-hooks.  on  one  side  a  jmrfion  ..f  the  n.arn.w-cavity. 

Fi.i,'.   I'Jl.—Tliis  llunn'    is  reduced  fy„u\   <>ur   -iveii    by    PiMt'.wsnr   .lelVrirs 
Wyniaii.^:^     The  nrj-ju;,!  oc-nn-ed  in  a  siiell-depdsit  nri  iion^r  l-.|,iiid.  ('as<-u  ll.iy 
Maine,  and  is  described  as  a  flattened  |,iec,«  cut  fmn.  a  Ion-  bon...  imd  shuwin- 
(he  cancellated  structure  on  one  side.     Th.-  puint  and  barb  appear  to  be  rou.uled 
by  trictiun.     This  si)ecinien  i<  in  the  Peabody  ^fuseum. 

Fi!,'.  2.12.— A  harp-Mni-head  witls  ;,  rather  sharp  pi.int  and  ;i  sin£?le  barb  Its 
h.wor  end  is  taperin-  and  litte.l  for  in.sertion  into  a  shaft.  This  sp,.c'inien  appears 
b'  1h>  very  old,  its  surface  bein-  much  corroded  and  ble.-.ched  bv  exposure  lis 
loM-itudmal  .-urv."  (not  per.rivable  in  the  illustration)  n-nders  'it  pmbable  that 
It  was  <.ut  from  a  rib.  perhaps  that  of  a  cetacean.  Obtained  by  Mr.  Schumacher 
on  San  .Xicelas  Island. 

Iig.  2i>'{.— A  smalh  r  specimen  of  the  same  character,  found  liv  Mr.  Schu- 
macher with  the  origi?iai  of  Fin-.  'J22. 


I 


f 


'U 


M 


'A 


Flu.  iJI.-l'imln,-.hU,i  l.hiii,!.  ( ,,,,)         |.-,„.  ■.•.■■..-! ■,„.h..|,l.,,  r.|u„,|.  (I ,).        l--,-,  jj,,.  ...M;,!,,.'  (iMinari  ,  „tui). 

Fkih.  22l-2li().— IJiPin'  liiir|iiMiii-luiul«. 


«  Wynmn:   Am  .\'<.....nt  nf  »„mo  Kjn.U.iM.M.d.linu-s,  ,„  SI„  ll-Mo:ii«,  in  Mttii.o  ui.d  MiiMmliiuoUn  j  AiUL-rua 

N:iUir:.llM;    V.,1.    I,   |Si;H;    1M;,I,.  1,',.   I'i^r.   |:1.   ,1„„.,|| „„  ,,  ,-,h:i. 


>!' 


liv 


If; 


144 


I'RKICISTOUIC    FI8HINO. 


Fif».  224  (t»n  pjicr<'  143). — Tliis  tiuuro  represents  one  of  a  series  of  bone  dart- 
heads  collected  In-  Mr.  W.  II.  l);dl  in  sliell-lieaps  on  the  Alentian  Islands.  Ho 
has  puhlislied  an  account  of  his  examination  of  these  artificial  shell-deiKisits, 
accompanied  h\  illustrations  of  the  relics  found  in  them.*  Mr.  Dall  comes  to  the 
conclusion  "that  the  people  wiio  tirst  populated  tlie  islands  were  more  similar  to 
the  lowest  <j;rades  of  Innuit  (so-called  Eskimo)  than  to  the  Aleuts  of  the  historic 
period;  and  tiiat  while  th;'  development  of  the  other  Innuit  went  on  in  the  direc- 
tion in  which  they  tirst  started,  that  of  the  Aleuts  was  dilVerejitiated  ami  chaii^'ed 
by  the  limitations  of  their  envintnment ;  that  a  ijradual  progression  from  the  low 
Innuit  staireto  the  present  Aleut  condition,  without  serious  interruption,  is  plaiidy 
indicated  l»y  the  succession  of  tiie  materials  of,  Jind  utensils  in,  the  shell-heaps  of 
the  islands;  that  the  stratilication  of  the  shell-heaps  shows  a  tolerably  uniform 
division  into  three  staires,  characterizeil  by  the  food  which  formed  the  .staple  of 
sultsistcnce  and  by  the  weapons  for  oiitiiininu;.  and  utensils  for  prepariuL'.  this 
food,  as  found  in  the  .separate  strata;  tlie.se  sl.iijes  lieiui,' — I.  the  littoral  period, 
repre.-iented  by  the  ecliinus-l.iyer ;  II.  the  lishing-period,  repre.<eiited  l>y  the 
fish-bone  layer ;   III.  the  huntinui-period,  represented  by  the  mammalian  layir.'j- 

This  extract  will  suffice  tor  my  purpo.ses. 

The  oriirin.il  of  V'lix.  '22-1  was  found  in  tli(>  lower  mammalian  layer,  on 
Uliikhti  8pit,  IJn.ilashlva  Island.  This  siu'^dc-barlu'd  specimen  has  sidlered 
much  from  the  efVects  of  time,  and  h.st  its  |ioint.  The  lower  |i.irt  is  comp.iratively 
tliiii.  ai'  '  presents  on  one  side  a  shoulder  lor  fasteninjj;  the  line.  It  prolialily  was 
a  detacli.nble  lie.'ld. 

Fii;.  22-'i  (on  pa^'e  ll.'t). — A  somewhat  similar  lioue  liarpoiui-ln-ad  of  much 
fresher  appearance  th.in  tin- one  just  de.scri lied.  It  was  t.dvcn  by  .Mr.  D.ill  fnun 
the  upper  tish-bone  l.iyer  of  ,i  shell-heap  in  rn.il,i-hl\,i  Isl.nid.  Its  jioint  h;is  iieeii 
.•irtiiiei;dly  roiindeil.  evidently  for  ser\  inu'  ii  secondary  pur|)ose.  The  lower  part, 
from  the  indent.itioMs  downward,  h;is  ,i  chi.-^el-lik.  shape,  .and  it  terminates  in  a 
blunt  edu'e.  There  is  some  reason  for  conjecturing  tli.it  the  specimen  formed  a 
detach;ible  point. 

I''ig.  I'J'i  (on  p;iL'e  \  i'.V). — .V  bone  h.irpoon-point  with  two  biirlis,  from  ;i  -liell- 
he.ipat  ( Jreeid.ind  Cove,  near  l>.imari>eotta.  M;iine.  Found  by  .Mr.  A.  1.  Piielps, 
in  ISSJ.  and  given  by  him  to  the  I'e.ibodv  Museum  (No.  JlL'.'Ui.  It  is  m.ide  from 
a  |iiece  prob.iiily  eul  from  llie  le!;-l>oiie  of  a  dor  or  moose,  slii^ditly  tlalteiied  on 
oMi'  siile.  am!  has  the  n.ilur.il  rounded  surface  on  tin- other.  The  iiase  shows 
sliuht   siyus  of  we.ir,  :>-    d'  iVom  insertion   into  a  sh.ifl.     Thickness  of  the  liase 


•  Dull:  Oi.  Siui'.'>>i.in  in  \]i,'  .s|i,.||.l|i':i|is  ol'tln'  AI>Miiiiiii  I.^liirxls ,  C"iilril'Uth>iH  lo  Nurlh  Aiiii'ri>.'aii  Ktliiiu- 
li-cy  ;   V..I.  I,  \V;i>liii.i,'l.in,  l(*77,  |..  11  IM. 

I  llii.l.  ;  ]>.  40. 


-i 

i 


I 


i 


IIARPOON-HKADS. 


146 


two-eighths  of  an  inch.     The  ilgure  is  made  after  a  drawing  sent  by  Professor  F. 
W.  Putnam. 


Fia.  227.-NIIV  Y.>rk.  Flri.  IJK.-Piigot  So..,.d.   (13111)  Fl.l.  2iO  -Now  York, 

Fum.  'I'll-'l'Ii). — Harpooii-liciKis  nf  \mw  iind  dpcr-liorn. 

Fiir.  227.— Tills  h.irponii-liciil,  lltrimMl  I>y  Mr.  K.  ii.  Sijuier,  shows  two  well- 
deliiiod  uiiilatiT.'iI  liiirlis.  mid  fartlicr  liolnw  two  ujipositt'  notclics  for  altachini,'  (he 
line  whii'h  .•(.miccti-d  it  with  tho  shaft.  It  is  said  to  have  hcen  made  of  the  ulna 
of  a  deer.  Found  in  l.i\  iniistune  ('..unty.  Xew  York.'''  I  am  unable  to  state 
where  this  specimen  is  iircscrved. 

ri.u'.  22S. — A  well-worked,  llatlcncd  hone  point  with  tiiree  l)arl)S  :m  one  side. 
The  low.  r  cud  is  (laniMui'd.  Olitaiucd  hy  Mr.  .1.  (i.  Swan,  with  another  specimen 
of  nearly  the  sanu-  form,  and  likewise  hmkcn  al  the  lower  extremity,  from  a 
shell-heap  on  I'liiret  Sound.  W.-ishiuLiton  Territorv. 

Im!.'.  -'2!».— The  liiziiro  is  made  after  a  drawin,--  liy  ilie  Rev.  VV.  M.  TJeau- 
champ.  It  represents  .a  deer-Iioni  harpoon  wiJli  a  t^Mod  point  and  .i  number  of 
partly  daniajied  h.arlis  on  one  side.  The  lower  extremity  terminates  in  a  blunt 
point.  The  ori.uinal,  in  jjos.-^ession  of  Mr.  Otis  M.  I}ii,'elow,  of  IJaldwinsville, 
(Miondaira  County,  New  York,  was  found  in  an  Indian  ,-:ravi>,  excavated  in  gravel, 
at  Lock's  Ilei'fs.  n(>ar  Fdbrid-e,  Onondaga  Comity.  This  grave  contained  two 
other  harpoon-heads,  to  which  refeiviu'e  \.  ill  be  made. 


•  S,|iiicr :  Aboriginal  .M..miiiifnt8  of  tlio  Stiite  of  Now  Vork  ;  SiniUi^oiiian  UoiUributiom  to  Knowlcdgo-  Vol 

II,    Wiisliinylciii,  184;i;  ,,  "U,  Kig,  1!6. 

UlU 


U 


si 


■!  I' 


1 

I     I. 


I'lti 


I'KliHlSTOKU;    FISIIIMJ. 


Fig.  230. — A  line  single-lmrbod  imriKHiii-lioad  of  olk-liDvii,  in  an  o.voollont 
state  of  pivsorvation.  It  niea:<iire.s  m-arly  ton  inclii-s  anil  a  half  in  length,  and 
has  a  tliicliiioss  of  ahoiit  half  an  inch  in  the  niiddle.  The  broad  lower  part  shown 
two  .shoulder.-^,  hut  its  base,  instead  of  lieing  worked  thin,  is  more  than  one- 
fourth  of  an  inch  thick.  The  ht  >1  nevertheless,  may  have  been  detachable. 
This  specimen  was  presented  to  the  National  Museum,  with  other  valuable  relics, 


It 


^■! 


if 


I? 


r '«! 


pm 


t : 


^^ 


Fio  S»i.-N.  w  Vnrli    (IIMJ) 


Ki.i.  l;.ll  -Mlrhlnmi.  (rj.T..) 


I''iii,  i::r.'.-iHiio  (M«ll-..iivilli'). 


Fnifl.  2lt()-'_';!'_'. — ll!ii|ii)iiii-li('iul.s  of  elk  'iinni  and  '.loiii'. 


IIAUl'lJON-llKADS. 


147 


W: 


by  the  lato  \V.  M.  Li.cko,  of  iroiioovc  Falls,  Monrno  roiinty,  Now  York.  His 
son,  Mr.  F.  M.  Locke,  of  llocliostor,  Xow  York,  inforiiiod  mo  hy  letter  tluvt  lio 
had  found  it  liiniself  about  two  milcH  soutli  of  Iloneoye,  on  tlie  old  Indian  re.sor- 
vation  called  the  IS.iil  F;irni.  "  It  lay  on  the  surface  where  there  had  been  a 
{iTcat  many  canip-lires.  and  the  ciayish  irmnnd  was  covered  with  ashes,  preserv- 
ing the  spear  and  oilier  relics  that  might  have  decayed,  had  it  not  been  for  the 
ashes  and  clay." 

Fig.  2.'U.— .Vnotlier  reinarUalde  hari>oondn'ad,  al»out  a  foot  in  length,  not 
quite  half  an  inch  thick  in  the  middle,  and  exhibiting  si.v  well-cut  unilateral 
bariis,  partly  dam.iged.  it  is  made  of  a  long  bmie  of  some  large  animal.  The 
perfect  lower  part  is  coiiipar;  lively  tiiin,  and  litied  for  insertion  into  a  shaft  or 
socket.  Tiiis  spei-imen,  wliii-r.  appears  to  in"  very  old  (the  l)one  having  lost  its 
anini.il  matter)  was  found,  according  to  the  Smithsonian  record,  near  Detroit, 
.Michigan,  and  presented  i)y  .Mr.  J.  W.  I'axton. 

Fig.  2.'L'. — \  single-liarl)ed  harponn-head  of  peculiar  form,  being  broadest 
;it  the  base,  and  tapering  gradually  to  the  point.  .Vbout  tiie  middle  it  is  three- 
eigliths  of  an  inch  tiiick.  The  side  e.\[tosed  to  vi.-w  shows  thestri;e  produced  by 
th(^  instrument  with  which  the  dart  was  linished  ;  on  the  opposite  side  a  small 
l)ortion  of  the  marmw-cavity  can  lie  seen.  In  forming  the  ba.se,  a  cut  was  made 
all  around  to  a  ceilain  deptli.  and  the  remaining  [larl  of  the  bone  l)rokeii  oil". 
At  a  distaiKte  of  two  inches  and  tiiree-eighths  tVom  the  lower  end  is  an  o\al  hole 
desiuiied  to  connect  the  dart,  perhaps  a  detadialile  one,  with  the  shall.  This 
speciuK'n,  which  is  of  a  yellowish  color  .md  well  i)reserved,  was  found  in  the 
Madisonville  cemetery,  and  belongs  to  ilie  lion.  Jo.seph  C'o.x,  to  whom  1  am 
indebted  for  its  loan. 


ft 


;?'] 


Fiu.  Wl.    (l.iiHil). 
Flos 


2;i.;-2;!r).— II, 


Vir,.    ■■;{      (IU171I. 

Olio  iiiirpoiinliciicls. 


Ki.i.  i'lr..   (IL'W). 


:iMm 


I 


1  :  ■  ■ 


148 


I'HKHISTOKIC    KISIIING. 


Fig.  233  (on  page  147). — This  liarpoim-lioad,  of  very  old  apponranco,  has 
lost  its  point  and  is  broken  at  the  lower  part,  which  shows  a  ronghly  executed 
perforation.  It  was  probably  detachal)]e.  Obtained  by  Mr.  Dall  from  the  lower 
mammalian  layer  of  an  ancient  rock-shelter  in  Atka  I.slnnd,  Alaska. 

Fig.  234  (on  page  147). — A  larger  specimen,  in  a  better  state  of  preservation, 
but  likewise  lacking  its  point.  The  base  forms  an  edge  like  that  of  a  blunt  chisel, 
and  tiie  hole  is  carefully  drilled.  On  both  sides  a  cavity  of  elongated  oval  form 
is  worked  out  between  the  hole  and  the  barb.  This  dart,  it  appears,  separated 
from  the  shaft,  when  used.  It  was  found  by  Mr.  DjUI  in  the  lower  mammalian 
layer  at  Port  Moller,  Peninsula  of  Aliaska. 

Fig.  '2'i't  (on  page  147). — This  diminutive  dart-head,  of  excellent  workman- 
ship and  tVo<»h  appc.".i*ance,  prol)ably  was  not  designed  for  practical  use,  but  may 
have  ierved  as  ihe  armature  of  a  toy-harpoon,  by  means  of  which  a  juvrnile 
hunte*  qualified  himself  for  the  more  serious  work  of  later  years.  Tiie  point  is 
roundi.'d  and  polished  like  the  whole  object.  The  base  of  the  l)arb  siiows  a 
straight  ornamental  incision,  and  below  the  blunt  point  a  small  nick  has  been  cut 
out.  It  is  one  of  the  specimens  cidlected  by  Mr.  Dall.  He  discovered  it  in  the 
upper  lish-bone  layer  in  a  cave  of  Amaknak  Island,  Captain's  IJay,  Unalashka. 


E  !!■  1  ' 


Fio.  Ml).— M»ino  (lliiclpl..n's  Ishinii).  Flo.  2:l7.-.Mi>in.' {Mil neii>  .-oiiiiil), 

Fios.  'I'M  iuid  237.— IJone  iiHrpouii-bcads, 

Fig.  236. — A  bone  harpoon-head  re.-<embling  in  general  character  the  speci- 
mens Just  doscr'bed.  bui  lerivcil  from  the  Atlantii-  co;i:«t-regioii.  It  is  prol»ably 
made  from  the  leg-boni'  of  a  dee,'.  Ont^  side  sliow.s  the  natural  rounded  surface 
of  the  bone,  the  other  its  internal  i-avity.  Tiiickness  about  three-eighths  of  an 
inch.  Tiiis  dart  was  found  in  1SS>  l)y  Mr.  A.  T.  (Jamage  in  a  sliell-lieap  on 
Ilodgdon's  Island,  Dam.iriscotta  Uiver.  .M.iine.  and  presented  i)y  him  to  the 
Pcabody  Museum  (No.  29270)- 

Fig.  237.— This  harpoon-head  has  lost  its  upper  part,  but  probably  ternii- 


I 


HAKPOON-HKAna. 


149 


nat...I  ,,s  in.li,.atc'.l  in  tlK>  .luttod  r.vstorntion,  wliid,  is  juHtifiod  bv  the  fmrt  ti.nt 
theiv  IS  a  si.i,M.tli  .Mit  at  th«  place  ii.arktMl  a.  It  was  luinul  in  18Hi'"in  a  slR.|l-l,oap 
at  Ivcnies  lV,i„t,  ^[^s,..,„^n,s  S..nn.l,  Main.-,  l.y  Mr.  A.  I.  I'lidps.  an.l  is  now  in 
the  l\.al.o.ly  .Nfusoun,  (Xn.  i'!»i>:U).  Tl.is  fi.-.uv  an.l  tl.o  precnlini,^  one  were 
mn.le  att.-r  .iraw.ii-s  sent  hy  I'n.fessur  F.  W .  Putnam,  f.  wh,.ni  I  am  also 
in.lol.te.1  f..r  .lesn-iptiuns  of  the  specimens.  This  .lart-head,  like  that  represented 
in  the  preceding  llgure,  appears  to  have  been  tletachable. 


m 


,      Kl.l.  J:W.-,\l».sk,..     {■Mti).  K,,,.  ilii.-Mi,-hlg»n.     (l(«r,(l,  l.-,o.  24n._N,.vv  V,.rk.    CHWl). 

Fk.s.  238-240.— Hurpoon-heiuls  of  buiie  uiul  tlitr-horn. 

Fig.  2.18.— A  spe<-imen  of  ancient  appearance,  with  damaged  point  and 
base,  and  one  hliint  l.;.rl..  It  is  rath,.r  thi<'k  in  pr<.porlion  to  its  size, 
measuring  half  an  inch  above  the  .'longated  t.ye.  Koun.l  near  Stikine  Kiver.' 
Alaska,  liy  I.ieutenaiit  F.  W.  King,  U.  S.  A. 

Fig.  L';«».— This  specimen,  a  b.,ne  harpo,.n-liead  wiili  three  unilateral  barbs, 
i.s  lik(>wise  broken  at  b.,th  extremifi,.s.  The  Iwn  luwer  JKirbs  ,nv  of  pecnliar 
shape,  being  provided  with  a  kind  of  .shoulder.  The  side  seen  in  Ihe  illustration 
exhibits  the  natural  roundness  of  the  bon.' :  the  lower  one  i.s  neariv  flat.  Thick- 
ness in  the  mi.hlle  nearly  half  an  in.-h.  This  dart-head  was  f.uind  in  an  Indian 
grave  at  Fort  Wayne,  near  Detroit,  Michigan,  and  i.resented  l)v  Dr.  J  D  Irwin 
U.  S.  A.  *  ' 


r 


^i^isiV!aiiiiii4i,f(fp 


h 


IGO 


I'HKIIISTOUIO   FISHINO. 


F\(f.  240  (on  page  14{»). — A  Iifirpoon-lioiKl  of  «U'cr-liorn,  toloriibly  \V(>11  pro- 
siTved,  but  iinfi)rtiiiuitoly  IjimIvcd  at  tlic  lower  oxtroinity.  The  poinl  niul  tlic  two 
barbs  nro  carefully  linislu'd  ;  tlie  perforation,  sunk  in  from  both  siilen,  is  of  irrei;- 
ular  form.  A  eross-scetion  Jiliove  it  would  form  an  elonjjjated  ellipse  with  a 
shorter  axis  of  nearly  half  an  inch.  Fonnd  by  ^Ir.  V.  11.  Cushing  in  a  shell-heap 
in  Onondaga  County,  New  York. 

This  darl  is  th(>  last  in  my  avail.ible  series  of  perforated  specimens  made  of 
bone  or  horn,  whieh,  I  believe,  wen*  mostly  intended  to  separate  from  the  shaft 
wIkmi  launehed.  It  prob.ibly  has  been  noticed  that  these  |iierced  dart-heads  have 
all  unilateral  barbs;  tho.se  with  b.arbs  on  both  sides,  it  will  be  seen,  are  not 
perforated,  but  may  also,  in  part  iit  least,  have  been  detachable.  I'erhaps  it  is 
only  owing  to  .accident  th.it  imne  of  the  bilaterally  barbed  heads  at  my  disposition 
is  perforated.  The  Eskimos  of  the  Xorthwest  ("oast,  it  will  be  remembered,  use 
to  this  (lay  walrus-ivory  harpnun-heads  with  barbs  on  both  sides  and  an  eye  for 
receiving  the  line  which  connects  the  head  with  the  shaft.*  Some  of  the  bono 
])()ints  presently  to  be  described  may  have  been  armatures  for  arrows  used  in 
shooting  lish. 


Pio.  Jll.— Now  York.    (C22:.).  Fi<i. '-'IJ— Miiino  (('asc-n  liny). 

Flos.  '241  and  242.— Boiiu  ilart-liciuls. 

Fig.  241. — \  flart-head  with  three  small  barbs  on  e.ach  side,  .so  placed  that 
they  altern.'ite.  The  ujiper  side  is  rnimded  :  on  lht>  lower  (Hie  the  cavity  of  the 
bone  reaches  from  the  broken  Inwercnd  to  the  lowest  i»;irli.  I  would  not  venture 
to  say  more  concerning  the  use  of  Ihis  darl -head,  than  that  it  prob.ibly  was 
employed  in  the  tish-hunt.  Obtained  in  Ontario  County,  Ne\  York,  and  pre- 
sontcil  by  Colonel  E.  Jewctt. 


•  .Sflo  Kiiis.  I'.i,  ^'0,  Mild  '1\  nil  p.  21. 


'J   tt 


riAUl'OON-IIKADS. 


151 


ri-  -'42.— This  n-iiiv  rcprcscnls  a  Im.iic  (li.rt-li.vid  nn  .  „  l.ilatonil  l.arbs  hvo 
on  one  s„l,.  Mini  tl.m- .,„  tl,,.  otl,,-,-.  it  is  n,a<lo  uf  a  l.m-  1.,.,,..,  sl.nwin..  the- 
inton.al  t-avily  on  nn<.  si.Io.     Tl...  |,ni„l.Ml  ami  l.arl.,.,1  part  is  ivinarkaMv  iKm-ow 

!"  I" •'■^'""  '"  ^''''  ^^''"l'  ••''  < •■•'••I.  iiisn„ni.-l.  tl.al  11...  „„'tl,n,l  of  its  application 

IS  n..t.iuit.'  ..I.vious.     Tliis  s| inirn,  lilu>  the  uri-inal  nf  Fi-  I'-Jl,  was  „l,tain.>.l 

nn  (iuos,.  Islan.l,  ,l„rin-  |'n.i;.ssoi-  Wyman's  ...xpluratiun  ..I'  sln>II-l.,>aps  in   that 
hicalily.     It.  is  in  tho  IValiodv  iMusc-iini.* 


m 


I'm.  2l:i.    (i:iiv2in).  f,^.  oh     (1^02.1). 

Vu:k  ■M:\--2\r,.— l',uur  clMi-l-liciul.-'.     Ahiskii 


Fia.  21,',.    (i.inooi. 


i 


)S 


V'vj;.  243. — A  very  line  and  wclI-prcscrvcd  Imnc  puint  with  two  sharj)  l)arl 
on  oai'h  sido  and  a  hmad  ll.it  lower  tciauinatioii  lor  inscM-fion.  This  spccinuMi  is 
alto,u;oth('r  the  neatest  North  American  l.on,.  dart-ln'ad  that  lias  fallen  nnd.T  mv 
iiotiee,  hein-  eipially  well  worked  on  i.oth  sides,  wliieh  show  a  re-niar  sli-lit 
<-onve.\ity.  Its  len-th.  Ih.wever.  is  not  nnnv  than  {\\„  inches  .nnl  seveii-eiuhths. 
Found  l.y  .Mr.  Dall  in  the  upper  nianiinaliaii  layer  (.11  Ad.ikh  isl.in.i.  Alaska. 

Im,--.  2H.— A  lar-vr  sp.rinien  of  corresponding  form.  I.nl  less  perfect  work- 
manship, and  .-^..mewhat  dam;i-ed  in  various  places,  'j'he  ohject  is  a  litile  curved, 
npparenlly  on  accnmt  of  licing  cut  from  a  rilL  it  w,-is  t.ik'en  i,y  .Mr.  Dall  from' 
the   middle  m; nalian  layer  on  Adakh  island. 

Fi-.  2i.")._'|'|iis  .l.irtdi.'.id  h.K  fonrsharjp  l,,irl.son  on,,  side  ,-ind  llir .11  the 

other,  the  hitler  haN  in-  all  lost  their  points.  i!,,||i  extrendties  of  tins  sp.vimen 
an-  likewi.se  d.-feclive.  .\  deep  -ro,,ve  is  cutout  lon-itudimdlv,  and  sli-liter 
g:-<)oves  mark  the  places  from  winch  the  l,.-,rl.s  proj..et.  -I'ln-.^.-  -r'ooves  are  Fn  ali 
prol)al)ility  purely  ornamental.     The  opp,>site  side  is  worked  smooth,  hut  .siiows 


•'A 


»  KiguriM  un.l  .I.^.tIIu.!  in  l'i„r,...M)r  Wyniiiri'Mirlic'l,.  ,|,i,.t,.,l  ,.i,  i,.  \.\ 


V.  W.i. 


i 


I      ' 


r:  i! 


ssszacaBKBD 


182 


rKKIIISTOHIC    KISIIINO, 


the  cellular  structun'  of  tlio  bone.     Tlii'  (ilijoct  was  taUrii  In-  Mr.  Dull  from  tlio 
lowest  mainniulinn  layer  in  a  cavu  on  Aiiiaknak  Inland,  Aiuska. 


Il- 


Flos.  246-248. — Hiir|)oi)n-lienilH  of  docr-liorii.     New  York. 

Figs.  240  to  248. — These  ligiiroa  were  nintle  after  drawings  sent  hy  the  Rev. 
W.  M.  Boauchaiiip.  Tiie  s|H'('inicns,  all  consisting  of  dfcr-liorn,  belong  to  Mr. 
Otis  M.  Bigdow,  already  mentioned.  The  original  of  Fig.  24(),  broken  .it  llie 
ba.se,  was  found,  witli  other  relics,  in  a  gnivel-bed  on  Ciiarles  IJidvvcH's  jot. 
Ell)ridge,  Onondaga  County,  Xew  York.  The  originals  of  Figs.  247  and  248 
occurred  in  the  same  grave  which  contained  the  specimen  represented  in  Fig. 
229  (on  page  145). 

In  conclusion,  I  have  to  describe  the  few  ancient  harpoon-heads  of  cop|H'r 
known  to  me.  They  all  belong  to  the  State  Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin 
(at  Madison),  which  is  p.-irticularly  rich  in  prehistoric  oiijects  of  copper,  the  State 
of  Wisconsin,  on  account  of  its  pro.\imity  to  the  source  of  the  virgin  metal,  h;iving 
furnished  a  large  number  of  relics  of  this  material. 

Fig.  249. — A  sniidl  dart-head,  perhaps  the  head  of  an  iirrow  for  shooting 
fish.  Professor  James  1).  IJntler,  in  his  jocose  mode  of  expression,  refers  to  it 
as  follows: — "We  hope  for  special  aid  from  Gmnniis,  for  we  lunc  had  it.  .Most 
of  our  s|)ecimens  bear  the  mimes  of  (ierman  linders.  History  will  repeat  ilselt". 
Three  great  German  inventions  begin  with  the  letter  1'.,  Printing.  Powder,  and 
Protestantism.  Let  us  have  one  more,  namely,  Prehistorics.  Hul  all  nationalities 
will  aid  us.  They  hav(>.  Our  French  inhabitants  are  tew.  init  one  of  them,  M. 
de  Neveu,  of  Fond  du  Lac,  has  just  presentecl  . a  copper  (piite  unlike  any  other 
in  our  cabinet.  We  call  it  a  spe.ir  with  a  iinil.atinMl  barb.  Those  like  it  have 
been  found  in  France  ami  on  the  Isl.md  of  Santa  15;irl)ara.  and  are  now  nsi'd  in 
Tierra  del   Fuego.     Meeting  with   unequal   resistance  in  water,  it  will    not  go 


I      • 


HARPOON-IIEADS. 


108 


Mtriiiiilit.  S(i  it  sooiiis  uf  an  ahsurd  pattern,  but  it  is  found  tluit  if  aimed  at  a  lish 
il  will  hit  iiini,  for,  uwtwjr  to  the  refraelion  of  lij,'ht.  lie  is  not  wiiore  he  hmlia  as 
if  ho  were.      Oiio  barb  is  Idea  better  than  two,  and  wo  are  the  fools  after  all."* 


: 


k 


I 


} 


■•''"•  -'■'  I'm  '.1*1  Pio.  251. 

Fkw.  2H»-i')l.— Copper  (liirt-h.inls.     Wisconsin. 

Afterward  the  Society  was  enriclied  uKJi  two  additional  eopper  harpoon- 
lieads  i,{  similar  tnrm,  but  mix-h  larufcr  si/e.  The  illustrations  repre.sentinjj;  tliein 
were  made  after  iiliotojj:raphs  kindly  procured  for  me  Ity  Professor  IJutler.- 

Fii.'.  -'•")<>. — A  sinu-I(>-Iiari>ed  copper  liarpooii-liead,  measuring  nine  inches  ami 
fhree-t'oiirtlis  ill  lenutii.  It  was  I'oun.l  in  \VauUe>li.i  County,  Wisconsin,  in  1877. 
and  [(resented  to  the  Society  by  Dr.  John  A.  Rice,  of  Morton,  in  tiuisaino  county. 


•  RutliT :  Pri'liMlorie  Wi»oi.n»in  ;  Anmml  AiUress  bofopA  tlm  Stiito  Hislorioiil  Sooioty  ..f  Wiwonsin,  In  tli« 
As^.n.l.ly  Clminlior,  K..|.ruury  \H,  187ii ;  p.  IK -Fig,  •Jli)  is  a.|.i«l  Iron,  one  ..f  tho  plates  accompanying  thi. 
pampliU't. 

u2() 


M 


1 


m 

H'l 

'4' 


'yWtilHl 


iteia 


lot 


I'ltKIIIHTDKIC    KrSlil.NO. 


Fii,'.  -J-'tl  ((II)  pap'  l.V})  — Aiictdicr  siii!xlt>.|»arlic(|  s|icciiiii'ii.  ci^lit  iiiclicH  and 
ono-hair  ill  l('iii,'lli.  roiiihl  in  tin'  ii(iu;lil)..rlin.Hl  n(  F.tiul  tlu  liUc,  ami  jiroai'iitiul 
to  tlu-  Sofii'ty  ill  IM7(;  l.y  M.  ,lo  Novou. 


Fill.  2.'>'_'.--('iili|i.r  ll!ir|i(i(iii  Ik  :l<l.      .\l;i-kil. 

Until  comparatively  rocciil  times  liarpniiii-liead.-i  were  liaiiimei-eil  out  nt' 
native  cupper  by  ('('rtaiii  Indians  <>{'  Alaska.  There  are  several  speciniens  in  tlic 
United  States  National  Mn-'eiiiii.  cnntriiinled  l.y  Mr.  Dall  .nul  Dr.  T.  T.  Minor, 
and  one  of  tlieiii.  oldained  liy  llie  l.ist-nanied  ueiitleman  I'rom  tlie  Tlilinkets  <>ii 
IJaraiiofT  Island  (Silk.i),  is  represented  in  Kiv'. -•'>-•  It  is  a  well-worked  tlattisli 
liarpooii-liead,  tliroe-.si.vteenllis  of"  an  ineli  tliiek,  with  live  sharp  unilateral  liarlis 
and  an  eye  in  the  e.xpandiiiLr  lower  part,  .ainl  strikiiiifly  similar  in  shape  to  .sume 
of  the  spe<'imeiis  uf  lione  lieretufnre  deserihed. 

I  am  indi'lited  \n  .Mr.  D.ill  for  lite  folJnwiiiL,'  details  coiieeriiinij  the  use  of 
native  copper  in  Alaska  ; — 

"The  earliest  ethiinln-ieal  fact  recurded  liy  Steller,  the  llrst  white  man  «ho 
set  foot  *>ii  thise  eiiaits.  at  Kay.ik  Isj.-md,  in-ar  the  nioiiih  of  the  Atiia  m'  Copper 
Kiver,  .liily  1'".  I7H.  w.is  tie'  discovery  (amniij;  uther  ihiiiLts)  of  a  whetstoiio 
on  whicii  eiipper  kni\<-shad  iieeii  sharpened.  The  Atna  Kiver  contains  in  the 
gra\i'l.s  of  its  li.'d  walerworn  masses  uf  native  copper,  of  which  I  purchased  one 
(now  in  the  National  Museum)  tVom  the  natives  livinj,'  near  this  river  duriiii,' 
their  .innual  vi-it  tu  I'ort  Ktches,  in  |.s74.  They  have  heeii  from  time  imme- 
mori.al  in  the  haliit  k(  lirinuiiiL:'  duwii  tin-  pieces  uf  cupper  tu  trade  lu  the  cuast- 
nati\es,  whu  made  uf  ihem  kiii\i's,  arrow  and  harpuuii-puints,  shields,  aiid 
amulets,  specimens  >•(  which  are  in  the  cullectiun  uf  the  X.atiunal  Museum,  ur 
have  lieen  sc'ii  hy  me  in  ii-e.  The  Indians  ahuut  Sitka,  after  the  Ilii>sians 
lu'ciime  estalilished  there,  iliscarded  cupper  fur  iron,  whicli  they  l)oiii;hl  from 
the  Russians  and  frum  Hri<.dish  ;ind  American  traders.  Occasiumdly  they 
ohtained  pieces  i>(  ytdlow  shealliiim-metal,  which  is  harder  than  copper.  I'.ut 
till'  uld  implements  were  ]ireser\  ed  with  veiieratiuii  ur  hecaiise  they  were  •  liickv  ' ; 
yet  tlu'y  ha\e  iiuw  iiiustly  passed  inlu  the  hands  of  cullect(H"s. 

"  It  wuuld  he  alisurd  for  people  who  can  Imy  iron  to  continue  thf  manufac- 
ture i>{  implements  of  sot't  cupper.  .\s  ;i  matter  uf  fact,  its  use  was  iriven  up 
very  suuii,  when-ver  intercourse  with  the  whites  liecame  hahitiial.  In  unfrc- 
(pu'tited  localities  near  the  source  of  the  copper  its  use  continued  until  l.itel\. 
It   is  now  nearly  or  (piite  obsolete." 


M'.TS. 


Ififi 


Nefn. —  I  .1111  lint  aware  fliat  ri'iiiaiiis  i>(  net-*.  {<>  wliirh  ihr  icriii  "  |in'liis|nric" 
ri  II  lie  !i|i|(lirc|,  arc  in  any  nl'  tlic  CKllt'ctions  in  tlir  I'liilril  State.'",  I'nr  eaiises 
tending,' to  tln'ir  presei'vatinn,  as  in  llieciisc  of  tlieS\vi.-s  laeiistrine  woven  lalirics, 
(1<)  nut  seem  to  liave  iiperaled  in  lliis  ennnlrv.  A  few  nieslies  of  net.  liowe\ep, 
nre  s.iiil  to  Iiii\  e  lieeii  foiinil.  with  otlier  .irticles,  in  the  .NLunniotli  <  'ave.  Ki-nliickv. 
Tlie  reference  rH-ciirs  in  ;i  note  aeconipiuiyiiitr  .1  nnnilier  of  tiiese  oltjects  liiiehnl- 
ini;  the  net-fiMLrineni )  >i'nt  \>\  Mr.  (iratz,  t'oriiierly  the  owner  of  llie  Maniinolh 
Cive.  to  Dr.  .Saiiiiiej    L.  Mitehill,  of  New  Voik.     The  note  is  tliiis  wonh'il: — 

"There  will  Ite  toiiinl  in  tiiis  liiiinMe  two  inoe;isoiis.  in  the  s.niie  state  thov 
were  wlien  diiu:  ont  of  tlie  .M.iniiiiotli  C'lve,  filiont  two  hnmlred  yanis  from  its 
month,  rpon  ex.imination,  it  will  he  |iereei\e(l  tli.it  tiiey  ar<>  faln'ieateil  out  of 
tlill'erelll   mateiM.ils  ;    one  is  sil|i|ioscil  to  lie  m.-ide  of  a  speeies  of  /A///,  or  /////,  U  liieh 


•rrows  in 


the  soiitiierii   parl^  of  Kenlne!\y  ;  (lie  other,  of  the  li.iilx  o|'  -.ime  iri 


proh.'ilily  t  lie  iKljijifKl'. 

••There  .ire.  also,  in   this  p.aciiet,  a  jiarl  of  what    is  .-iipposed   to  he  a    l.liuil- 

roiiii/,f  poiirli,  two  nie-hes  of  ,1  lisliinn'-net,  ;inci   .-i    pii of  what  we  siip]iose  to 

he  the  raw   m.aterial,  and  of  whieli   the  tlshiiii^-iiet,  the  poiieh.  and  one  ,,(  the 
All   of    which    were  dii^'  on!  of  the   .Maiiiniolh  ('a\e.  niiii' 


tiioc.usons  are  maile 


ur 


ten  feet  under  ■'round:  tluil  is,  lielow  tli<'  snrl'ace  or  lloor  of  llie  ea\eri 


"This,"  says  i'rofcssor  F.  W.  I'ntii;iiii,  "is  the  only  st.ateiiienl  we  li;i\e  of 
articles  of  this  eh.iracti'r  heinu'  found  in  the  .Maiiiiiiolli  (',i\e,  .and  it  i^  \erv 
proli.ilde  that  lliey  ;ire  soiiie  of  the  luissiiiLr  iirlicles  lieloiiniiii;  |o  tiie  liody  found 
in  Short  ('iive.'"i-  lie  refers  to  llie  so-called  '•  .Maiiiiiioth  Cave  .M iiniiiiy,"  uhich 
lias  jiltracted  so  niiich  attention  in  pJist  years.  This  di-siccated  liiiiiiaii  hody  w.is 
found  in  isl  1,  if  not  earlier,  in  .short  Cave,  si'ii.ited  .ahont  eiulit  miles  from 
.M 

e.\hil)itioii.  i'rofessipr  i*iitii;ini  has  estaiilished  these  facts  in  the  course  of  inves- 
tiu'.itioiis  111,'ide  ill  locii.l  The  lioily  lii'lom.;ed  formerly  to  iln-  .\iiiericaii  Anti- 
(pi.iri.in  .S.ici.'lv,  liiit  is  imw  in  the  N  ion.il  .Mn^eiim.  .\l'li'r  the  I'orei^oim;-  state- 
ment, it  is  hiirdly  iiece~-,ir\  t.i  .add  that  tin-  net -fr,iL:ii lent  is  imt  a iiioni.'  the  articles 
■•U'conip.'iliyiiii,'  the  liody. 

In  the  e.irliest  work<  on    North  .\meric,i  the  ti--liiiii;-nets  of  the    Indians  are 


imnioth   Case,  .ind    had    lieeii    t.-iken    to  the    l.itter   place    for   the   pnrposc  of 


mentioned,  lail  not  dc-i-rilied.  t'ahez.i  de  \  ,ic.i,  the  tir-t  l'airii|ie.iii  wiio  L;'a\e  an 
airoiinl  of  the  interi.ir  of  the  country,  ret'ers  in  wirimi-  place,  ihoii-h  in  a 
transient  ni.iniier,  to  the  nets  of  the  ii,iti\cs  w  Imiii  he  met  diiriiiL;'  his  loni;  w.m- 
Ueriiiyn.     The  (Spaniards   under  l'am[>liilo   ile   Narvaez,  after   their  lamling  in 


»  Arrliioi)liii;lii  Ami'riciitm ;  Vul.  I;  AVurii-sliT,  Mus.-iieliUH'ttK,  IS'JO;  p.  S2.3. 

f  I'liliKiin:   ArrliU'..l.';;i(iil  llcicftn  tics  in  Kontiicky  iiml  iniliiiiiii,   I.s74  |    I'mci'iiling^  of  tlii)  Bost.Ki  S.H'li'ly  nf 
Nnturiil  Uisti.ry;  Vol.  XVII,  is:.-,;  |,   :l;ll. 
■  ll.i.l,;|..:):!l. 


'\t\ 


J] 


pm 


n 


Ififi 


I'KKirisroHic  iisiMNd. 


Florida  (ir)2H),  lu'  suys,  found  in  »in'  of  :\iv  la;'i,'i«  lioiist's,  or  hiifilos,  a  fjfoldon  lu-ll 
aiuoiiu;  iK'is  (kiil/iinioH  ttlli  una  tSoimjn  ilr  <'ri>,riifrr  las  h'tilts);  ami  in  s|n'akiiit;  o|' 
tlio  Mafi'amcs.  lie  states  tliat  if  iIh-v  waiitrd  to  iiiarrv.  lliov  lioiiirlit  wives  from 
tlieir  I'lHMiiii's,  paving  for  eacdi  wife  the  best  liow  tliev  eoiild  |>roenre  and  t\vo 
arrowa;  hut  tliat  in  default  of  tlieso  weapons  (hey  pive  a  stpiare  net  nieasu- 
rinj;  a  fatlioni  either  way  (/  si  (icasD  no  fitiir  Arci),  una  Jin',  fmxfn  iniu  hra^-a  en 
aiir/io.  >  utnt  <n  Idnjo)*  His  other  references  to  nets  are  of  little  moment.  The 
two  principal  authors  who  have  left  accounts  of  |)e Soto's  expedition  for  the  con- 
quest of  l-'lorida  ( l').'{t>-'4.'{),  ( iarciiasso  de  la  Vega  and  the  aiKCiymous  l*ortuu;uese 
gonllemaii,  called  the  Ivnij,'ht  of  Khas.  liki'wise  say  little  oncerning  the  nets  of 
the   Indians.     The  latt<'r  relates,  hoWi\er- that   the  Snaniards,  while  at  a  plai-e 

near  the    .Mississippi  called   I'acaha   (('apaha,  a( rdini.";  to  (iarcilasso)  caught 

lish  in  a  la'vc  uitn  nets  lurnished  hy  llie  !ndians.|-  iiater  authors  are  morn 
o.vplicit  in  tlieii'  -taten>ents  concerning  Indian  net-tishing,  as  ;',:;  e.vaniinalion  of 
the  "  Kxtracts"  given    ater  on  will  slmw, 

iSiidirs. — It  sea  ret  ly  need  he  specially  aflirmed  that  the  natives  of  North 
America,  like  the  prini.'ive  lishermen  in  all  |>arts  of  the  wdrld.  weii:litcd  their 
nets  liy  ni'-ans  uf  stiuies.  In  "iir  time  the  Indian  and  Innuil  triiies  df  llie  NciDh- 
west  ('oast  ami  nf  ollu-r  northern  re;;ii);is  of  .\merica  use  pehhics.  either  nnallered, 
if  of  >uitaiile  form,  <  ;•  •lotclieil  >>v  giMnved,  Ji-  >iiikcrs  for  their  dill'ireiit  kimls  of 
nets,  ;ind  the  -.■ime  is  done  liv  whiles  in  many  districts  of  this  coimlry.  Those, 
for  instancr,  who  pursue  the  t.r;ide  of  lishing  aimig  the  Sus(|ii(li.nina  ,ind  it.s 
.\orlii  IhMni  h,  use  ~lone  >ink<i's  for  their  set-lines  ;ii,  '  net.;,  the  sSones  eniplo\  cd 
hy  them  lirii,';-  ii,  ually  not  noiclni!  or  grooved,  hut  h.n  nig  natur.ally  two  oppo>itt> 
sides  curved  in  ..irdiy.  ;ironnd  whi.-h  a  string  can  l)e  lirndy  lied.  They  carel'iilly 
select  the  .--tones  whic-li  pi'i'sent  this  form. 

The  origin.d  of  Kig.  •jrt[\  was  given  to  Mr.  !•'.  ii.  ('ashing  liy  a  white  li.-'ier- 
man  at  Diinkiik.  on  i.ake  j'lrie  (Neu  ^■orkl.  1 1  i>  .1  nearly  circid.ir  pehhie,  not 
ipiite  ;in  inch  ihii'k  in  liio  middle,  .'ind  iiolcln  d  on  cCjijiosile  sides.  'I'he  slrini; 
which  connected  it  with  the  net  is  still  in  pl.ace,  .Sindi  stones,  .Mr.  Ciiihing 
inlormed  me,  .are  prepared  and  .  .\iensively  used  for  weighting  gill-m  Is  hy  lishi'r- 

mi  l>  ;dong  the  sheccs  o|'  llic  grral   lakes. 

Sinki'rs  of  this  simple  .■iiaracli  r  were  ,ii..-t  coninioniy  emploscd  li\  ihe 
indigenoiw  inli.il  'ants  of  .Norlli  Annrica,  aiid  ihcy  .in'  re|ires('ntei|  in  the 
Xalional    Mu->iim   hy  -prcimi'Us  from    l{hodc    l-land,  .Ni'w   N'oi-k,  i'mnsyh  ania, 


I 


ii 


"  NHi.*>ir:i>)M  (I*-  .Vlvitr  NdAe/.  I'ltlxuii  dv  Vui'u,  t'tt'.  ;  Uuri-i'.  "  HiHtoriiiJort  a  rriiiuuv<>«  il<'  l.-is  liuUitfi 
o,ii.|.niiili«i  "   V.i    1,  Vhiilriil.  174'';  y\'   .'liiinl  JO      Tlii>  ..rininal  i.urk  •tppiiinil  ill  Vulliululiil  in  l-Vifi 

t  .NuruiliM  «  •.!  till' t'liriMT  of  lli>riinii<lii  ili-  Snln  in  Ihv  t'iini|  .ful  nl'  Kluriilu,  m  tiiM  hy  ii  Kiiif;lil  "f  Klvin, 
Hiiil  I  '  :.  iii  lulh'i  liy  l.iiyii  IIi>rnnii<lu7,  Uu  liiiHlinn,  Kmlnr  nf  tliii  K..  in'OitiiMi;  trttniiliiUnI  by  lliukinKlmni  Hniitli ; 
Nrw  Y.ih,  '-^W;  |..  lej.     Til 


IllTl'   Will    l>l'  HIT 


union  t"  ri'liT  it'^'uin  t    '>lii-  |>hsmI);>'  in  hiihUiit  iiinnictiiiii 


SINKKK3. 


Uu 


Olio.    rnu>.ssc.o     n,mn,.,  U,,.!,.  ('alilon.ia,  Oregon,  and  the  Aleutian  Isl,.,uls 

A    o  dm,  to  Dr.  C,  A  Uu.  ...y  o.-our  i„  Now  Jer^oy  .,y  the  i.undmls  in  the 

..ll.n  o,  every  n-eek  mnl  ,.1.,,,,..  the  river-shores.     "I„  the  .snn.n.er  of  1878  " 

h.-  s,-,ys   -a  series  of  these  nofhe.l  pel.Mes  was  tnnnd  in  the  wastin-  northern 

•V  u  I,  ,sey.  I  h-y  were  ,n  an  irre.^nlar  h.^ap.  in  son.e  instanees  on.,  jnst  above 
•"■  '•"••••  ';-^'  '".-""ae,.  They  were  l..en,y-two  inches  l.eh.w  the  snHaee  of  ^ho 
"•;"'-.  -  ",.n  ,s  ,.on,,.ose.l  of  a  line,  sandy  nuul,  that  has  heen  slowlv  aeennu- 
la.ni,  at  ,  ,s  ,>o,nt  .or  eent.ries.  Th.-re  were  seventy-three  in  the  Series  , 
suppos.n,  then,  to  have  l.een  plaeed  at  a  distaneo  of  a  foot  apart,  they  wo 
Lave  suppl.ed  a  net  just  long  enough  to  stretch  acr  .s  the  creek  at  this   ,oi„     ' 


Fm.  2.'.t.— .MiMltrii  (iioiH>  Miiikpi-.     Dunkirk. 
Al.,,,.^  ,..„  V.,,,           a  larg,.  series  of  sneh   sinkers  was  s-nt    ,o  „...  I.y  M,. 
Uinr       .;"r       ,  ^^■'""^"'     ■"'"•""'<•—   I l.anks..f,h,.Sns,nohaMna 

''';^; -;»';-  ^^.    •"   tlH.f,|l,.win^  l'M.e.  ill,,.,,,.,,.  ,  ,,„         ,  ,„„,,   ^,, 

wM.::;:;,:,,-,:: ■-i'-H^ap.  were ..,.,.,  as  .„... ,„„. 

My  laru,..(   .p,vi„„,,.  rep„.senled  in  Fig.  J^S  „.n  pa^,.  1^!.,.  i>  a  ,!:„  .,„„.. 


Ihr 


'::■':;";,;,  "';;";■■■  r'-;' ■' ■ '■•■ '■■-'  ,;.,i-,.  „„:i  .„;,.  ,;„,, ; , 


ml 

hlri-.t, 


•  Abbi.il:   I'rliiiilivi.  Iiiiiu.lrji  J'   ^'38. 


■Iji 


1.  ; 
■) 


f'i 

H 


\i' 


168 


I'RKIHSTiililC    KtSIUNO. 


\ 


Tills  siiccinicii  is  iiiiiisiiallv  InrLr''.  .md  hc.-n y  (■iioiiLth  to  hiivi-  scrvt'd  Tor  \vfi!_'lit.- 
iiiu^  ;i  scl-iicl.-'  Tlir  iiniiiiarv  size  nf  tlicsc  siiiki>r-<  Is  tVoiii  tiircc  {<>  livt'  inclics, 
wltii  11  curri'siHimlliiLr  wciLrlit  of  fnim  six  to  ten  uuikth. 


f 


s 


All  \. 

Kins.  J'll-'iJ'iT.  -Si. 111.   -iiikir".     Sii-.|iii!iiiiiiia  ViilUy  '  Muiicy"). 


»  .Siii'ti  li'iivy  I1..1.  Iwil  |.ililil.>  Imvi' li.Hii  ii..ti..il  li_v  Dr.  Alilmit  "In  .Inn.',  IHT'.i,"  lii'  •uy«,  "  whiln  rulic- 
liiiiiiiiii{  .11  llii'  l>.'li>wiin<  Vnll.'V,  Willi  l'i.i|'.'«'...r  K.  W  I'litiiiiiii,  ..I'  tli«  Miihiiiiii  iit  <'uiiil>ri.|i;r  >iii  "in  liii.-i'llii, 
till'  mitliiir  fiiiiiiil  It  V.  rv  larit>.  imli'liwl  pi'lililii  .m  (liii  nlh.n'  ..I  tin.  riviT,  h  kIkitI  ili^titiicc  iili..vi'  tin.  \\  .<if>r  lin|i.  in 
lliinri"'  t'liuiity,  f.-iiii'vlvuniii,  »l>l.  Ii,  Jii(l);iii|;  frnm  tin- »(/..'  mi. I  lln.  I'a.t  ..f  iu  liuviiii;  I'mir  in. til. in,  win.  umiI  m 
•n  an.  >!  r  ..r  M't-wciKliI  Tlit"  <'«iiin|.l.'  iin'in.>irr.i  I'lixlil  iinli.'*  r.|inir<'.  iiinl  u.'i);liii  in'iirly  llvi.  |'..iiinU.  T..  mviire 
■  ii.'l.  u'l. It'll  wiM  |.Ih..'<I  in  till*  Ftrriini,  ii«  4!illini;-ni>lK  luul  I'yk.'*  Hri.  ii..w  m'I,  mkIi  ii  w.iijlil  wiiM  hiiv.'  Iivi'ii  (n^- 
<|ii<'ntlv  II  ni>rt>»ity,  i'»|>i*i'inUy  wliiT"  lln.r.'  wun  ii  swil't  iiirrrnt,  ha  tliiTii  Ih  in  lln.   ritcr  iit  III.'  |...iiit  wliiri'  tliia 

•|»'rliiii.n  wi><  r..iitnl:   I. Ill  il  i- .'vi.|.'iiil>  iiii|i"»i>il  '.'  Unit  kinli  ii  «t..ni'  ."iilit   li.ivu  I n  iisiil,  ii"  ..lit'  ..f  ti  liiiii.liiil  ..r 

iii'Ti',  in  ilriii.'i;in);  n  i-wi'i'ii-iu-t  II  r..iiixli  tin-  wiili'i.  A»i.l.'  I'r.nn  lli.'ir  w.inlil,  m.ni'i  ..f  Mirli  •i/."  w.iiM  i''.|i>tiintly 
Ix'  .'uiikIiI  I.,\  ..l.'lrinti'.ii-  in  tliu  liuij  ut'  tliv  alruuiii,  iiiiU  tliii>  rLiiiJir  tlnj  Irvi:  in.ivuliK.lit  ..I'  H  lii.t  ini|.rn<'li<'Nliio."— 
h'tmilnr  In'lnnlifi  j  |..  'H\. 


SlNKKIiS. 


l.TO 


I 


Siiikors  with  fom'  noffhos  (Fii;.  2-V,>  oii  tlio  tolln\viiii»  page)  al.so  Iiavo  boon 
f'>iiiitl.  tlinui;li  not  tVt'iUKMitly.  iicir  .MmicV,  and  in  tlicsi'  cases  lln'  ii(ilclii>s  arc  so 
placoil  that  the  stoiic  was  cncuiiipassccl  ciMsswisi'  hv  tlic  striiijj;s  iH'  tlitmii.-i  whicii 
i-iiiiiK'cti'il  it  witli  the  net.  Oiii' i>l"  the  sjx'i'inii'ns  in  ixtusossioii  "f  Ml",  (ieniertl 
is  e\fn  |>iMv  iiled  with  s(,'\en  notrlie.s. 


■■■J;:::*:-' 


■'■■^/■':;^':iis;t 


^P-^- 


Fill.  ■i')8.-Sto!H!  i^iiikor.    Sii^iiui'liiiiiiiii  V^illcy  (.Mutuy). 


The  niatrrial  >>{'  tlies(>  sinkers  is  almost  evelnsiveiy  i:ray\va(Ue,  a  kind  of 
roek  hi'Iiinuin--  |m  ilic  ;^ci)lo;.qi'al  InrniiiioM  of  Miincy,  ami  also  occiiri'ini;'  in 
ntinieiMu-  |iclilile~  III  llie  iieiuiiliorin^'  f  I'i'ks  which  empty  into  tiie  Sn-i|ii('iianna. 
The  iVciineiiry  of  -inkers  in  thi^  \ieinily  indii-.ites  ijial  tiie  Indi.ins  were  minh 
eimai;'e(|  in  fisliiiiL;  .il  litis  point.  'I'in' Sn<ipieli,inna  is  liere  alioni  nine  jiiindi'cd 
and  lifly  fcrl  \\;c|r,  MTV  deep  in  .Miilif  piaecs.  :ind  Wi'lj  -to,  kid  uilil  fisli.  sneli  as 
prr.li,  pik.'.  >iiii-li-ii,  e.il-tisli,  .and  ei  Is.  TinTi'  existed  fonmrlN  a  sliad-li>lii  ry 
iie.ir  .Miiney.  Ipi'foi'.'  ilic  ri\er  w.i-  oli^lnnled  liy  d.inis.  i-'onniiiy,  howevi  r,  li>h 
were  slill  morr  alHindanl.  and  the  |oi-,ilil\,  ihiTd'ore,  .iH'ordod  thr  alioriM'inr.s 
;,'real  ad\antaues  as  a  fi.-iiinu'-sl.ilion.  Tlio  lir-l  uliilo  -ctih  i>  lonml  on  or  iie.ir 
llii'  silt>  of  .Mmiry  ,1  \illa.:'oo|'  tjio  Mi'i-i  or  Miin-cv  Indi.ins,  the  Wolf  flan  o| 
llie  Leiiiii- lienapi' or  Ui'law.ire  ii.ilion,  ,ind  lionci'  the  name  ••Mniicy."  Tliese 
Indians  proliahly  made  and  used  lie- --inkers  found  in  the  vii'inity. 

The  iiolclied  llat  pelililes  hi're  de-iril(eil  fonsi-<t  of  ur.iyw.icki'.  as  stat<'i|, 
lieill:.'    d"ri\ed    iVoIll    olii'    joi'alilN.       Ill    .Noflll    .\merie.|    i;-enerallv,    ho\\e\er,    aiiv 


I 


a 


'•,^1 


r 


■lammmai-Mi, 


'i 


IfiO 


I'Kkiiistouk;   kisiiinu. 


kind  tif  |u>l>lil(>  o(  ('Kiivcnicnt  tnrm   vv.ns  iintclH'il  nntl   utilized  ns  a  sinker,  tlio 
n.t'ivf  ('is';oniioii  iivailing  tliomi^elvos  of  tin-  siiitahio  inatorial  nearest  at  liand. 


?i   ■ 
'if'  ' 


■1 . 


FlO.  2!S'X — Stoiip  fiiikcr.     ■Siisi|ii('liRl)nii  Viiilry  i  Miiiioy). 

TliiTo  arc  otluT  sinkciv  cxliihitiii;,'  nnlchcs  mil    prndiii-cd   Iiy  Mnws,  luit  hy 
nittiicj  or  griiidini;. 


Km.  ■Jul— TimnfMBo.    (V.i.'.w).  I'-.]   ih.i    -MuLv.     (r.KW). 

KiiiM.  '_'110  and  '^(11. — Stoiii!  sinkers. 


l''it;.  2()()  diiiws  siicli  a  s|ii'ciiii.-ii  tVoni  'rcnnosci-,  ni.-idc  of  a  ]>i('i'('  of  |>ot- 
stonr  anvl  j)rnvidi'd  w  iih  tv\..  (li'('|ily-ciii  notrhc-:,  ||  was  sciil  liy  Mr.  < '.  I..  Strat- 
l'iii.  I  I'l  |>i'i'.-ii'iit  in  V\:'.  Jiil  :i  ni'.'ii'h  o\.;|  |mIiIiIi'.  tt\  i'-('it;litlis  of  ;m  incli  (liifk  in 
till'  MiiiMlf,  .iiiil  appaiNiilly  c-m-i-iiii;;-  o|'  tint'-irraint-d  ;;ray  waiiv.  Tin'  iioirli  •-  aio 
rariM'iiilv  i:roii!id.  .nul  fonii  >ii.ir|i  .iiiulo-.  Tiiis  sinker.  |in>('n(('il  to  \\iv  N.ilion.il 
.Museum  liy  .Mr.  Aiiu'ii-I  Sh.nediii-.  <<{  \\'asliihi,'t:ei,  |).  r.,  w.i.s  found,  ".n  it li  other 
reiic:*,  ill  a  cave   iiriir  f>.iiilo  hoiiiiiiLro.  a  |ii.iee  not  tar  distant  from  ,>,iiil.i    M:irMi 

I'l-tajia,  oU   tile  Islllliill--  ot'    TeiMl.llll'|iei'.   Me\ir..         Tile  e.lM-  \\;\i  lA.MIIlincd  duilll}^ 
tlie  siiVVev  of  the  i-itlllllll-  in    IS."  |  .  ;i||  ]   li.i-:  Im'cII  ih'-erii'ed  li\    Mr.  .1.  .1.  Willi. mis.'" 


*  '■  S«i,|i>  iJiiiih  iji',  u  null'  iiikI  n  Imll'  wi'-tirly  fr  nv  l'i'lu|iit.  uriiii  r.iiiiiitutiil  n  piirt  nf  iIh'  ■ill  lily  ;  «l  |Ti-i'ril 
It  I'lrituiiis  IMK)  iiiliuliitiuiU,  wlm  uiiiiuiilly  |ir<i<l(i<'a  ii  r'ii;«iJiTalil<i  ■|ii!iiiiiiy  uf  viinillu,  iii'liij.i,  uixl  «iir-ii|"irill«. 
Till'  rliicf  itttriivtivu  ruultir««  ol*  tliU  vuiiiity  urn  tlio  rnuuntiitn.'UV.'-,  win.  Ii  niuril  aiiini<  iitlonlinii  froni  llirir  I'on- 
ni'tiion  witli  tlio  i)u»t  liijlory  of  tin.'  iinliguii'itia  |iim|i1l"      TIm'  •  ntriimi'  l.i  iliu  i<!iiii'i|ii(l  ciivi',  •  jlli'j  llmt  uf  Sitnto 


SINKKRS. 


161 


Aiii(?rii'an  pivliistoric  ri'li<-s.  Tlu'v  nrc  vcrv  oftcti  n-imilod  n.'!tl>Ii<s.  sliowini;  iii» 
otlior  iirtiCuM.'iI  mndiruMtimi  lull  llu- '_'r"i'M'.  «'ii<'lt  i^  iu«;-ilv  jiimliji'il  \>\  ptcUinij, 
bill  in  sumo  i-ascs  liy  [ictliiiiL,'  ami  ail.lilioiial  ^fi'i'li"'-  ''>  -^''tt  iiiatt'iMal  (lie 
pnimo  is  cut  out.  Xow  ami  ili-n  tlif  rnrni  of  the  stone,  it"  nut  siiilalilc  in  its 
nutui'al  state,  lias  Ihnmi  ^i  iin"\liat  niuililiiil  li_v  art ;  ainl  tlii-n*  arc  s)>('ciiiu"ii:<, 
Chipi'i-ially  Miiall  lUics.  in  w'lirli  tin' nvi^iiiil  surffU.'O  <il'  llh- slmie  iias  lotallv  dis- 
np|)oa>-i'(l  it!  'lie  |>rnc('>^^  <<\'  lasiiinninij:  it. 


I 


Ki'.  ;;nj, -llli.i.l.i  liaii.l     (I78I11  Kia.  i'>-l.— CiUlftiruin.    (l*iirt) 

Fi.iH.  -M-l  mid  2(J3.-S'.3uc  jiukuw. 


Dninini;'!,  1,1  oli'viitril  uluxit  -i<vi  n  liiiiiili'i"J  r<'i'l  iili  ivii  lli>'  IiD'-k  .if  n  liiihitniMi  moiinlniti,  n  niilo  ixirth  (T"in  tliu 
viilui;"',  mill  H  11'  1 1  ..ilili'  .'nily  '.ly  u  nl"'  |.  |mlli.  Tli-  w.>iUh  ti  llii*  I'lii'ii  I1111  mi  .ir.li  »|«i'inin^;  I'h^lity  l'''"l  l.y  iwp.'iLy 
ill  liini;!ii,  nii.l  111..  |ilan,>  of  iu  il.i.ir  1  iii  ili»  liorii.m  i.i  hii  ;iiii:U' ff  tliirly  il'i-rw",  iiiilil  nwliiiii;  11  ili'pth  of 
iihii  iiiiiitlivil  l.-.t  Iji'l.iw  lilt  I'Mriiiiiv  \<.  llin  i.^ii  ,f(  till  I  >l.i|iii  i>  M  iiiin;niUv'niil  ii|i;irliiii'iil,  mhiiu  llino  luitiilri'd 
fi"'l  111  illiiiiiitli'r  niiit  (Ifiy  iii  liuii;lit,  vvidi  it-  •iiK  ■  oriiiiiuiinK'J  Willi  ^titlititili's  itiid  t<lulni;iiiil<'i  I'l' every  loiire'.viililu 

t'onii  Hiiil  viirloly.     Tlio  ||.  ..r  h  i|iiil.-  Ii>v.  I ;  m.l  ;.l  ..ii"  nxlri'iiiily  i<  n  ■^piirkliiii;  ] I  .if  >-lc;ir,  •  .'M  wuI.t.     Ilu- 

yoii.l  (lii«  »iili'-.'limiil...i-.  !'.■  -nvo  i'\ti  ajn  in;,,  ih..  iiiHiiitniii  f.r  11  .li-.liiri.  i.  ..f  mi.ni  lliiin  iwm  Ilini-'inJ  I..',,  s.iiiiu. 
Iiiii.'»  i'V|.iiri.l  ,|U,  ..p  r..riiiiii-.{  r.'.;iiliir  :ir.  Ii.«l  p:i.<.i.;.'.w.iyH,  s.'V.inil  liiiiilri'.!  fo.'t  in   li.ii(;l!i,  iilt«r- 

imti'ly  lu.  .•  .  tiiii;  iiu.i  riji;..«  im.)  viill.'y-      On  ili.'  wiill»,  »l  tlni  ..Ktr.-iM.'  I'liil  ■>(  tli.i  .'uv  '.  iini  mivi.. 

nil  riniilur  |i.i.«<.ini;~.  niiL.ly  ..\.'.i|!,' |  «riili  r..  I  .1.  li.-.>.  iiii-l  p -ilMliIy  iiili'inl  .1  I  .  r.'|.i-i><i.iil  lli..  Miii  :inii  1110..11. 
TIiiTO  nr.iulMiii'i.  r^il  r'i>ri'-..|iliiti.i(»-.  .>|  \hu  liiiiiiriii  liitiul,  (..mt  in  hU.k.  Iiiiiiiodiul'ly  fniiilin.;  llii'«>  ilniwiiiifi, 
ill  tli.i  t\'-ir  ..r  till,  niv.',  i«  11  »ii)itll  i«(.-ftiiru  tliMiii^ti  wliu'li,  iiy  iiiluiu  .>f  rupon,  iiwi-jis  it  <.)>|juiii..|  in  im  ii|.iirtiiii!iit 
biim:tttli.  la  tlit«  urn  tVitifiiii'iiU  .ir  Hrr  iw-l.i'U.U,  liiiiiiiiii  |iiiiii'4,  iiifl  iiiiti.iiH!  |i.ilt..ry  -f*e  la«hmu%  i.f  TfhiMH- 
l^ee ;  hciinj  llif  Hi^mlh  nf  ,1  *«•«.,.«  fV.c  a  /<.ij/f»i.<  ^i  e.mneel  Ih,-  All.inh,-  ,i„d  I'o^iH.-  ttfrnmi.  mmli-  In/  llif  Sienli/ie 
tihrnuhi'iu,)  ini.ltr  Ihr  Oiha-Hi,,,  „/  Mnjiir  J.  U.  Uiliwnl,  C    «i    fc'.ij/i/iff,  ^  ,■    N<-«   Y..|U,    IH.W;   p.  UC;,  I't.'. 


rm; 


.»IHMmiW.W». 


satHaEEffi] 


am 


2.ni 


-?m>a  ■.-.-.  ...-^ , 


102 


I'KKlllsTdltIf    i'lSlllNii. 


l: 


I 


tS: 


:,s    , 


Tlic  polihloH  out  t)f  wliicli.  as  «tat(>tl,  sui-li  siiiUiTu  an'  niatU'.  ijrciicrally  itrcsciit 
a  more  t>r  li'ss  i-oiiipro.xsi'd  i»val  lonii,  and  varv  in  si/»'  fniiii  less  than  uu  im-li  to 
«ix  indies  and  nion*  in  tlic  Lrrcali-r  diainolcr.  Most  of  these  speciuioiirt  in  the 
National  Mummuu,  |>arliciilarlv  the  larger  ones,  have  lieeii  oMained  iVoni  tlie  Nt<\v 
Kni,dand  States;  Oregon  has  liirnisiied  (|iiit.e  a  niinilier  of  small  ones,  ami  the 
others  came  tVom  Pennsylvania,  'rennessee,  Ohio,  Kentiieky,  the  District  of  Co- 
liimltia,  and  t'alit'ornia. 

Kij;.  2(L*  (<"'  |'"K»'  I'ilK — A  larij;e  pelilile  of  ov.il  outline,  mi-asurinu  two 
iiu'hes  and  three-fourths  iit  its  tiiickest  part,  and  surrounded  liy  a  pecked  itroove. 
The  matiM'ial  is  a  irranitic  r.ick,  in  which  feldspjir  prevails.  This  spccinu'n  was 
found  at  Tiverton,  .\ewport  <'(innty,  Kluule  islauil.  and  helongs  (o  ,i  collection  of 
New  iMi^dand  relics  oldaiiii'd  iVnni  Mr.  .1.  II.  Clark. 

I'iir.  -'>•'{  (on  |ta,m'  UM). — .\  specimen  of  similar  fnrni.  lnit  of  i^realer  thick- 
ness. I  leinu'  m-arly  circular  in  the  section  crossinL'  the  irrooM-.  which  is  rather 
rudely  pecked.  ;ind  forms  the  nidy  alteration  of  the  santlsli>iio  pehble.  Found 
at  Dos  I'uohlos,  California,  l»v  Mr.  Scliuinacher. 


I'm.  Jill —Mii«~uuliii-.ii-     (ITKl'.l  Ki.i.  Jik'.  — Uh'xli'  l-liin.l.    (17*11) 

Flii>.  2<il  illlil  'Hilt. — Shilii'  -iiiLclff. 


l*'ii;.  l'<»4. — This  specimen  shows  a  carefully  pecked  ;rror.\e,  .iihI  its  loniritii- 
iliiial  sidi's  ,i|su  have  lieeii  siiapeij  livpeckiii-.  il  lias  ill  ih.'  midille  Mie.ir  the 
jrroove)  a  tliickiie-s  of  tw.i  .unl  a  half  iiiclii'>.  The  mili'ri  d  is  like  that  <>(  the 
oriirinal  of  l''itr.  J'L'.  From  Cliilm  irk.  Island  "i  Marllia'--  \  ineyard.  .M.i-s.ichu- 
setts.     ( 'lark  ccdicction. 

FiL'.  'Jtio.  —  .\  siii,i|li>i'  iil(jec|  of  the  -  line  slia|ie  and  malerial.  The  i^rouve 
appear^  to  he  tlie  ,p|dy  ni'Mlilie.itiMn  ..f  ih,'  pehhle.  Frniii  .N(W|iorl,  Uhode 
island.     ( 'lark  <  '•Uectjon. 


SINKKKS. 


k;.*} 


V'\iX.  2iV). — A  SlUiiutli    mi    issditl    |»flili|c.  Lrrniivrd    ;inil    sliapnl  ;ii    IllC   sllorttM" 

sidi's  liy  pi'ckiii'j;.     Thickness  jiii  iiicli  .iinl  livc-ciixlitlis.     From  WifUlonl,  Wa.sli- 
iii'irttiii  Ctiiiiilv,  KIumIc  Island.     Clark  tidlfctiuii. 


Kin.  .V.     (ITMlil 


l"w,  Jf.T.     11  Kill 


Kitis.  2<i(i  mill  '2(>7. — St.iiM'  sillk(■r^.     Klimlr  l-hiiiil. 

V\iX.  J*>7. — Tliis  siidiiT  i>  dcrivc'l  iVntn  tlic  -iiwir  liic;iliiy.  Il  cxliiliils  Iwci 
nfiMiivcs  cnissiii'^-  cicli  iillicr,  aiiil  a)'i>r;irs  (u  li-ivc  licrii  sli,i|n'(I  ,illiiu:<'lli('r  liv 
.•(rlilicial  iii'-ahs,  'riiicktnss  an  iiicli  and  iwic-liall'.  Tiic  niati'i'ial  is  a  ^arnctilV'nnis 
i!iica--rl;i>t.     Clark  cullfctiipn. 


/ 


}i 


Kh;   Jlw     rli-'lt'  III'.. I       1741 1) 


Km  •.tiin— (Si'.irKia    (liiri) 


Knis.  'iliX  .'iliil  'J(i!l.  — .'^lolii'  >illk('rs. 


Fiir.  -<)H. —  .\  ralihcr  sniiintli  iidililr.  syciiilic  in  cliaractfr.  Init  innlninini;  vory 
liiil;  'iLinililc'iidr.  lis  hirm  i-  lliat  nf  a  ^liulilly  ll.itti'iu-d  i:lc.lM'  'I'lic'  irrni.vf 
.hIhim-*  traci'-  >-\'  ui'ii   iinx.      i'cniii'l  liy  Mr.  t'larK  at  Ti\rrliMi,  llihid'-  l-iai'.d. 

I'lij.  -•»!>. — A    i>i( i'    (KiHiMi'l    |i.i!s|oni',    wiirki  d    into   an     i|i|a'n\iiiiati'Iy 

irlnliiilar  C'rin.  and   ihon  jdrd  w  nil   .1    iiarruw .  drrp  l'i \«\  |>ri"lu««'d   1>\  ciillinir. 


?' 


.MMMyimim.i»m,iH.M   ii.iliiiihi 


"^^"'•"^ ^.»^»^■ 


11 

^  ! 

hi 


I 


.- 


i  f! 


t 


i 


U54 


I'KKllISTnUlc    I'ISIIINO. 


Foiiiid  ill  tlu'  iii'iu;lil)(irh(KKl  of    Milli'ilgovilK',  (iuDrgin,  ami  sent  by   Mr.   W. 
MeKiiiluy. 


I-'lu  .'TD-droifiia.    (IlilJ)  Kio.  .Tl.-<)ri>Kiii.     (IJ«t).        Ii.i    .'7-'.— Oullforilla.    (Uii.'i)  Ki.l    .'7.1  -OoiHisiii.    (Jl.'ll). 

All  .1. 
Fifjs.  '270-27;{. — Sidiic  MiiikcrH. 

Fij^.  270, — 'I'liis  is  it  siiiJill  o\;il  .<;iii(|s|inic  pclililc.  willi  ;\  jiniovc  prniliu'cd  by 
trriiiiliiiif.   'I'lic  s|n'cim('ii  was  t'tniiKl  in  (  Mh'uhii,  .iikI  iircsi'iitrd  iiy  Mr.  A.  \\  .  <  'lia-^c 

l''i,i::.  1'7 1 . — .Viiiitiier  s|n'ciiii('ti  iVniii  ()r('i;iiii,  nl'  mni'c  rlniii.'atr(l  sliapc,  ami 
iifiiaiMciilcil  with  incised  lines.  Tlie  nialeiial  is  line-urained  sandstone.  Il  was 
sent  by  Mr.  .Seininiai'ln'r.  'I'liere  are  >e\eral  small  nnnrnamented  specimens  of 
tbesame  turm.  Iikewi.se  tniind  in  ()re^"n.  in  the  .Nalinnal  Mnsenm. 

l'"\ii.  -~'J. — This  nbjccl,  ulitaim'd  by  l)r.  !!.<'.  Vari'nw  at  liii  I'atera.  Sant.i 
IJarbar.i  Cnnnty,  Calit'iirnia.  censisls  nt'  i:reen-t(iiie  :ind  is  carel'idly  worked  into 
a  bi-ronuid  sliapc,  ami  pnjished.  The  narmw  uriMi\e  is  r.iliier  shallnw.  A  sim- 
ilar specimen  tVcim  Ohio,  of  mure  eliin^ateil  liirm,  and  prn\  ided  with  .-i  somewhat 
deeper  L'rooNC.  has  been  liirun'd  by  .Me<si's.  Sipiier  and  l>avis.'^-  It  consists  oj' 
hematite.  .\  -pi-cimen  ol'  specidar  ir^'n  oi'e.  almo>t  identical  in  I'orm  with  that, 
just  mentioned.  Im;I  a  trifle  iar-er,  .and  likew  i,-e  iVoni  Ohio,  i-  in  the  N.alional 
Mn.-^iMim.     lii'iiin  very  heavy,  it  wonid  make  an  excellent  sinker  I'or  a  lishinu  line. 

l''ii!;.  J7.'{.— The  oriuin.il,  cari't"idl_\  ni.ide  ot'  chlorite,  has  Ihi-  form  of  ;i 
sinker,  i)nt  is  almost  to(<  sni.ill  and  IIliIiI  for  tli.il  .ipplic-ition.  I'l'rh.ips  it  served 
as  an  ornanu'nt.     Sent  frmn  (ieorL:ia  liy  .Mr.  M.  I''.  iSlcphensoii. 


l''i')  -'71  |.|,i.  \r,a. 

l'"Hi.S.  27  I   ;M1iI  'JT.'l.       .'■'lillli'  .-illkrIH,       <  inir;,rl;i. 

Fi^^  L'7l.— This  specimen    liehmL:-  to  a  class  of  siidier^  ipiile   fi'cijnent    in 


*  Sipii'T  Mini  Diivi- :    .\iicirri(  MoiiuiiK'iitt  ..r  til"  Ml>»i--.»i|i|ii  Vulli'.\  :   \'"l    I  "f  SiiiilliJi'<riiuii  ('I'lilrilimiiMis  In 

KhuwIihIl"-  ;    Wii-liiriul.iii,  IHlHi  p.  •J.l.'i,  t'ii;.  .'1    i'ii..!i -Iv  iinirkcil  u-  l''ii.'   -'i;      Alio  lli^iiml  In  SlnVi'in's  '   Kliiil 

I'lii|i4"l    l.iiiiiluii,  IHTO;   |>.  .'lOl.     Til"  •|i"i'iiiii'ii  i<  ii.'W  in  llio  ll!ui  I.iikiH'  .Micniiri,  iit  Sali-liiiry,  l''.lii{lithil. 


HIXKKHH. 


\a 


(J('i)ri,'i;i.  Tlicv  (ire  injidt'  of  iiicccs  of  iinlstniic  iiinl  liavc  no  (It'Cmilc  forins,  Itcint.' 
rccnuiii/jililc  iis  sinUtTs  Miily  l>,v  tin- iirnciM-  t!i;it  siirrniinds  tliciii.  ( 'ulniiL'l  Cliitrli-s 
< '.  .luiM's  has  drawn  [tartifiilar  attcnlinn  in  tlirsc  relics.''  Indeed,  llie  tirij^iiial  n( 
Fi,!.'.  1'"  I  was  in'csented  tunie  l)y  tlial  ^'cntleiuan,  \vln>  I'nund  if.  with  niaiiv  oljjects 

of  a  siniil.'ir  eh.iraeti'r,  in  n  relic-lied  :d    the  jiim-tion  of  the  (ire.it   Kiokee  ("i k 

and  the  .Savahiiah  IJiver,  in  Cnlnnihia  County  of  the  .aliove-nained  stiifc. 

I'"ii,'.  '27*'). — A  smaller  s|)ecinien.  perhaps  nsed  as  a  siidier  I'oi-  ii  lishinii-line. 
If  was  found  Ity  Colonel  .lones  on  theriirht  hank  of  Kej;  Creek,  near  its  coiitlui'nce 
with  the  Savanii.ah.  in  Cohmiliia  Coiinly.  and  helonixs  to  his  collection. 

lie  also  tound  in  (Jeoriria  notched  ]iotstone  sinkers  (like  the  origiii.al  of  I'^ii.'. 
1'<!(M,  .anil  (piite  a  nund)er  of  perl'or.ited  ones,  made  of  the  same  casilyworkeil 
material.  These  latter  generally  consist  of  Mat,  smooth  pieces  of  indetinite,  Imt 
mostly  ronndisli.  outline,  which  ai'e  .an  imh  or  less  in  thickness,  .and  measure 
from  three  to  six  inches  in  diameter.  M.ich  has  a  sini.de  perforation,  either  in 
the  centre  or  near  the  edi;e  of  the  stone.  'i"he  holes  .are  usually  drilled  tVom  two 
sides,  anil  narrow  iuL;  in  tlie  middle,  wlid'e  they  measure  .alioiit  h.alf  an  inch  in 
di.an\eter.  Specimens  of  this  kind  have  lieeii  found  .almost  in  all  parts  of  the 
I' iiited  .Stales  where  pot.stone  occurs  ;  luit  they  were  also  made  of  other  materials. 


i'u:.  -JTii.  -;-'iiiiu'  siiilxir.     Ndi-ili  (' 


1  :,i 


I'Mj^.  27'>. — A  specimen  of  the  d.ass  of  relics  u>ually  considered  as  sinkers. 
It  is  ,-1  w.iler-woiMi.  till  pic  c  oT  pnlslone.  appi'o.ichiie.' ;ni  o\,il  in  ouliinc.ind  not 
ipiile  .an  inch  illicit  ncir  tiie  \\<A<-.  uliii'h  i-  pl.icrd  .•lu  iiirji  ;ind  llirer-f  Mirths  from 


the    liroader  cmiI.  .and   drilled    I'roiii    holli   >iiies.       It 


w.as   oiit.aiiied    in    Milchill 


County,  .North  Carolin.i,  .ind  presented  liy  (iener.d  .1.  'I".  W'ildi 


Aiiliiiiiitii'"  "f  till'  .s.niihcih  III  li;iii<,  piii'iH  iil.'irlv  nl  III''  (J 


il"'H;   .N.nv  V..rl..  MT:!; 


I   il 


:l 


I- 


■a 


: 


Mr 


1  ■^' ' 


I 


I 


wr, 


I'llKIIISTiUMC    I'ISIIIN'd. 


Kiif.  -77. —  III   tliis  nillicr  irrfi.'(il.ir  piece  .ii"  |M>i-^|niie  ihe  circlcsslv  (Irilli'd 

lii>li«  is  pliU'cil    iiejirlv  ill  Hie  ecritiv.      It  WHS   ruiiiid    ill    Hie   lii.ttn r  the  Ocoiu'c 

Rivt-r,  ill  I'uliiiiiii  ('t>iiiit,v,  (Jcorj;!!!,  aint  iircM;iited  \i\  Mr.  McKiiiloy. 


Kill.  ■-T? -Ui'nrKhi.    |.'«»,l).  Klu.  J'H-.Mcl""' liii"  ll>     (ITM'J). 

I'')!.-*.  -77  anil  'J7X.  -Slnni'  niiikrrH. 

I''il.'-  -7H.  —  A    \er\    (l.il.  slIliHilli     pelilije    i>\'  ii\;il    sji.ipe,   piereeil    willl  !l    rnllllil 

Imle  iicir  Hie  eili^e.  'I'lie  peirnrjil imi  WHS  siiiiK  iViiiii  ImiHi  sides.  Mild  llie  slaiitiiii^ 
i',l\  ities  slmw  Ir.iees  ipf  .'idililiiill.'il  e:rilldill^'.  This  -peeiineli.  I'lPli^isHll'j:  111'  11  kind 
111'  pntstuiie  III'  \erv  cMiiipiiel  slnieliire,  pi'iili.iipiv  sersed  as  a  sinker.  I''riiiii 
MiiidlelMiruiiirli.  I'lviiiuiiHi  ('miiily,  Massaiiiiiseils.  It  was  ohtaiiicd  I'miu  Mr. 
Clark. 


Fill.  •J7!t.     Si(iiir,-iiiki'r(?i.    Culifoniin.     (IHliOO). 
I''iir.  -7i>. — One  111'  Hie   maiiv  piireed   stmie  dises   rrmii    Hie  Santa    IJarliara 

irr'HIp    111'    i-lailds,    enllerleil     fiil'    l||e     N  ;il  ii  ilia  I     Mllselllli     liV    MeSSIS.  Sejllllliai'lier, 

IJuwiTs.   ami    llarriinl.      Il    i>   a    llal    pililile  nl'  niieaeenii--   seliisi,    lia\iii;,'   in    Hie 


siNKi:iis. 


Ui7 


(•••ii(rc  :i  |irrrnratiiin.  tljiriiiu  mi  li.iili  .siilr-,  tiinl  ciiiil'iillv  liiii.-'liiil  liv  L'rimliiiir. 
Tliickiii'ss  ill  tlir  iiiiilillf  scvi'11-rii.'lilli.^  ">!'  nil  iiuli.  Si'iil  Itv  Mr,  SfliuiiiaclH  r 
rrmii  Simla  Crux,  l.-laiul.  Tlii.'^  ulijicl  nmhiM  Ii.im'  iI'Mii'  '^imhI  >ri\  ice  as  a  siiiki-r, 
ami  iiiayliaxc  lircii  i'iii|il<iy(>il  an  siirli.  Il  i-  kiiciwii  llial  llir  Imliaiis  nf  lliat 
ri'Lcidii  used  sciiic-iiclx. 

AiiiitliiT  class  (if  >iiiki'i'.s  (Mjisists  df  ctrt^-sliMiird  ni'  rinimlisli  iiclililrs,  per- 
fol'tilt'il  near  tlir  fi\i:i'  willi  ;in  nli|ii|iif  liolc,  wliicli  is  (irillcil  iVi'iii  Iwn  siilrs.  aiiil 
LrciiiTallv  t'liriiis  an   nlitn^c  niiulf  vvlnTr  IIm"  iirrrnrations  iiici't.     Siidi   siicriiiicns 

arc  rarr;  Iml  iIu'V  (irriir  in  siitlicicnt  iiiiimImt  {< nsliliilc  a  ly|'<'.     TlinHi-  wiiicli 

liavc  tallrii  uiiili-i'  iiiv  lint  ice  wcri'  ratlifi- .small,  iind  mitlciilly  ilfsigiicd  fni' .sinkiiiur 
lisliinu-liiu's. 


Km.  '.'Hii.-  'ihi'i     il'l") 


Km.  ."<i  -!••  Kim...,  .\t,H.-  Aiii.rlrn,    il.iin) 


Kms.  L'so  ai.il  2.S1.     Si. -inkrrs. 


I'^ii.'-  -'^'*- — A  s|)n'iiii('ii  111'  tliis  kind  rrinii  (diin.  It  is  m.'idf  nf  a  s.inilstonc 
pclildf.  l*iTsciiird  li\  Mr.  T.  IJIindcs.  In  iliis  -|ii'iinii'n  tjir  |iirrciraliiiii>  .ut 
l.-ii'u'iT  llian  ill  ntlicrs  wliiili  I  iia\t'  seen. 

l''iii'.  -■SI. — All  Mskiiim  sinki-r,  made  nf  a  siii.ilj.  i'ciiindi;>li  i|ii.irt/,ili'  |iilililc, 
ainl  siniw  iiiiT  a  -iiiiil.ir  iici'lnralinn.  'I'licrc  ;iri'  sliulil  i^ruiar-  lAtciidiiiL:'  fr'nii  llic 
nrilici'.*  iicrn.s.s  (lie  corri'.siiniidiii^' sidt's  (if  till' slniii'.  (  Hii.iiiicd  li\  ( ';i|il.iin  ( '.  I''. 
Hall.  Il'  tlirri' were  any  dmilits  as  to  llic  appliratinii  uj'  ihc  .piiuinal  <<{'  I",:'. 
L'Sd,  ;iiid  nf  similar  spirimciis,  tin-  cliaractfr  uf  tliis  Mskiino  >inki'i'  wmilil  m'I 
lIlclM  ,il   rest. 

I  now  p.ass  uMT  111  l|ii<  di'sci'iption  nf  ;i  inmici'inis  .nid  wrll-kiinun  rl.iss  of 
N'lirlli  .\mrrir.in  r>li>  -  inwliicli  scM-ral  n.imi-.  Ii.im'  ln'cii  L;i\  m.  ,iiid  dillirint 
piirpd'i's  ;is.sii.'ni'.|.  In  \  ii'W  i.j'  llicir  x.-iricd  >liapi":,  it  i-^  r.ilhi'r  clilliciill  li>  t\-  line 
till' I'li.iracirr  ul'  thr-r  olijci'N.  wlijc'li  ,ii'c-  kiiuwii  .IS  piihl.iiil-,  phinili-.  ipIiiiiiiiicIs, 
siiiki'i-s.  I'll'.  .Mn-t  III'  ijii'iii  m.iy  lir  i|isi._;ii.ii,.||  .1^  pi'.ir--li,ipid.  tliMiii;li  ili.ii 
cxpri'ssiiiii  mii-t  lint  111' taki'ii  in  il^  slririist  sriisr.  TIh's  i-nii.'^isl  uj'  ml  ur  lirnwn 
licmalili'.  ■  |ii'ciil,ir  im!!.  i|n.irl/.ili',  siTpcnliiir.  liTi  riistuni'.  and  nllin'  lir.ivy 
m.ili'i'i.ils  I'.ipalili'  i<\'  ;i   'juiiil   piili^ii.     Siispmsiiiii   \\a-   in    ni.iny  i'.im's  fai'ilit.iti'd 

liy  ,1  1:1 vr,  ;i  kniili.  Ill'  .1    pfi'l'ui'Mtinn    al    niii'  riid,  uiim'I.iIIv   lln'    iimrr   l.-ipiiiin^- 

one  ;  SMiiii'  111'  till '111.  Iiii\\r\  I  r,  r\!iiliil  turni-  rrijiiiriiiu  I'llnr  nirtlinds  ul'  r.islriiini.'. 


I.  ^, 


J 


£?if  7 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


"^  IIIIIM  IIIIM 

::  '^  IIIIM 

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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBS  ER.N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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PKEHISTORIC    FISHING. 

Many  of  these  objeots  show  really  elegant  foi'ms,  are  fashioned  with  the  utmost 
pvecision,  and  beautifully  polished  ;  and  hence  they  were  loi'morly,  when  com- 
paratively few  had  been  collected,  and  their  wide  distribution  was  not  yet  known, 
regarded  as  articles  of  ornamental  character,  as,  for  instance,  by  Messrs.  Squicr 
and  Davis.*  Mr.  J.  W.  Foster  is  incliiied  to  consider  them  as  weights  used  in 
weaving,  "to  keep  the  thread  taut,"  and  tries  also  other  explanations,  none  of 
which  carries  conviction  with  it.f  The  o])inion  that  they  were  used  by  the  mound- 
builders  as  plumbs  to  aid  in  the  construction  of  earthworks  is  hardly  tenable, 
for  they  arc  found  as  well  in  districts  where  these  monuments  abound,  as  in  such 
where  they  ai'c  entirely  absent.  A  close  examination  of  the  large  series  of  such 
objects  in  the  United  States  National  Museum  has  led  me  to  consider  them  as 
sinkers  for  lishing-lines,  a  view  which  does  not  exclude  the  possibility  that  some 
of  tliem  may  have  been  differently  used.  Such  relics  occur  throughout  the  whole 
breadth  of  the  United  States,  from  New  I'higland  to  California,  and  the  specimens 
obtained  from  this  extensive  territory  show,  notwithstanding  the  variety  of  their 
forms,  a  conformity  in  general  character,  which,  according  to  my  judgment,  points 
to  the  same  mode  of  application. 

The  theory  of  their  usi>  as  sinkers  is  met  by  the  objection  that  too  much  care 
has  been  bestowed  on  the  manufacture  of  many  of  them  to  risk  their  loss  while 
employed.  But  this  argunuMit  can  easily  be  overcome  by  an  examination  of  the 
angling-im])lenients  still  in  use  among  uucivili/cd.  yet  sonunvliat  advanced,  tribes. 
These  people  take  great  pains  in  the  production  of  their  weapons  and  other 
accoutrements,  as  any  one  can  perceiv(>  who  devotes  his  attention  to  a  collection 
of  such  articles.  The  western  Eskimos,  for  instaiic(\  excel  in  the  ]iroductioii  of 
tisliing-lackle  of  every  kind,  and  I  will  mention,  with  special  reference  to  tlio 
question  hero  treated,  that  they  employ  at  the  present  time  carefully-made  ])ear- 
sliaped  lin(>-sinkers  of  stone  and  ivory,  and  risk  to  lose  tliem  while  aiii.'iing; 
and  if.  by  accident,  they  are  d(>prived  of  them,  they  make  new  ones. 

An  elangated  pear-shape,  it  must  be  admitted,  is  the  form  best  iula])ted  for  a 
liue-siidver.  and,  indeed,  is  commonly  given  to  the  leaden  sinkers  found  in  every 
hardware-store,  where  ajjparatus  for  angling  is  sold. 

Tile  sinkers  which  1  am  now  about  to  describe  mostly  would  present  .a 
circular  horizontal  section,  and  any  deviation  from  this  fm'in  will  be  menliouetl. 

Fig.  L'82. — A  speciuKMi  made  of  dark-greenish  argillite,  regidar  in  outline, 
and  well  ])olisiied.  {''ound  in  a  mound  in  liiekiug  County,  Ohio,  ;ind  presented 
by  Mr.  W.  An<lerson. 

l''ig.  'JSli. — .\  larger  specinu'u  of  similar  form,  made  of  sjtecular  iron,  and 
carefully  polished.  From  Hancock  County,  Illinois.  I'resented  by  Mr.  M. 
Tandy. 

*  SqniiT  nnd  Diivis:  Anciiait  Montimnnts ;  p.  2:15. 

\  Kostor :  Proliiatoric  Rik'i's  of  tlin  Utiilpd  Rlntos  of  Amorion  ;  Cliii'Mi;n,  1873  ;  p.  230,  <^t<'. 


I 


SINKERS. 


169 


As  tliose  twu  spocimons  arc  not  specially  prepaiv,!  f„r  tlio  attacliment,  cf  (lie 
hno,  ,t  nm.st  bo  assumed  that  it  passed  anuind  llie  taperi.i-  ends  and  ah.n- 
the  Skies  of  the  objects.  This  operation  was  easily  performed,  as  I  have  found 
out  by  experiment. 


«f!f3 


Via.  282— Ohio.    (11480).  !■ 


•a.  28;i.-Illinui.s.    (M,-isa).        r,a.  284.-Culiforuia.    (2:icC2).     Fia.  2S5.-Loul»mim.    (Kjc.n). 

All  J.  ■ 

Fuis.  282-285.— StDiio  .•^iiilu-ra. 


'm 


Fig.  284— A  specimen  of  very  slender  form,  made  of  fine-grained  mica- 
schist.  The  surface  is  tolerably  smooth,  but  not  polished.  IJoth  ends  are  covered 
with  asphaltum,  which  shows  the  impression  nf  strings.  Obtained  by  Mr.  Bowers 
on  Santa  ]{o.sa  Island,  California.  There  an-  otiier  Californian  specimens  of  the 
same  kind  in  (he  National  Museum,  s,ime  of  them  likewise  encrusted  with 
asphaltum  at  (he  extrem!(ies,  and  one  of  them,  moreover,  lias  a  distinct  groove 
passing  around  the  more  pointed  end.  It  measures  more  than  ei-ht  inches  in 
length. 

Fig.  285.— A  cast  of  an  apparently  well-polisjied  stone  objei^t,  which  was  in 
1871  in  the  Louisiana  State  Seminary,  at  r.ad.ii  Rouge.  It"  docs  not  strictly 
belong  to  the  kind  of  n-lics  just  described,  lieing  provided  with  a  snio(4li,  nearly 
semi-circular  indentation  at  the  lower  part;  but  1  notice  it  iu  connection  witii 
these  s]>eciui(>!is,  because  it  comes  m-arest  to  them  in  other  respects.  The  inden- 
tation would  have  presented  a  lirm  hold  for  the  line.  However,  I  am  not  at  all 
convinced  that  it  really  was  a  sinker,  as  it  may  have  been  a  tool  for  rounding 
and  smoothing  articles  of  yielding  material,  such  as  wooti,  etc. 
b22 


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170 


I'REHISTOIUC    I'ISIIINO. 


The  next  group  shows  four  sinkers  encircled  by  a  groove  near  the  narrower 
extremity. 


Fiti.  280.— TprinoHseo. 
(10733). 


Fio.  287.— Lo^li•^illlm. 
(00040) 


Km.  ■J.'iS.— TtMiiiosscp, 
(;H02I). 


Kid.  289.— MiHsouri. 
(3M74). 


All     .\. 

Fios.  286-289.— Stone  f-iiikers. 

Fig.  280. — This  specimen  is  made  nf  a  brown  ferruginous  stono,  neillicr 
hematite  nor  clay-iron  stone,  and  softer  than  ferruginous  (|uartz.  It  exhihits  a 
tolerably  regular  pear-shape,  is  slightly  truncated  at  the  upper  end,  aiul  polished. 
From  Tcnne,-<see.     Pi'csented  by  the  Rev.  E.  II.  Uaiulle. 

Fig.  287. — A  pear-shaped  sinker  with  somewhat  rounded  apex,  fnun  which 
the  groove  is  farther  distant  than  in  the  other  s])eciineus  of  similar  form.  It 
consists  of  yellowi.sh-brown  (piartzite.  The  object  is  regularly  shaped,  and  its 
surface  smoothed.  It  was  found  in  Morehouse  Parish.  Louisiana,  ■•iiid  Iielonsrs 
to  a  series  of  sinkers  and  other  relics  presented  to  the  National  Museum  i)y  Mr. 
B.  IT.  Brodnax,  of  I'lantersville,  in  Morehouse  Parish. 

Fig.  288. — This  specimen,  obtusely  jwinted  at  both  eiuls,  is  made  of  specidar 
iron,  and  highly  polished.  Like  other  sinkers  of  this  kind,  yet  to  lie  described, 
it  is  as  symmetrical  in  form  as  though  it  had  been  turned  in  a  lathe.  Obtained 
in  Carroll  County,  Tennessee,  and  presented  liy  ^Ir.  Handle. 

Fig.  289. — This  object,  made  of  red  hematite,  re.send)les  in  shape  the  original 
of  Fig.  288,  but  is  nmre  slender,  and  not  so  well  pidislied.  It  wos  found  in 
Saint  Charles  County,  Missouri,  and  sent  by  Mr.  G.  A.  Slatery. 

The  following  series  comprises  live  sinkers  truucatcnl  at  the  up|ier  end. 

Fig.  21X), — A  (piart/ite  sinker  found  near  Tampa  Bay,  Florida.  It  is  of  a 
flattened  i)ear-sliape,  and  though  t(derably  well  worked,  ap|>ears  souunvhat  riule, 
when  compared  with  the  other  specimens  of  this  group.  Sent  by  Mr.  S.  T. 
Walker. 

Fig.  291. — This  specimen,  of  elegant  form  and  good  workmanship,  consists 
of  brown  clay-iron  stone,  composed  of  concentric  layers,  the  outer  of  which  has 


SINKERS. 


171 


bocuinc  .l,-ta.'lic-(l  in  somo  places.     From  >i  slioU-dc'iK.sit  a  fow  miles  north  ol" 
Mobile,  Alab.'ima,  between  the  Mobile  and  Tensas   lliver.s.     Presented  bv  Mr. 


K.  M.  Cunningham. 


Fill.  ;!0U.— Fluriii*.    (3J858), 


Kiu.  aiL-AlBbama.    (30893).       Kio.  ffl-.f.— Wo»t  Virginia.    (t»745). 


FiQ.  ma.— I.ouisinna.    (2917S). 

All  }. 
Flos.  290-2it4.— Stoiio  .^inkers 


Fia.  iJ'j4.— IlliniiiH.    (iiO.T2-2). 


>{ 


1« 


Fig.  292.— The  material  ol"  this  most  carefully  fashion.Hl  and  polished  sinker 
is  .specular  iron.  Found  (hirty  feet  below  the  surface,  at  Iluntin-ton.  in  Cabell 
County,  ^\'est  Virginia.     Presented  by  jNlr.  W.  J.  Ilaller. 

Fig.  2!);].--A  larger  specimen  of  similar  form  and  excellent  finish,  and  like- 
wise composed  of  specular  iron.  It  belongs  to  the  series  of  sinkers  from  More- 
house Parish,  Louisiana,  sent  by  ;Mr.  Hrodna.x. 

Fig.  294.— Another  specimen  of  absolutely  symmetrical  and  tasteful  shape. 
It  is  made  of  whitish  limestone.  About  an  inch  and  a  half  below  the  flattened 
upi)er  extremity  is  a  small  hole  tilled  with  oxidized  copper,  probably  the  <  '  of 
the  drill,  which  broke  during  the  operation.  On  the  opposit<;  side,  but  only  one 
inch  below  the  narrow  end,  is  another  hole  of  the  .same  diameter,  shallow  and 
without  any  truces  of  copper.     It  is  not  quite  evident  f(U-  what  purpose  these 


41 

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» *■ 


172 


PKEHISTOUIC   FISHING. 


lioles  wore  drilled,  unless  it  was  with  a  view  to  ornainentatidn.     From  a  mound 
in  Henderson  County,  Illinois.     I're.sented  by  Mr.  M.  Tandy.* 

The  specimens  figured  next  are  of  rather  h(>terogeneous  shapes,  but  have 
the  groove  in  oonuuon. 


Fio.  205.— Florldn.    (aOISO).        Flo.  29r..— Florida,    (:i(]11!l).         Fl.i.  iiV.-Oliio.    (7it7).  Fin.  ll'.F.S.— (ihir>.    (77nn). 

All  i 
Figs.  295-298.— Stoue  sinkers. 


if!  i  I 


Fig.  295. — This  object,  consisting  of  a  dark-colorod  serpentine-like  material, 
is  of  regular  outline,  and  polished.  The  part  alxive  the  groove  has  a  conoid  form. 
It  \va  ■  found  in  Manatee  County,  Florida,  and  ,'<ent  by  Mr.  J.  I'.  Wall. 

Fig.  2n(). — A  specimen  derived  from  the  same  locality,  also  presented  by  jNIr. 
Wall.  It  is  of  a  very  gi'aeeful,  slender  form,  contracting  below  the  groove,  and 
terminating  in  a  conoid  above  it.  The  surface  is  beautifully  polislied,  and 
entirely  free  of  scratches  and  other  marks  indicative  of  use.  The  material  is 
like  that  of  the  original  of  Fig.  295. 

*  This  inuund,  located  a  mile  aiiJ  a  liiilf  from  Dallas  City,  in  Hancock  County,  Illinois,  is  rnmarkaMo  for 
the  alitindanoc  of  human  remains  and  artt.'facts  it  contained  ;  hut  havinj:;  been  duu:  into  hy  dilVerent  jiarties,  a 
minute  record  of  the  uuinner  of  their  disposition  is  not  e.xtant.  More  tluui  a  hundred  skeletons  are  said  to  have 
heen  inclosed  in  this  mound  ;  a  tree,  twenty  inches  in  diameter,  had  spread  its  roots  among  the  bones,  and  impeded 
the  operations,  until  removed.  The  bodies,  all  belonging  to  adults,  had  been  placed  closely  together,  aa  it 
se((med,  in  a  douhled-up  position.  Curiously  enough,  many  itf  the  skulls  exhibit  a  small  round  perforation  in 
one  of  the  temporal  hones,  generally  the  left;  and  several  skulls  were  found  with  a  flint  p(!rforator  sticking  in 
(he  ajperture,  ami  evidently  driven  into  the  head  after  death,  jierhaps  in  pursuance  of  some  superstitiou.s  niolive. 
Acro.'s  the  mound,  from  east  to  west,  a  streak  of  ashes  and  charcoal  was  noticed.  The  east  side  of  the  mound 
inclosed  a  grave  made  of  stone  .slabs,  and  containing  a  skeleton  stretched  out  at  full  length,  with  the  head  to  the 
f  nith.  In  this  grave  were  found  two  sinkers  and  a  shell.  The  relics  taken  from  this  mound  consist  of  sinkers  of 
stone  and  iron  ore  (sixteen  in  number),  arrow  and  spear-heads,  pipes,  beads,  and  other  ornaments  of  shell,  perfor- 
ated teeth  of  aninuils,  bone  awls,  and  fragments  of  henuitito,  lead  ore,  copper,  deer  and  elk-horn.  It  is  probable 
that  the  burials  in  this  mound  belong  to  different  periods.  Many  of  the  relics  here  found  were  presented  to  the 
National  Museum  by  Mr.  M.  Tandy,  of  Dallas  City,  and  others  who  had  exhumed  them. 


SINKERS.  273 

Fig.  297.— Cast  of  a  specimen  formerly  belonging  to  Dr.  E.  IT  Davis  and 
now  in  the  Blackmorc  ^Museum,  at  Salisbury,  England.  It  is  ilgurcd  bv  Mr 
Stevens  and  described  by  him  as  "a  pluunuet-likc  object  of  talc,  gn-oved  at  one 
end,  and  with  the  other  end  worked  to  a  corresponding  point."*  Squier  and 
Davis  represent  a  similar  specimen  of  more  graceful  form.  They  call  these 
relics  "  pendants,"  and  state  that  they  "  arc  of  frequent  occurrence  in"  the  vicinity 
ot  the  ancient  works,  th.mgh  seldom  found,  if  indeed  found  at  all,  in  the  ancient 
mounds  them«ehes."t     The  original  of  Fig.  297  was  found  in  Ohio. 

Fig.  298.— This  specimen  bears  some  resemblance  to  the  original  of  Fie 
l.n,  but  It  bulges  less  in  the  middle,  and  its  lower  end  expands  and  terminates 
in  a  conoid.  The  material  of  this  well.p„li.hed  object  is  a  dark-green,  compact 
kind  ..t  greenstone,  somewhat  porphyritic  in  structure.  It  belongs  to  a  collec- 
tion ot  relics  from  Madison  Township,  in  Franklin  County,  Ohio,  which  w.n-o 
presented  to  the  National  Museum  by  Mr.  W.  R.  Limport,  of  Grovoport  in  the 
same  township.  They  were  not  taken  from  mounds,  but  were  found  by  farmers 
Willie  ploughing.  •  "  ' 


,1 

h 


Fig.  299.— Stoiio  siuker.    Ohio.     (160.S4). 

Fig.  299.— A  well-polished  sinker  of  specular  iron,  provided  v  itli  two 
grooves,  the  lower  one  of  which  runs  in  an  oblique  direction.  It  was  tak-ii  from 
a  mound  in  Licking  County,  Oliio,  and  i^resented  by  Mr.  W.  Anderson. 

The  following  cl.i.ss  comprises  sinkers  in  which  the  upper  part  is  worked 
into  the  shape  of  a  knob. 

Kig.  .'{(M)  (on  [.age  174).— This  siidvor  is  of  a  Hattened  [.eiir-sliape,  being  one 
inch  and  three-eighths  thick  in  the  mijdle,  and  a])parently  made  of  iino-grained 
grnnite.  The  surface  is  entirely  deconipose.l  and  rough.  From  IJeverlv,  lilssex 
County,  Ala.ssachusetts.     Presented  by  Mr.  Levi  Cole. 

Fig.  .'iOl  (on  page  174).— A  specimen  of  more  regular  turm,  consisting  of 
feldspathic  rock.  The  surface  is  rough,  in  conse(nience  of  weathering.  Found  at 
Eastport,  Washington  County,  Maine,  and  presented  by  the  Rev.  E.  Vetromilc. 


*  Slovens:  Flint  Chips  ;  ji.  500. 


t 

''1 
<i 


t  S<l'i 


nd  Di 


iivis:  Ancient  JI 


oniiiiiunts;  p.  235 


nn 


1-: 


tkmmm 


jfi>p  mp 


MWUMMH 


III-! 


.  I 


174 


I'KKHISTORIC    I'lSHINO. 


Fig.  302. — This  objoct,  of  a  sdinowliat  flattened  shape,  consists  of  a  dark 
metaniorphio  slate.  It  expands  (lonsiderably  in  the  middle,  and  the  lower  part 
shows  four  ffround  facets  terniinnting  in  a  point,  like  the  apex  of  a  four-sided 
pyramid.  From  South  Kingston,  Washington  County,  Rhode  Island.  It 
belongs  to  the  Clark  collection. 


Fill.  3i«.— MiH*>i:hil.S"tls.    (ii.'iM,<).  |.'|,|.  .101.— Miiiiw.    (IK.lil).  Fro.  3(]2.— Rliodo  '.iland.    (ITST.'i). 

Ficis.  .300-302.— Stone  sinkers. 

Fig  303. — In  this  specimen,  which  has  a  tolerably  regular  form,  the  knob 
is  not  sufficiently  ex[»an(ling  for  permitting  a  line  to  be  tied  firmly  below  it. 
But  the  sinker,  composed  of  sandstone,  is  much  weathered,  and  the  knob  may 
have  gr.-idu.illy  dwindled  away.  If,  however,  the  object  ])re.-<eiits  its  original 
form,  we  must  assume  that  the  line  also  passe<l  around  its  lower  part.  From 
Guadaloupe,  Santa  Barbara  County,  California.     Sent  by  Mr.  Bowers. 

Fig.  304. — A  very  hirge  sinker  of  granite,  probably  suspended  in  the  man- 
ner suggested  in  the  pr(>ceding  case.  The  side  not  exposed  to  view  in  the  iigure 
is  partly  flat.  This  sinker  may  have  been  used  in  connection  with  a  large  hook 
for  catching  cod  or  halibut.  From  Massachusetts.  Presented  by  General  J.  II. 
Devcreux. 

Fig.  30o. — A  specimen  of  unusual  form,  made  of  a  pebble  of  elongated 
shape,  sonu'what  resembling  a  four-sided  prism.  The  neck  is  ])roduced  by 
pecking,  and  tiiere  are  also  traces  of  work  noticealile  on  the  left  side  and  at  the 
lower  end.  The  m;ileri;d  is  a  greenish-gray  metamorjdiic  slate.  Obtained  at 
Marl)lehead,  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  and  presented  by  Mr.  J.  J.  II. 
Gregory. 

Fig.  30G. — A  well-shaped  sinker  with  flattened  knob.  The  surface  is  much 
corroded,  and  has  a  slightly  porous  ai)pearance.  The  stone  out  of  which  this 
sinker  is  made  etlervesces  when  treated  with  an  acid,  and  consequently  consists 
of,  or  contains  much,  carbonate  of  lime.  Obtnined  at  Sarasota  Bay,  Manatee 
County,  Fhn-ida,  and  presented  by  Mr.  J.  G,  Webb. 


If     I 


fill 


1'  ! 


SINKKUH, 


17/ 


/•) 


rig.  mu      A  quartz.to  sinker  of  co,>oi,l,vl  funn,  with  ,,  knob  Iravcrsc.l  by  a 
groove  wind,  doubt  OSS  was  intculo.l  to  lacilitate  tl.o  a.li„st„u-nt  of  tbo  lino 
Ironi  MKldloborough,  Massachusetts.     Presented  by  Professor  J.  W  P  Jenks" 


Ki.i.  3il.l.-Calif„riiia.    poli,9). 


Fin.  3(H.— iMassaohusoUit.    (07111  p,,,  .,,.-     .,         ,       .,       , 


(CMI.-,). 


I'm.  3i«;.— l.-|iiriil,i,    (liw.ia). 


5 


l''i.i.  3ii7.-.M»s..-auhiisott!).    (r,,',li',)  Kiu.  .1ii8,-C»lif, 


niia     (JLHT.-i). 


Fi(is.  .■)();> -;i()8.— Stone  siukers. 


Fio;.  308._This  si)cein.en,  whieli  consists  of  serpentine,  exi,il,its  an  almost 


g  obular  bulge      Tn  tins  su.ker,  as  in  others  already  described,  the  ne.-k  norti. 
ot  the  knob  IS  hardly  narrow  enough  to  allow  a  lirni  attachment  of  the  line,  f, 


for 


''1-' 
.  "I 

t    I 


1  TTi - r  n  1,11  111  I  -rriiiiu>i!wiiHwiiiiWi 


mSSbsb 


il 


h 


)■ 


il 


Ml 

I! 


,1 


,li 


't 


I 


17(5 


niKJiisTouic  lasiiiNO. 


which  reason  it  may  bo  suppd.scd  tli.it  tlio  latter  passed  around  botli  the  knob 
and  tlie  opposite  extremity.     Found  l)y  Mr.  Hcliuniadicr  on  Santa  Cruz  Island.* 
In  the  four  specimens  tbrniinu;  the  next  ,u;roup  there  are  no  knobs,  properly 
speaking,  .•muI  other  forms  appear  in  their  stead. 


Fio.  OTJ.-Ciilifuniia.    ilJI.i!!).       Via.  :iin.— Miiinc.    ((iM'J).       Kio.  ail-rnllforiiln.    (Jl»7a).     Fio.  312— CHlifcirnlii.    (7117). 

All  J. 
Fios.  309-;U2.— Stone  siukew. 

Fig.  309. — An  object  of  limestone,  rather  rudely  worked,  and  .slightly  com- 
pre.ssed  in  the  longitudinal  direction.  Jjoth  extremities  contract  and  show  traces 
of  asphaltuin.  The  line  evidently  encompassed  both  ends.  From  Santa  Rosa 
Island.     Sent  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Harford. 

Fig.  310. — This  sinker  is  made  of  a  chloritic  pebble,  of  which  the  pecking 
has  not  entirely  removed  the  original  surface.  A  cross-section  through  the 
Middle,  therefore,  would  not  present  a  circular  but  an  irregular  form.  The  upper 
end  shows  a  slight  expansion,  barely  sufRcient  to  atford  a  hold  to  the  lino  when 
tied  around  it.  .Obtained  near  the  Saint  Croix  River,  Maine,  and  presented  by 
^Ir.  G.  A.  lioardnuin. 

Fig.  311. — A  specimen  of  kindred  form,  but  larger,  and  perfectly  .symmet- 
rical in  shape.  The  surface  of  this  object,  which  consists  of  serpentine,  shows 
distinct  sti'iie,  produced  by  the  tool  with  which  it  was  finished.  Found  on  Santa 
Cruz  Island  by  Mr.  Scliunia(;lier. 

Fig.  31:i. — Another  Californian  specimen  with  a  more  considerable  bulge 
and  a  very  slender  neck,  terminating  in  a  hardly  perceptible  enlargement.  Tho 
material  of  this  well-woi'ked,  but  not  polished,  sinker  is  hornblende-schist.  Sent 
by  Dr.  L.  G.  Yates. 

*  Slifsrs.  Sqi.iioi'  and  Davis  flguro  on  p.  235  of  "Ancient  Moniimonts  of  tlio  Mississippi  Valloy  "  a  specimen 
cxhibitin;;  a  Kri'i'tc  Inilgc  and  moro  olabornto  workmanship.  Tlio  comparatively  small  upper  end  is  grooved  j  tho 
lower  end  terminates  in  a  conoid.     No  lipecial  mention  of  tliie  olijcet  is  made  in  tlie  text  of  tlieir  wnrix. 


I.  » 


SINKKliS. 


/  t 


The  siiiker.s  wliicli  la-xt  oluiiii  our  atti.'iit.ioi\  arc  iierforalod  at  tlie  upper 
oxtrciuit^-. 


i  J  J 

Fm.  nll.-!,oul.-l,ma.    (31408).  Fio.  313,-Ciillf  .riila.    (2(ii":i).  K.o.  3ir,.-Ark«nsas.    (1)042). 

Fi(i9.  nin-SlS.— Stone  ginkcr.s. 

Fi,!^.  313.— A  well-worked,  but  not  polished,  small  .speeiuieii  of  potstouo, 
with  a  hole  drilled  from  both  sides,  and  therefore  bi-coiiical  in  shape.  Thuu!j;h 
of  the  sinker  form,  the  object  is  rather  small,  and  po.ssibly  may  have  served  as 
an  nniamcnt.  Perhaps  it  belonged  to  the  fishing-tackle  of  a  juvenile  angler. 
Obtained  on  San  Miguel  Island  by  Mr.  TJowers. 

Fig.  314.'— One  of  the  scries  of  tine  ix.lished  sinkers  from  Morehouse  Parish, 
in  Louisiana,  presented  by  Mr.  Brudnax.  It  consists  of  specular  iron.  The 
hole  is  bi-conical,  and  drilled  with  great  precision. 

Fig.  315. — This  sinker,  of  very  regular  sli.ipu  and  well  polisiied,  is  made  of 
amygdaloid.  The  perforation  has  n  cylindrical  form,  ami  below  it  are  seen  two 
incised  ornamental  lines.  Found  in  Arkansas,  and  prcsentetl  l)y  Mrs.  R.  L. 
Stuart. 


•^ 


k^ 


'w-» 


u->3 


Flo.  316.— Cttlifornln, 


Fii.  317.-Illiiiol9. 


Fiv.:i.  .310  and  317.— Stoiu;  siiikciv. 


17H 


l'Ki:illsT(tUI(i    I'ISIIINfl. 


N^carly  of  this  slinpo,  Itiil,  moro  Hloiidor  in  tlio  iioi'k,  are  tlio  (Irilli'd  stoiio 
and  ivory  sinkers  still  niadis  by  the  wostorn  Mskinios.  Sonii' of  tlicir  sinkers 
are  provided  with  ii  liol(>  id  each  end,  as  an  example  will  hIiow  hereaCter. 

Fig.  HI ()  (on  paji;e  177). — A  very  good  .specimen  from  San  Mignel  Island, 
made  of  green i.sh-gray,  slightly  poroiw  stone,  apparently  of  voleanie  origin.  The 
perforation,  near  the  lilinit  c\){\,  is  hi-eonical.  This  sinker  and  that  represented 
in  I'^ig.  .'M7  Itelong  to  the  e.xtensivo  C(dlcction  of  the  late  Mr.  W.  8.  Viui.x,  of 
I'hiladelphia,  and  were  kindly  loaned  to  mc  hy  his  brother,  Mr.  George  Vaux,  of 
that  city. 

Fig.  317  (on  page  177). — A  well-polished  sinker  of  ('oari^o-grained  .syenite. 
The  portion  al)ove  the  bi-conical  hole  is  somewhat  damaged  iiy  tVaetiire.  It 
formed  the  losa  pointed  end  of  tho  object.  From  Chester,  Randolph  County, 
Illinois.* 


m 


\f'''i 


l''i.i.  .;h. -Voitiiwivi  c.ii.t.    (j'.wi. 


Ill 


Km.    ll;l.-l'jilif.M-iu:i.    I  M*i.ll. 

Kliis.  .'>1S-;!'J(I.   -Slmn'  sirikiTS. 


Km.  Ml- I  Phi,,.    (:i|i««i). 


Fig.  HIM. — A  speeimen  maile  of  gneiss,  presenting  a  ndlier  rough  ;ippear- 
anee.  iiut  nevertheless  .symmetrical  in  form.  The  bidging  part  is  slightly  tlat- 
(isli.  and  both  ends  exliii)it  a  still  more  compressed  shape.  The  l)i-oonic;d  ])ei-- 
fnnilioii  is  one  inch  distant  from  the  upper  end,  wliich  shows  ;in  insignilicjint 
depression  in  the  miiMle.  Obtained  on  the  Northwest  Coast  during  Lieutenant 
Wilkes's  e\|doring  expedition. 

Fig.  HU). — Marked  as  a  cast  of  a  .specimen  in  the  collection  of  the  ('ali- 


*  I  Imvf  the  ujijiiT  liiilf  cif  a  woU-iimdo  drilled  i-tunc.  sinkur,  which,  significantly  oniiiigh,  wus  f,)iiiid  in  tho 
Ilithlund  Creolt,  ncir  BoUovillo,  Siiint  Cliiir  County-,  Illinois, 


furnia  AomlcMny  ..f  S.-i.-n.TM.  at  S,..i  rVa„.is,.„.  Th..  (.l.joct,  to  judgo  from  its 
umtati..,,.  ,s  well  wurkr.l.  Tl„.  „,.,„.,•  nu\  sIm.ws  m  dcop  -n.ovo," n.nninK  verti- 
cally fn.ni  ..no  aportuiv  ..f  tJM.  l.i.n.niral  hnjo  f.  tlio  ..(licr.  I  ninn-.t  state  .,f 
wliat  material  the  f-poeinieii  is  made,  and  iVun,  Nvli,,t  special  lecnlitv  in  Cali- 
Wnia  it  is  derived.  My  iiKjuirieH  led  to  n..  .leliiiite  result.  A  east  .'.f  ai.utlier 
Califonii.'iii  sinker  of  the  smmic  sluipe  was  .^enl  l.v  .Mr.  R.  K  ('  Stearns  to  tlie 
Xatiun.-d  Mnsenn,  (No.  ;}(.ll()).  The  oriyin.l,  'com\.i\ug  of  dark  .late,  was 
loiind  m  Sol.ino  (.'ounty. 

Fi-.  ;3-'().— This  si.eeimen  is  made  of  a  flnttish  pehhle  of  finc-graincd  .sand- 
«tone,  to  some  extent  m.ulilh.d  l.y  -rindin-  A  well-oTonnd  horizontal  -n-oove 
pas.Hes  throuj.-h  the  apertures  of  the  cylindrienl  perfonition.  The  ..l.jeel  hi.s  the 
appearance  of  a  sinker;  b„t,  nev,.rtlu.|ess,  mny  have  boon  .lesigncdfor  another 
ii.se.     iM'om  Cleveland,  Ohio.     Trcson  fed  by  GeneralJ.  T.  Wilder 


in 

n 


>:, 


Fid.  :iL'l.— Eskimo  .«ti)iiL'  .-iiiikir.     Aliislui.    (21702). 

Fig.  321.-A  well-made  Kskimo  si.d<er  of  greenish   porphvrv,  havin-  at 
both   end,s  perfon.tions  whieh  still   hold  eords  of  thong  and  sinew-remnants  of 
the  line  and  of  a  strip  to  which  the  hook  was  attached.     The  j.erf..ralions  run  in 
oi.posite  directions.     Obtained  on  Ukivok  or  King  Island,  Ala.ska,  by  Mr.  L  M 
Turner. 

In  concluding  my  account  of  North  American  stone  sinkers,  I  pre.sent  on 
l>age  180  two  illustrations  of  such  articles,  which  should  have  been  noticed  in 
their  proper  connection  with  others  of  similar  ch,'.raeter.  T1h>  fiirure-s,  however 
show  the  objects  exceptionally  in  natural  si/e.  l)eing  printed  from  bhx-ks  not 
siwcially  prepared  for  this  work,  but  already  use.l  in  an  official  report.^==    The 

*N.,rri,:   Fifth  Annual  H,.,,,,. ,   >'HheSu,,eri„t„„dent  of  the  VoMowstone  Nationa7^iii^W»sin,^,~i88r 
Fig.  I  on  p.  ,33,  una  Fig.  8  on  p.  34.  '  h       <  , 


\A 


''if 


j! 

ij 

• 

ABBaOBH 


BiBBB 


n 


ii. 
V, 

!■■  ;  1 

f:  I  i 

1  { ? 


i-l:M 


ir^'' 


H" 


v    I  t 

1,, '  -; 

i 

f 

■i 

1 

* , 

■V;  ^ 

k 

t         ; 

1'  :; 

"i''  c 

V     ;' 

i 

'*' 

180 


I'HEHISTUHIO    FlSIilNO. 


originals,  moroovor,  wore  both  fouiul  uonr  tiu"  Yollowstonc  Lake,  in  the  Yellow- 
stone Park,  WyoMiiui;-,  ami    ..-nt  to  the  National  Museum  by  ^ir.  1'.  W.  Norris. 
Fig.  322. — A  grooved  sinker,  made  of  a  syenite  pebble  of  somewhat  eom- 
pressed  shape.     The  peeked  groo\o  seems  to  be  its  only  artilicial  modilloation. 


Flcs.  '.Vl'l  mill  ;!'_'.'{. — Stdiu:  siiikcis.     Wy'Hiiiii^. 

Fig.  ',i2'). — This  very  line  and  earefnlly  polished  siidcer  consists  of  whitish 
quart/.,  variegated  with  blaek  spots.  The  hole  is  regularly  drilled  from  both 
sides.  - 

On  a  preceding  page  allusion  was  made  to  sinkers  of  native  eopper.  As 
tlii'  metal  would  have  furnished  an  excellent  material  for  sinkers,  the  small 
number  i>f  coppm"  articles  of  this  kind  liitlierlo  discoxcri'il  must  excite  soiue 
surprise.  Indeed.  1  know  only  of  two  specimens,  rei)resentations  ami  descrip- 
tions of  whicli  are  her(>  givt'U. 

Fig.  ,'L*4. — .\  sinker  of  lieaten  native  eoj)per,  approximately  round  in  the 
eross-sectimi.  ami  jirovidcd  with  a  groove  for  the  attachment  of  the  liiu'.  The 
object  is  not  (piite  regularly  shaped,  and  shows  several  cracks,  i?ito  one  of  which, 
at  the  lower  end,  a  thin  piece  of  lii-atcn  native  silver  is  inserted.  The  original 
was  found,  in  June,  ISlit,  with  a  numlicr  of  other  relics,  in  a  mound  at  Marietta, 


I 


SINMMiS. 


181 


01 


110.     Tliis  nu.iiiiil  ;iiul  its  coiitoiits  li.iv 


Ilildrctii   ill  ;i  Ii'ltcT  .•i(l(ln>ssc>(l  io  .Mr.  C-ili'l)  A 


o  lieiMi   iiiinuU'ly  do.scriliod  by  Dr.  8.  R 


iiadc  after  tluM.riiriiial.  wliicli  boloii--.-*  to  tl 


(walor.-     Till"  t'ldl-.sizc  lu 


iirt'  IS 


quariaii  Society,  at   W'oivcsler,  .Massacl 


le  collection  of  tlie  Ainericaii  Aiiti- 


tlir 


lusetts,    hut  was  kindly  loaned   to   mo 


.)up:li  th.>  nie<liation  of  Mv.  Stephen  Salisburv,  Jr..  of  the  same  j)l 


placet 


Fiu.  ri'.'l. 


Fii:s.  iVM  iiiul  ;>2r).— c 


I'm.  :i:.-..    (r.S'jT). 
ippor  sinkers.     Rfouiiil.s  in  Oli: 


Fi.n:.  ;ii>r).— This  siid<er.  presented  I.y  CieiuM-al  J.  U.  D 
lianiniered  from  a  solid  ])iece  of   nat 
symmetrical,  shape,  and  smooth  on  thu  surfa.v.  which  si 


evereux,  is  carefully 
ive  co|)pt<r,  of  u;ood,  thouuli  not  ontirolv 


T 


le  upper  ]),irt  lerminales  in  ;i  co 


mpressei 


n  firm  hold  to  tin-  1 


what  simil.'ir 


ine,  and  the  I 


lows  some  sli^'ht  cavities. 
1  knoll,  snlliciently  projecting-  to  alVord 


owerend,  willhuit  forming-  a  knot),  shows  a  soi 


inu'  about  h.alf  an  inch  in  Ihicl 


'■■'1"'-     'I'll''  '>l'.i''e(  is  not  round,  but  tlalleiied  throu-1 


iie- 
lont,  me.'isnr- 


almost  1' 


kiiess.     A  cross-section  flirouuh  tlu- middle  would 


esemlile  a  recfan-le  with  stron-lv  roiinde.l  and 


es. 


*■  ArclircoIoixiM  A 
rcii'iiililiuici'  (ii  till'  oil 


niiTii'iiiiii;   Vol.    I,  ISL'O; 

jiTt. 


p.  HIS,  etc.     Till 


oll.(Mlt  • 


'"  I'-  !"■'  ('''i^'-  •'"1  l»'iirs  only  ii  iIIhIuiiI 


t  Siiici!  Uiii  iilp.ivi>  wii'!  wrillcn,  Prof.ssor  F.  \V.  1' 


VM'.iqimriim  Socu'ty  "  (NowS, 


I'iis,  Vol.  II  ■ 


iiliumi  liiis  |,iil>lishc(l  in  llic  "  I' 


lit  .Miirictla.     Ui'  llii 


^  111,. 


iif  mil 


<|ii'cinuMi,  wliii'li  I   cull 


]<.  :M'.i  .-111:!)  an  iirli,'!,.  i-rlalinir  Io  Ih,.  olij,.,.|s  ,Iis 


rooooilin^.s  of  the  Amprii 


'il  in  do 


ivo  copper  coiilainni!;  imliv,'  silver.     The  poi-iiliar 


iisinli.M-,  lia^  li,.,Mi  ina.le  I.y  poinelin:,'  lo:,'''ll 


iiioiniil 


.'Superior  (Hslrii't  is  well  k 
exprc.sseil  liy  Professor  I'l 


noun,  iind 


\  lief, 


oi'iairrenee  ol   'lies,-  tw. 


re  Imvi 


.MiikiM-  slio\v,-,l  traces  of  lioaliiiL;,  ari.l  liei 


Inani,      linl   npoti  close  inspection  it 


cxiiniiinMl   the  specimen   in  i|nesliori,  I 


ler  an  arhorc.si'ent 
vir^rin  inclals  In   tlu'    I,ake 


entertiiincil   the  vii 


iilipoaml  to  nip  as  thouijli  the  pi 


ice  my  ^lalemcnl.      .Vficr  all,  the  matter  is  imt  of 


)iii'<M'  ol  Silver  in 
UriMt  imporlaiico. 


the 


IM 


.'I 


n 


i. 


■( 


Vi 


»  '  i 


!i 


1-^ 


i  ■■ ! 


■  Av«»/<!<*iii4j.jsii:t.«t?,»«»*i;- 


TSSTT'i-Hjy."' 


"7^ 


182 


I'REllISTOUIC   FISHING. 


General  Deveroux  informed  nie  tlint  lie  obtained  tliis  sppcinien,  in  the 
snninior  of  1852,  from  the  family  of  the  iinder.  It  liad  heen  exhumed,  some 
years  ]n'evioii.sl_v,  from  a  tumulus  in  Painesvilie  Tnwnship,  Lake  County,  Ohio. 
lie  had  not  the  opportunity  of  personally  visit inu'  the  site  and  remains  of  this 
mound,  which,  from  the  description  jjiven  of  it,  was  of  no  unusual  size  or  shape. 
It  had  been  gradually  leveled  by  the  plough,  during  which  process  large  quan- 
tities of  detached  human  bones  as  well  as  many  distinct  skeletons  had  come  to 
light;  and  also  implements  and  ornaments  of  stone,  togetlicr  witii  the  copper 
article — the  only  one  made  of  that  metal.  The  iamily  nf  the  discoverer  had 
displaced  or  lost  everything  of  the  tind,  excepting  the  copper  relic,  which  hap- 
pily had  been  carefully  preserved  as  possessing  unusual  value. 

In  a  valuable  treatise  on  North  American  prehistoric  copper  articles,  Dr. 
Emil  Schmidt  has  described  this  object  as  an  ornament.*  Its  weight  and  form 
militate  against  this  view,  whereas  it  has  all  the  characteristics  (>f  a  sinker,  and 
])robably  was  employed  as  such.  It  is  a  reproduction  in  copper  of  a  certain 
type  of  stone  sinkers,  of  which  the  s])ecimen  represented  in  Fig.  2t>8  may  sei'vu 
as  an  examide. 

In  the  next  group  I  iinally  present  designs  of  four  specimens  made  of  shell, 
three  of  wjiich  coi-respond  "in  shajie  nioi'e  or  less  to  certain  olijects  of  stone 
brought  to  the  reader's  notice,  which  I  consider  ;is  sinkers. 


:  fi 


Fid.  .■I'jr..— Klori.lii. 
(.■USillJ). 


Fm.  :ij7.— Floil.l;i. 
(ISlHiD). 


(:li-.r.7). 

All  h 
Fias.  326-329.— .Si)L'li  /mkera. 


Fia.  :ij!<.— Floii.lii.  I''i.i.  :i.".i.— WcMt  Virginia. 

(MV7:i). 


Hi 


m 


'^ 


Fig.  32(5. — Cast  of  a  nn)ditied  shell  of  Sfromhns  pugilh,  ft)und  in  Florid;i,  and 
sent  to  the  National  Museum  for  T'eju-oduction  in  plaster,  by  Mr.  .1.  W.  Velio,  of 
Chicago.  The  edge-portion  of  the  wall  of  this  .shell  has  been  nnnoved  until  its 
more  solid  part  was  reached ;  the  end  of  the  beak  is  ground  oft",  and  below  the 


♦Si'hmiiU:  Die  |iriiliistiirisolioii  Kupfcrgoriilhi!  Niirdumeriliiis;  Arrliiv  I'lir  .\iitlirci|iiil(igiu ;  Vol.  XI,  1H7H; 


p  88. 


<1 


l-'ISH-CUTTEHS. 


183 


small  plane  thus  f.,rniod  it  is  on.-irclod  hy  a  groove     It  appears  probable  that 
this  ])rei)aro(l  shell  served  as  a  sinker. 

Fig.  327.— All  ()l)iect  made  of  the  columella  of  F^nila  perversa.  Its  great 
resemblance  to  a  class  of  stone  sinkers  justities  the  opinion  that  it  also  was  a 
sinker.     From  Sarasota  13ay,  Florida.     Presented  by  Mr.  J.  (1.  Webb. 

Fig-.  328.— Cast  of  another  specimen  of  shell,  worked  into  the  form  of  .-i 
sinker.  Original  likewise  Ibund  in  Florida,  and  loaned  to  the  National  Museum 
by  Mr.  Velic. 

Fig.  329.— Columella  of  F>,rula  perversa,  carefully  brought  into  shape,  and 
perforated  at  one  end.  This  specimen  was  found  in  a  shell-heaj.  on  Blenner- 
hassett's  Island  in  the  Ohio  lliver,  two  miles  below  Farkersburg,  A\'est  Virginia, 
and  belongs  to  a  c.dlection  of  relics  from  that  island  sent  to  the  National  Mu'seuni 
by  Mr.  J.  F.  MacLcan.-  It  would  have  done  excellent  service  as  a  sinker  for  a 
fishing-line;  but  as  the  shell  out  of  which  it  is  made  occurs  only  on  the  southern 
coasts  of  the  United  .States,  it  doubtless  was  .leemed  valuable  bv  the  inhabitants 
of  the  interior  country,  and  hence  it  may  have  been  designed  Ibr  an  ornamental 
rather  than  a  practical  i)urpose. 

Fish-cutters.— Any  one  acquainted  with  the  types  of  North  American  stone 
implements  is  aware  of  the  existence  of  smoothed  or  polished  cutting-tools  of 
slate,  which  generally  exhibit  a  semi-lunar  shape,  having  a  curved  cutting-edc^c 
and  a  straight  or  nearly  straight  back,  thick  and  projecting  for  ureater  con- 
venience in  handling.     One  of  these  cutters  is  figured  by  Squier  and  IJavis,  and 
they  are  thus  alluded  to :— "Another  variety  is  oecasi.Mially  found  in  the  Eastern 
States.     They  arc  sometimes  composed  of  slate,  and  are  "of  various  sizes,  often 
measuring  five  or  six  inches  in  length.     They  are  very  well  adapted  for  tlayin- 
animals,  and  otlier  analogous  purposes."-|-      They  were  afterward  noticed  by 
myself,:!:  and  more  minutely  described  by  Professor  Putnam  §  and  Dr.  Abbott.] 
The  above-quoted  statements  are  correct,  e.xcepting  the  remark  thai  these  cutters 
occur  occa.vonalb,  in  the  Eastern  States.     Th(>y  are.  in  tact,  rather  froqu.-nt   in 
the  Northern  Allanlic  Slates,  but  apparently  coulined  I,,  thui  n-gion.     Tiie  spe.-i- 
mens  in  liie  Natimi.-il  .Museum  were  obtained  in  New  Hamp.shire,  -Massachusetls, 
Connecticut,  New  Y,.rk,  and  Pennsylvania.     According  t..  Dr.  AI)bott.  liiev  are 
common  in  New  .lersev. 

Fig.  330,  on  the  following  page,  shows  the  form  of  one  of  the  smaller  speci- 
mens  of  this  class,  composed  of  a  greenish-gray  slate.    The  back  is  in  the  middle 


•  His  .Icseription  of  llio  slicll-iloposits  on  timt  isliiiid  will  bo  fouiul  \n  niiotliir  s.vlion  „r  il.is  worlc. 
t  Squier  and  P'lvis :   Ancii'iit  MomiiiK'nls  ;  p.  lil,"),  oti-. 

X  Tho  AivlKool„-i™l  Collection  of  Uio  United  States  National  .Museiun ;  No,  287  of  Sn.ithsonian  Contrilmii,,,,, 
to  Knowledge;  Washington,  18711;  p.  '>\.  nirihiitions 

§  Putnam  :   liMlletin.  of  tlie  Ks.ev  Institute,  V,.l.  V,  April  and  Mav,  and  d.ilv    IM7:;  •   „    wi   ,.|r  ■   ,     lo- 
ll Aljliult :    I'liniitivr  IriduMiy  ;   p.  i;;i,  ele.  '  '  •   I-       '        ■,i.i->. 


3 


.4 


it- 


4 

if 


I 


'pi 


184 


PREHlSTOIilC   FISHING. 


tlirec-eightlis  of  an  inch  thick,  but,  as  in  other  specimens  of  the  same  kind,  be- 
comes gradually  thinner  toward  the  ends.  It  has  a  tolerably  sharp  cutting-edge. 
The  specimen  was  found  at  IJlackstono,  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  and 
belongs  to  the  series  of  New  England  relics  acquired  from  Mr.  J.  H.  Clark. 


Pio.  330.— Stone  fish-cutter.     Miissacluisotts.     (17938). 

The  original  of  Fig.  331  is  in  possession  of  Mr.  F.  lioulot,  of  Newark 
Valley,  Tioga  County,  New  York,  and  the  illustration  was  made  after  an  exact 
cast  taken  by  one  of  the  niixlelers  of  the  National  Museum.  This  specimen, 
which  consists  of  ;  reddish-brown,  mottled,  ferruginous  slate,  was  found  on  the 
flats  of  Owogu  Cr(X'k.  near  Newark  Valley.  It  probalily  had  originally  a  greater 
depth,  which  gradually  became  less  Ity  grinding.  The  cutting-edge  is  beveled 
from  both  sides.  Tlie  l)ack  is  in  the  middle  half  an  inch  thick,  and  afforded, 
like  that  »f  the  first-described  specimen,  a  convenient  handle. 


i    ■  ^ 


Fill.  ;i31.— Stoue  fi.-hoiitti"r      Now  York.     (-Is^'iO). 

Fig.  332  represents  a  large,  unfortunately  defective,  cutter  of  gray  slate, 
found  on  the  bank  of  the  Scliuylkill,  near  Norrisfowii,  Montgomery  County, 
Pennsylvania,  and  presented  to  the  National  ^ruseiim  liy  Mr.  J.  II.  McUvaine. 
In  this  specimen  the  back  is  only  live-sixteenths  of  an  inch  thirk  in  the  middle, 
and,  considering  the  size  of  the  implement,  which  measured  more  than  nine 
inches  in  length  when  complete,  is  too  insigniticant  to  afford  a  firm  grasp.  It  is 
therefore  obviou;5  that   the  blade  was  originally   inserted,   or  intended  to  be 


J 


FISIt-C'UTTKUS. 


185 


inserted,  into  n  separate  haiullo,  probaWy  of  wood.  A  slit  cut  in  longitudinally 
below  the  proji'cting  upper  part,  and  not  placed  in  the  middle,  but  nearer  one 
end  of  the  blade  (for  a  reason  to  l)C  explained  very  soon)  facilitated  the  connection 
of  the  two  jiarts  by  means  of  a  ligature.  Professor  Putnam  and  Dr.  Abbott 
iigurc  in  their  before-cited  publicvations  a  specimen  from  Massachusetts,  showing 
three  longitudinal  holes  below  the  back,  which  in  that  instance  forms  a  thin  edge. 


m 

P 

11 


Fio.  332.— Stono  fisli-ciittcr.    Pennsylvania.    (8025). 


I  have  called  these  implements  "fish-cutters,"  not  for  conveying  the  idea 
that  they  were  e.xclusively  used  for  the  purpose  indicated  by  that  name,  but 
because  I  believe  that  the  cutting  of  lish  was  one  tif  their  chief  applications. 
There  are  in  the  National  Museum  handled  cutting-imi)lements  of  the  same 
sliajie,  and  partly  of  the  same  material,  obtained  fnun  Tniiuits  and  Indians  of 
the  Northwest  (  jast,  and  these  tools  are  generally  designated  by  those  who  sont 
them  from  that  region  as  "  fish-knives,"  "  knives  for  splitting  fish,"  "halibut- 
knives,"  etc.,  and  it  is  sometimes  stated  that  they  are  chietly  u.sed  by  women. 
I  will  give  a  few  examjiles. 

Fig.  333,  on  the  ne.xt  page,  shows  a  large,  well-]io1ished,  and  sharp-edged 
slate  knire,  designed  to  be  inserted  into  a  handle.  It  was  obtained  by  Mr.  V,.  W. 
N'.dson  from  Eskimos  of  Nin-ton  Wound,  Alaska.  lie  calls  if  "a  woman's  fish- 
knife,"  and  draws  special  attention  to  the  absence  of  the  handle. 

In  Fig.  334,  also  on  the  following  pagt>,  I  rejiresent  aiiothei'  slate  knife,  sent 
from  the  same  locality  l)y  .Mr.  Ij.  M.  Turner.  It  is  set  in  a  massive  semi-lunar 
handle  of  pine-wood.  A  ligature  of  M'halebone  passing  thnuigh  a  hole  in  the 
blade  and  fitting  into  a  groove  in  the  handle  keeps  both  parts  firmly  united. 
The  cutting-edge  of  this  tool  is  rpiite  sharp.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  hole  in 
b24 


■  t 


negB3 


fa^^'*it«*^'.iijJ,^w*rv;j^.^-.>,.^v-w>.%^tfSaw*-^.i% 


ynn 


186 


PREHISTOKIC   KISHINO. 


the  blatlo  is  not  in  the  middle,  but  noarer  one  of  its  corners,  just  as  in  the  origi 
nal  of  Fig.  332.   It  wus  probably  intended  to  e.\ert  a  greater  pressure  on  one  side. 


Fid.  aai.  (33700) 


r.:' 


( . 


Pill.  :'.:il.    (.'Mi;i). 

Figs.  333  nnd  334.  —Stone  fisli-ciitters.     Eskimn.s,  Norton  Soiiml,  Ala.ska. 


'  1  ■«    i 


Fig.  33o  presents  tlie  form  of  a  "halibut-knife"  used  by  tlie  Makah  Indians 
of  Noah  Bay,  Wasliingtun  Territory,  and  sent  by  Mr.  Jaiues  G.  Swan.  Tlie 
blade  consists  of  a  thin  pi(>ce  of  iron,  and  i.s  inserted  iiilo  a  slightly-eurved, 
rather  thick  handle  of  pine-wood.  The  two  holes  in  the  blade  iiave  no  signili- 
cance  ;  they  were  origintdly  in  the  piece  of  sheet-iron  obtained  from  the  whites, 
which  was  afterward  utilized  in  the  manufacture  of  a  knife. 

Another  Makah  knife  from  Xeah  Day  sent  by  him  (tonsists  entirely  of  slaty 
stone.     It  has,  as  Fig.  330  shows,  a  semi-circular  (Uitting-edge  and  a  ma.ssive, 


Fisii-c;irnHU,s. 


187 


riKlcly-sliapcd  back  witlioiit  slioiiUlerrt.  In  tlis  uueoiitli,  l)iit  vory  charactcrisiic, 
iinplcinont  only  the  cntting-oilgo  is  ground  Air.  ywan  calls  it  au  ^'ancient 
knife  for  splitting  lish." 


'■im 


c 


KlU.  3:15.    (33372). 


Fill.  ;i;!i'..   (18521). 
Fiiia.  335  iiud  336. — Fii  li-cutlei-s  of  iron  and  stoiio.     Mukali  Iiiiliijus,  Neali  Bay. 


^■iM 


The  Groonlard  Eskimos,  niovo  cspocially  tlio  woincn,  use  at  present  a  senii- 
circnlar  iron  futtiuLL-tool  (called  oo/oo).  which  is  hal'ted  like  a  saddler's  knife; 
but  formerly,  l.tefoiv  tliey  obtained  iron  fi'om  Europeans,  they  employed  knives 
with  blades  of  slale.-''  as  di<l  ,al.so  the  eastern  Innuits  south  of  (irecniand. 

The  resemblance  between  tlie  modern  (uitters  denominated  "  ti. slide nives" 


and  the  older  slate  kn 


ive; 


ik  M-ribetl  bv  me  is  reallv  slrikiny.  and  hence  it  will 


be 


avc 


deemed  justitiablc  that  I  have  claimed  an  analogous  use  for  the  latter,  and 
mentioned  them  in  connection  with  iirehistorie  tishing. 


*Somotinie9  of  iiK'tciiriu  irnn. 


'4 

m 


i  I 


188 


I'UKIIISTomC    I'ISHINC} 


In  commenting  on  these  tools,  Dr.  Abbott  observes: — "As  these  semi-liinar 
knives  arc  more  abundant  in  New  England  than  in  the  Middle  States,  and  do 
not  appear  to  have  been  in  use  among  the  southern  coast-tribes,  it  is  prol)ablo 
thi't  tlie  pattern  is  derived  from  tlie  Eskimos,  with  whom  the  northern  Algonkins 
were  frequently  in  contact."*    This  ajipcars  to  me  entirely  probable. 

BOATS   AND    APPURTENANCES. 


} 


Boats. — The  simple  craft  of  the  Indians  arc  alluded  to  in  the  cai'liest  woi'ka 
on  North  America,  but  very  little  of  a  descriptive  character  is  given,  excepting 
in  the  first  volume  of  De  13ry,  which  contains  an  account  of  the  manufacture  of 
boats  hollowed  out  of  stems  of  troes.-|-  It  docs  not  seem  that  in  this  country 
circumstances  have  favored  the  preservation  of  boats  for  a  considerable  time, 
the  only  case  known  to  me  being  that  recorded  by  Colonoi  Charles  C.  Jones. 
lie  says : — 


m 


U  i  V 


rnuii 


Fiu.  'Vil. — Boat,  exhumed  near  Savannah. 

"  In  1845,  while  digging  a  canal  on  one  of  the  rice-plantations  on  the 
Savannali  River,  located  only  a  few  miles  distant  from  the  city  of  Savannah,  at 
a  depth  of  three  feet  and  a  half  below  the  surface  of  the  swanio,  the  workmen 
came  upon  a  canoe  embedded  in  the  soil.  It  answered  to  the  description  of  what 
is  familiarly  known  as  a  diifj-oiif,  and  had  been  fashioned  from  the  trunk  of  a 
cypress-tree.  About  eleven  feet  long  and  thirty  inches  wide,  its  depth  was 
scarcely  more  than  ten  inches.  Both  bow  and  stern  were  strengthened,  each  by 
a  wooden  brace  kept  in  position  by  wooden  pins  passing  through  the  sides  of  the 
canoe  and  entering  the  bi'aces  at  either  end.  This  boat  curved  upward  at  either 
end,  so  that  tlic  bow  and  stern  rose  above  the  middle  portion.  Located  about 
three  feet  from  the  stern  was  a  seat  nine  inches  wide,  consisting  of  a  rude  cypi-ess- 
plank.  For  its  reception  the  sides  of  the  canoe  had  been  notched  three  inches 
below  tlie  gunwales,  and  it  was  further  kept  in  position  by  four  wooden  pins — 
two  on  each  side — driven  through  the  boat  and  entering  the  seat  at  either  end, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  bow  and  stern  braces. 

"  The  bottom  was  flat,  the  sides  rounding.     No  etTort  had  been  made  to  form 


•Abbott;  Pritnitivo  Industry  ;  p.  14. 
t  See  "  Extniets." 


HO  ATS. 


181) 


a  keel.  Tho  bow  and  stern  were  botii  pointed,  and  not  unlike  in  tlieir  ^'oneral 
outlines,  the  latter  being  more  blunt  than  the  former.  At  the  top  the  sides  were 
rather  more  than  half  an  inch  in  thickness,  increa.sing,  however,  as  they 
descended  and  curved  below  the  water-line. 

"  When  cleaned  and  dried,  this  canoe  weighed  sixty  pounds,  and  could  be 
transported  with  the  greatest  facility  by  a  .single  individual.  The  agency  of  firo 
had  obviously  been  invoked  in  the  construction  of  this  little  boat.  \\'hile  there 
were  no  mavks  of  sharp  cutting-tools,  the  evidence  appeared  conelusivo  that  tho 
charred  portions  of  the  wood,  both  within  and  without,  had  been  carefully 
removed  by  rude  incisive  implements,  probably  of  shell  or  stone.  Tho  plan  of 
felling  the  tree  and  of  hollowing  out  the  log,  as  perpetuated  in  one  of  Do  Hry's 
illustrations,  seems  to  have  been  observed  in  this  instance.  Regarding  the 
regularity  with  which  the  outlines  and  the  relative  thicknesses  f)f  the  sides  of 
this  l)oat  had  been  preserved,  one  could  but  admire  the  care  and  skill  with  which 
that  dangerous  element,  tire,  had  been  made  subservient  to  the  uses  of  tlie 
primitive  boat-builder.  It  is  entirely  probable  that  the  ordinary  stone  celts, 
chisels,  gouges,  scrapers,  or  simple  shells,  were  the  only  implements  at  command 
for  the  removal  of  the  cliarred  surface,  as  the  cypress-tree  was  by  degrees  con- 
verted into  the  convenient  (Jiir/-oitt. 

"  Tills  canoe  had  evidently  lain  for  a  vei*y  long  time  in  its  present  position, 
and  seemed  to  have  si'ttled  gradually.  There  was  an  accumulation  of  forty 
inches  of  mud  and  soil  above  it,  and  around  lay  tho  rotting  trunks,  arms,  and 
roots  of  forest-trees,  v/hich,  during  the  lapse  of  years,  had  died  and  become 
intermingled  with  the  debris  of  the  swamp.  Above  the  spot  were  growing 
cypress-trees  as  largo  and  seemingly  as  old  as  any  in  the  surr(ninding  forest. 

"  It  is  difficult  to  form  a  satisfactory  estimate  of  the  age  of  this  relic.  That 
embedded  cypress  is,  for  an  almost  indefinite  period,  well-nigh  indestructible  by 
ordinary  agencies,  is  capable  oi'  proof.  Wo  have  but  to  instance  the  sdlt-marshcs 
along  the  line  of  the  (Jeorgia  coast,  in  not  a  few  of  which,  at  the  depth  of  several 
feet  below  the  surface,  may  still  be  found  the  clcarly-detined  and  well-preserved 
traces  of  cypress-forests,  consisting  of  limbs,  truidvs,  knees,  and  roots.  In 
former  years,  at  least  some  of  these  .salt-marshes  must  have  been  fresli-watcr 
swamps;  and,  without  the  violent  intervention  of  some  mai'keil  convulsion  of 
nature,  of  which  we  have  no  record,  and  for  which  no  plausible  reason  can  be 
assigned,  centuries  must  have  elapsed  before  a  gradual  settling  of  the  c^ast 
could  have  occurred  to  such  an  extent  as  to  have  admitted  the  influx  of  tidal 
waves  converting  cypress-swamps  into  extensive,  uniform  salt-marshes,  destroy- 
ing the  original  growth,  and  finally  covering  the  fallen  forests  with  mud  to  the 
depth  of  several  feet. 

"  Wo  are  not  aware  that  a  sufficiently  accurate  record  has  been  kept  of  tho 
annual  deposit  of  mud  from  the  overflowing  waters  of  the  Savannah  River,  to 


C-:iH 


■fe' 

I 


1 


m 


h-t't.-.'»«  •('. J*ilV',ilfcA,.<:«jjlj(i. 


;■*! 


100 


I'RRIIISTOUIC;  nsiiiNo. 


f  ' 


>i    ( 


enable  us  to  derive  from  this  source  a  pljiusiblc  conjecture  as  to  the  aj^e  of  this 
canoe.  So  many  uncortaintios  outer  into  calculations  of  this  character,  that  in 
most  instances  all  attempts  to  arrive  at  ilelinite  results  fall  far  short  of  satis- 
factory conclusions.  All  wo  know  is,  that  this  Indian  canoe  is  old — older  than 
the  barge  which  conveyed  Oglethorpe  up  the  Savaniuih,  when  he  tirst  selected 
the  home  of  the  Yauuicraws  as  a  site  for  the  future  coniniercial  metropolis  of  tlie 
colony  of  Ucorgia — more  ancicMit,  probably,  than  the  statelier  craft  which  carrieil 
the  fortunes  of  the  discoverer  of  this  Western  Continent. 

"So  far  as  our  information  extends,  this  is  the  first  and  only  well-authenti- 
cated instance  of  the  exhumation  of  an  ancient  canoe  in  this  country.  It  is  in 
just  such  a  locality  tliaL  we  might  have  anticipated  with  greatest  confidence  tlie 
existence  of  such  a  relic.  The  general  employment  of  bark  and  skin  in  the 
manufacture  of  their  canoes  by  Northern  Indians  precludes  all  reasonable  hojjo 
of  finding  ancient  specimens  made  of  such  perishable  materials."* 

This  canoe.  Colonel  Jones  informs  me,  gradually  yielded  to  decay  after  its 
exhumation. 


h 
Fio.  .S38.— W(n)<Kii  l(.yl)(iat.    8aiilii  Cruz  Island.     (18178). 

During  his  exploration  of  graves  in  California,  Atr.  Paul  Schumacher  dis- 
covered .some  wooden  objects  wliicli  I  consider  as  toy-boats.  Fig.  338  represents 
the  best-preserved  and  smallest  of  them,  which  was  found  on  Santa  Cruz  Island. 
It  is  a  miniature  flat-bottomed  dug-out,  measuring  nearly  seven  inches  in  length, 
and  showing  at  one  end  a  perforation,  evidently  designed  to  receive  the  line  by 
which  the  little  canoe  was  guided.  This  specimen  is  a  very  creditable  sam))le  of 
Indian  wood-carving. 

Jlailiiif/scnops. — In  a  former  publication  I  have  designated  another  wooden 
object,  likewi.se  obtained  by  Mr.  Sclininacher  on  Santa  (.'ruz  Island,  as  a  bailing- 
vessel,  because  its  form  and  material  suggested  that  use. 

Fig.  330  represents  the  specimen  in  question.  It  is  skillfully  cut  out  of  one 
piece  of  wood,  incliuling  the  handle,  and  has  a  capacity  of  about  one  pint. 
The  outline  of  this  vessel,  which  is  eight  inches  long  with  the  handle,  resembles 
that  of  an  irregular  rectangle  with  strongly-rounded  angles.  The  upi)er  edge 
oftposite  the  handle  is  curved  downward,  as  if  by  wear — a  feature  which  led  me 

*  Jones  ;  Aiitiquitioa  of  the  Southern  Indians;  p.  63,  etc.;  figure  of  ciuioo  on  p.  53.     Colonel  Jones  kindly 
loaned  mo  tbo  cut, 


H 


IlAILINa-St'Oui's   AM)    J'.AliDKKS 


101 


bolu.  o  tl.H   tI.o  utcM.,1  s,.rvnl  fur  l.uilin,.     Whilo  tl.o  botto.n  is  suffldn.tiy 

(  o  -av,.)  iov,n.     J  .ko  tl.o  toy-.-a, .(..st  .lc....ribo.l,  this  voss.!  .-onsisl.  a,,,      - 

-  tly  of  cc..lar.w.,o,  ,  tl,.  .Material  Laving  beco.ne  very  ligl.t  in  I.otl.  i„.stanc  .s_ 
.-.1  no.t  as  l,g ht  as  tl>e  woo.l  of  tl,e  utensils  extnu-te,!  tVon.  the  sites  of  laeustrine 
settlements  .„  Swit^.-lan...     Unt^.tunately  I  an.  unable  to  state  ,vt^^: 
two  rehcs  we.-c  toun.l  associated  with  ...anufacturos  of  Caucasia.,  origi,  ".       t 


Fig.  339.-Wou.lon  l,ailii.g.,seooi.  (?;.    HmUa  C'ru/,  Isltt.ul.    (18326). 

Though  I  have  called  the  o.^iginal  of  Fig.  339  a  bailing-scoop,  I  wouhl  by 
"o  -ueans  assert  thai  it  was  used  as  s..ch.     It  n.ay  have  bee:a  lai  or  di;!;.,'' 

l^..go  IJ,  ot  th.s  p,.bl,eat,on,  I  an.  enabled  to  record  the  discoverv  of  a  IVa-^- 
"'••ntai-y  Ind.a..  pad.lle.  It  was  cxtracte.I  in  the  winter  of  1880  IVo.u  ,ho  ,n,'ul 
ot  .•.  creek  at  Canoe  I'lace,  Long  Island,  by  a  n.an  c.gaged  in  eel.fishi,.g. 

(unoe  ilace  (Xia.m.ck  in  the  Indian  language)  is  a  low,  narrow  islhn.ns 

t^een     econ.ca,.d  bh.nnecock  ]}ays,  and  so  called  because  the  Indians  wc-e 

in  the  habit  ot  haul,.,g  tl.e.r  ca..oes  ac-oss  it  tVo.n  bay  to  bav.     Wuch  operations 

a.-c  a  so  pe,-tor.ned  by  whites.     M.-.  Tooker  has  seen  quite  la.-gc  sail-boats  and 


M!S3»K, 


I'ro.  340.— Puddle.    Long  Islau.l. 
As  Fig.  340  shows,  this  paddle,  which  is  thirty-four  inches  and  one-fou.^th 


!,^ 


¥ 

\i: 

f- 

^ 

( 

f. 

J 

I  < 

V 

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'<  '(I 


■mm  iim-rvry'^j 


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)  \  : 


i'i 


'■!';' 


\P 


lO'J 


I'HKdlMTOlUC    IISIIINtl. 


loiifi;,  niul  iiwiilo  1)1"  Olio  itiocc  of  oak,  Iwis  lost  oiic-lmU' of  its  blade;  luit  n  rcslorn- 
tioii  ill  (lottcil  linos  lias  been  atteiniitid.  Tlio  relic  belongs  to  Mr.  Tooker,  to 
whom  I  am  indebted  for  tlie  description  and  ii  pliotograpli,  after  wiiicli  the  illus- 
tration was  made. 

I  am  not  aware  that  other  paddlos  liavo  been  found  under  similar  circnni- 
stances  in  this  coiiiitrv. 

Aiichoi'-nfoties. — ^faiiy  years  ayo,  while  spending;  somi'  day.i  at  Xaniiet,  a 
post-villat,'e  in  Uocklaiid  County,  New  York,  1  saw  in  a  store,  k.'pt  by  a  man 
who  was  in  a  small  way  a  c(dlector  of  aborij^iiial  relics,  two  boiihh'is  of  j;ood 
size,  each  encirdeil  iiy  a  groove  around  the  middle.  I  had  not  seen  such  stones 
before,  but  concluded  at  once  that  thoy  had  served  as  anchors,  not  knowing 
any  other  use  to  which  they  could  have  been  applied.  These  objects,  1  believe, 
are  now  generally  considered  as  weights  wliicli  were  attached  to  strong  lines 
(probably  thongs)  of  the  proper  length,  and  used  as  |>rimitive  anchors  to  moor 
canoes  to  the  siiores,  or  to  arrest,  if  need  required,  their  drifting  in  mid-water. 
Yet  smaller  stones  of  this  kind,  too  heavy  for  net-sinkers,  may  have  boen 
cmi>loycd  as  weights  to  keep  set-nets  in  place. 

"Large  aiigiihir  pebbles  or  boulders,  with  deej)  encircling  grooves."  .says 
Dr.  AI)bott,  "  have  been  fiv<iueiitly  found  in  the  Delaware  River  as  w  as  in 
many  of  the  larger  creeks  th)wing  into  it.  These  grooved  boulders,  1  'lieve, 
were  used  as  anchoring-stones. 

"  One  of  these  so-called  anchors,  found  in  the  l)ed  of  Crosswick's  Creek,  near 
Bordentowii,  \ew  Jersey,  is  a  com]>act  sandstone  boulder,  nearly  a  cube  in  shajie, 
and  weighs  forty  pounds.  Tiie  groove  divides  the  stone  into  equal  parts,  is 
evenly  worked,  and  measures  uniformly  one  inch  in  width  and  three-fourths  of 
an  inch  in  depth. 

"  This  specimen  was  found  embedded  in  mud,  at  a  de[ith  of  nearly  three 
feet  from  the  present  surface.  Near  it  were  found  a  dozen  notched  jiebbles,  a 
gi'oovcd  stone  axe,  and  several  fragments  of  pottery. 

"The  circumstances  iiiuhn' which  this  grooved  boulder  was  found  clearly 
indicate  that  it  was  used  as  an  anchor;  and  its  being  associated  with  a  small 
series  of  notched  pebbles  is  as  interesting  as  it  is  suggestive.  Unlike  the  large 
notched  pebljles  referred  to  from  the  Water  (lap,*  this  specimen  could  not  have 
lu'eii  used  as  an  attachment  to  a  net,  but  at  once  suggests  the  use  of  u  boat;  and 
■IS  we  know  that  these  boats  were  in  almost  daily  use,  it  is  not  probable  that 
they  were  always  drawn  from  the  water  when  not  in  use."f 

Two  remarkable  anchor-stones  were  sent,  in  1882,  to  the  National  Museum 


*  Soo  nolo  on  p.  158  of  this  pulilication. 
t  Abbott:   I'riiiiitivo  Industry;  p.  lil'J,  etc. 


ANcinm-STo.Nh; 


103 


by  Mr.  John   H.  "\Vi;,'<,'in.H,  of  W'avcrly,  'l'iM;r,i  ('.Miiity,  New  Ynrk.     Fig.  341 
shows  tho  form  of  one  of  thom.     It  i.s  ui.-uli'  of  a  fhittish  boulder  of  rmc-graiiiL'd 


Baiidstoiif,  iiioiv  tliaii  Ihirc  inches  in  tiiickii 


ess, 


Tl 


It'  fj;i'oo\i', 


diicli 


runs  nara 


1U>I 


with  tho  h>nf,'c'r  «i(h'.s  of  tJK' l)oii.ldi'r,  i.- o.cr  an  inch  tUM'|)  on  tlio  faco  shown  in 
the  illnstnition,  and  <;roun(l  out  its  whole  length,  but  niueh  shallower  on  tlu! 
opposite  one,  and  there  it  seems  t(»  be  a  natiu'al,  yet  artilieially  nioditled,  depres- 
sion in  the  boulder.  This  specimen,  which  weighs  eightirn  pounds  and  three- 
quarters,  was  di.scoverod  in  August,  1881,  near  the  middle  of  the  Snstpiehanna 
Kiver,  in  the  lu'ighborhood  of  Say  re,  Bradford  County,  Pennsylvania,  by  Mr. 
IJenJamiu  F.  Coolipiiugh,  while  engaged  with  a  party  in  spearing  tisli.  Seeing 
tlie  object  by  the  light  of  the  torch,  in  passing  over  the  placo  where  it  lay,  he 
returned  and  secured  it. 


Fio.  li-tl. — Anclior-stoiic.     Fmiml  in  (lie  Snsqtifliniiim  Kivor,  IViinsylvaniii.     (59108). 

The  other  specimen,  somewhat  smaller,  and  weighing  not  more  than  sixteen 
pounds  and  a  half,  is  alnntsl  identical  in  sha]ie  with  the  one  just  described,  and 
consists  of  the  same  kind  of  line-grained  .sandstone.  It  was  also  obtained  in 
1881  by  Mr.  Coolbaugli,  at  Sayre,  where  it  came  to  light  while  laborers,  eiii- 
ph-yed  by  a  railroad-company,  were  clearing  aw;ty  the  ground  with  a  steam- 
shovel,  to  prepare  a  place  for  erecting  machine-shops.  The  stone  lay  imbedded 
in  gravel  and  sand  ten  feet  below  the  surface. 

Fig.  3-42  on  the  following  page,  representing  an  anchor-stone  of  another 
form,  is  made  after  a  drawing  sent  to  me  by  its  owner.  Dr.  J.  F.  Snyder,  men- 
tioned on  page  12G  of  this  work.  It  was  found,  some  years  ago,  in  the  bed  of  tho 
K  25 


■I 

m 


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t  »-i 


U: 


■I 


-1 '  ■•    . 

i--  ■  P  : 

'■■;:  ■  .1 .  ' 

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194 


I'KEHISTOKIC    FISHING. 


Illinois  River,  near  the  mouth  of  tlie  Sangamon  (Illinois),  while  United  States 
engineers  were  engaged  in  dredging-ojierations.  Tills  stone  consists  of  compact 
carboniferous  sandstone  of  yellow  color,  and  weighs  thirty-four  pounds  and  a 
half.     Its  dimensions,  as  given  by  Dr.  Snyder,  are  as  follows : — 


Diameter 

Thickness  in  the  middle 
Width  of  groove     - 
Depth  of  groove 


12  inches. 
Gi       " 
1-1  inch. 


\ 


Fig.  342. — Auuhor-stoue.    Found  in  the  Illinois  Rivnr,  Illiuoid. 


I  '{1 
Ifl 


i: 


P'-' 


l»5 


"The  anchor-stone  of  which  y<ni  have  a  drawing,"  observes  Dr.  Snyder,  "is 
altogether  :»  work  of  art.  It  is  not  smooth,  but  '  pecked '  all  nver,  probably  with 
a  sharp-pointed  tlint.  It  evidently  lias  liecn  worked  to  its  prest'nt  dimensions 
and  shape  from  a  rough  block  of  sandstnnc  l)y  long-continued,  patient  labor. 
The  groove  in  it  is  neatly  cut.  and  also  shows  the  traces  of  pecking. 

"I  have  secured  two  otlicr  anchor-stones  from  the  banks  of  the  Illinois 
River,  since  I  sent  you  the  drawing  of  tliis  one;  but  neither  of  them  is  as  sym- 
metrically shaped.  The  largest  of  the  two  is  unfinished,  and  consists  of  tho 
same  kind  of  sandstone.  The  angk-s  uf  the  rough  block  have  been  only  partially 
pecked  down,  and  the  groove  is  not  deep.  I  did  not  weigh  it ;  but  I  think  it  will 
bear  down  fortv-tive  or  tiftv  pounds. 

"The  other  one  is  apparently  natural  in  its  form:  a  smooth,  water-worn 


ANCIIOH-STONES. 


itcs 
»act 
I  a 


195 


rivor-rock,  two  inches  and  a  half  in  tliic-kncss,  twelve  in  diameter,  and  slightly 
concavo-convex;  it  is  nearly  circular,  with  rounded  edges.     Across  one  of  its 
faces  runs  a  groove,  an  inch  or  more  wide,  but  not  deep;  sufficient,  however,  to 
indicate  its  use.     It  is  a  white  stone,  of  silicious  character,  I  think,  and  harder 
than   the  sandroclv.      This  object  v.as  exhumed  from  an  old  Indian  grave,  or 
nither  from  a  low,  flat  sand-mound,  on  the  bank  of  the  Illinois  River,  near 
Beardstown,  n,   this  county    (Ca..).      The  enclosed   skeleton   was  vcrv  much 
decayed,  extended  at  full  length,  with  the  liead  to  the  east,  and  the  back  of  the 
skull  lying  ui  the  concave  surface  of  the  stone,  which  seemed  to  have  been 
placed  as  a  pillow  under  the  occij)ut  of  the  corpse.     Under  each  shoulder  and 
^^a.-h  hip,  and  under  each  heel  of  the  skeleton  was  ibuiid  a  common,  smooth 
water-wurn  pebble  as  large  as  a  hen's  egg.     A  few  flint  arrow-points  and  three 
scales  ot  the  alligator-gar  completed  the  sepulchral  deposit.    I  have  not  wei-hed 
this  stone,  but  judge  that  it  will  aot  exceed  twenty-five  pounds."  ° 

In  another  communication  Dr.  Snyder  speaks  of  an  anchor-stone,  now 
destroyed,  which  was  also  found  in  the  same  neighborhood  in  the  bed  of  the 
Illinois  River,  and  was  similar  to  that  here  llgured.  "  It  Avas,"  he  says,  "  almost 
an  exact  copy  of  mine,  in  material,  dimensions,  and  weight." 

Wry  large  notched  pebbles  and  perforated  stone  slabs  might  have  been  used 
as  anchor-stones;  but  specimens  thus  modified,  to  which  I  could  assi-n  that 
ajTliration  with  any  degree  of  positiveness,  have  not  fallen  under  mv  notice 

btones  are  still  employed  instead  of  anchors  for  small  craft  in"  Europe  as 
we  1  as  11.  .\orth  America,  and  probably  all  over  the  world.  ^A'ith  re-ard  to 
i\o;th  American  anchor-stones,  therefore,  some  discrimination  is  required  to 
d.sc,.v,.r  wl„.!l.er  an  ol.iect  of  this  class  is  a  relic  of  the  fi.rmer  inhabitants  or  of 


]:U.. 


wli; 


SIICCCSSI) 


'i-s.  and  there  may  bo  cases  in  which  a  proper  distinction 


tliei; 

becomes  well-nigh  impossible.  Our  fishermen  on  the  great;  lakes  and  rivers 
aluio.st  universally  use  stones  in  lieu  of  anchors.  On  the  Su,s<p,elianna,  1  am 
informed,  they  employ  ,,„  unaltered  stone  slab  of  an  elomvate.l,  approvimatelv 
rectangular  torm,  j^referring  one  whi.-h  is  naturallv  indented  or  inwardlv  curved 

on  one  ot  its  longer  sides.  rder  to  give  a  firm  i:ol,l  to  the  line.     >SuJh  stones 

weigh  accnnlmg  to  the  cunvnt  in  which  they  are  used,  from  twenty-five  to  fiftv 
pounds.  "^ 

Vov  the  following  information,  bearing  on  the  employment  of  anchor-stones 
111  \  iiginia,  I  am  indebted  to  Trofessor  Otis  T.  Mason:— 

"In  response  to  your  in.p.iry  concerning  the  use  of  anchor-.stoncs  by  the 
negroes  ol  \  irginia,  1  would  slate  that  I  have  many  a  time  gone  out  in  a  du-- 
out  canoe  w.lh  negroes  or  ■  poor  whites '  to  catch  the  white  cat-fish  found  onlv  h. 
the  running  water  of  the  middle  bed,  or  chaniu-l,  of  the  streams.     The  fisher- 


.'I 
1'!: 


■h 


mi 


'i 

i 


mfft^m/SSBP^SSf^^'SIIS^S!: 


i|ii«s»IJfiMa«&i.SiWfea».*Sia.ii.<^i^^ 


I    ■ 
5  ri 


fi. 


19(5 


PKEHISTORIC   FISHING. 


man  was  provided  witli  two  strong  cedar-polos,  a  olotlies-line,  a  number  of 
hooks  on  sliort  lines,  and  a  square  slab  of  stone  attached  to  about  twenty  feet 
of  rope  for  an  anchor.  Tiiits  stone  weighed  lifteen  pounds  or  more,  and  its 
form  was  moditied  oidy  sufficiently  to  secure  the  crosswise  attachment  of  the 
rope.  The  poles  were  stuck  in  the  mud  on  either  side  of  the  channel,  and  the 
clothes-line  stretched  between.  The  baited  hooks  were  distributed  along  the  line 
at  convenient  distances,  and  the  dug-out  anchored  to  await  results.  Shortly  a 
tugging  at  the  line  would  indicate  business,  and  the  stern  of  the  canoe  would  be 
])oled  to  the  vicinity  of  the  excited  hook.  The  fish  secured  and  the  liook  re- 
baited,  the  sportsman  lay  by  for  a  new  conquest.  I  am  (juite  sure  anchor-stones 
were  employed  also  in  the  little  boats  used  on  plantations  near  salt  water,  to 
catch  oysters  for  homo  consumption." 

The   New  England  fishermen,  also,   in   order  to  avoid  expenses,  replace 
anchors  by  stones,  as  shown  in  the  following  examples. 


li 


Fid.  .'>1.">. — "  Uiuliriiiiuiiiit;  rock."     Massiiclius-'tU     (54IM6). 

1  represent  in  Fig.  84.'J  one  of  the  .so-called  "  underrunning  rocks,"  which 
are  attiiched  to  the  end  of  trawl-lines,  to  sink  them  to  the  bottom.  The  object 
here  figured  is  a  gninite  boulder  of  an  ovoid  form,  showing  no  other  alteration 
by  art  tlnm  a  drilled  hole  for  receiving  a  grooved  wooden  pin  to  whicii  the  rope 
is  attached.     Obtained  at  Gloucester,  Massaciiusetts. 

Fig.  344  presents  the  form  of  a  New  England  "  killick,"  used  as  an  anchor 


PKKIIISTOHIC   STKUCTITRKS   CONNIXTHl)    WITJC    KISlIINf!.  jc,; 

for  a  fishing-boat,  and  also  for  mooring  gill-nets,  fish-traps,  and  trawl-lincs.     It 
IS  an  artificially-proparod,  grooved  granite  slab  of  square  outline,  firmly  set  into 
a  somewhat  anchor-like  wo..dcn  struetuie,  terminating  in  tlukes  at  the  base-a 
curious  combination  of  the  anchor-stone  and  the  anchor.      From    Rockport 
Massachusetts.  ' 


>^ 


*- 


ft' 


Fro.  344.— "Killick."    Massachusetts.    (54417;. 


PREIIISTORIO  STRUCTURES  CONNrX'TED  WITH  FISHING. 

Fish.preser,es.-Co]ono\  Charles  ('.  Jones,  in  his  account  of  the  mon.uls  in 
the  State  of  Georgia,  draws  attention  to  artiiicial  excavations  occurrin-  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  some  of  the  e;.rthworks,  ..uid  assinns  to  these  excavations 
the  chnn.cter  of  fis],.preservcs.  lie  first  notices  the  .v.rth works  located  upon 
the  right  bank  of  (l,e  Etownh  River,  on  the  i^lantation  of  (-.don,.!  Lowis  Tumlin 
a  tew  miles  from  Cartersville.  in  Rartow  County.  1  reproduce  on  pan-e  198  his 
plan  of  th.>  works  as  Fig.  345,  and  (,uote  his  statements  relativ(>  to  them:— 

"Viewed  as  a  whole,"  he  says,  "this  group  is  the  most  remarkable  within 
the  confines  of  the  rttate.  These  mounds  are  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  beautiful 
and  fertile  valley.  They  occupy  a  central  position  in  an  area  of  .some  fifty  acres 
bounded  on  the  south  and  east  by  the  Etowah  River,  and  on  the  north  and  wes^ 


m 


m 


"^l^'^"^^?WlilW" 


■i: 


H 


i 


'i 


198 


I'HEHI.STOUIC   I'lSIllNG. 


by  a  large  ditch  or  .irlilicial  canal,  which  at  its  lower  end  coinLnunicatos  directly 
with  the  river.  This  moat  [G  0)  at  present  varies  in  depth  from  iive  to  twenty- 
five  feet,  and  in  width  from  twenty  to  sevcnty-iive  feet.  No  parapets  or  earth- 
walls  appear  upon  its  edges.  Along  its  lino  are  two  reservoirs  {D  Z>),  of  about 
an  acre  each,  possessing  an  a  erage  depth  of  not  less  than  twenty  feet,  and  its 
upper  end  e.xpands  into  an  artiticial  pond  (P),  elliptical  in  form,  and  somewhat 
deeper  than  the  excavations  mentioned. 


Fig.  SI"). — Earthworks  in  the  Etowah  Valley. 

"Witliiii  the  (Micltisur^' forini'il  by  tliis  moat  and  the  river  are  seven  moiiiuls. 
'i'Iir(>e  of  tliein  art>  pre-eminent  in  size,  the  one  designated  in  the  accompanying 
l^lan  by  the  letter  A  far  surpassing  the  others  both  in  its  proportions  and  in  the 
degree  of  interest  wliieli  attaches  to  it. 

"The  t-entral  tumulus  rises  about  sixty-iive  feet  above  the  level  of  the  val- 
ley. It  is  entirely  artiticial,  consisting  wholly  of  the  earth  taken  from  the  moat 
aii<l  the  excavations,  in  connection  with  the  soil  collected  arouiul  its  base.  It 
lias  received  no  assistance  whatever  iVom  any  natural  hill  or  elevation. 

"  In  general  outline  it  may  l)e  regarded  as  (piadrangular.  if  we  disregard  a 
slight  angle  to  tlie  south.  That  taken  into  account,  its  form  is  ]>entagonal. 
On  its  summit  this  tumulus  is  nearly  level.      Shorn  of  the  luxuriant 


A 


I'ltKIIISTOJilC    STI!i;(TrHKS    ( ONNIXTKI)    WITH     I'ISllINd 


109 


vegetation  !vtnl  tall  forcst-ti'ces  wliieli  nt  one  time  crowned  it  on  every  side,  the 
outlines  of  this  mound  stand  in  bold  relief.  Its  angles  are  still  sharply  detined. 
The  cstal)lishod  approach  to  the  top  is  from  the  east.  Tts  ascent  was  accomplished 
through  tlic  intervention  of  terraces,  rising  one  above  the  other — inclined  planes 
leading  from  tlie  one  to  the  otlun*.  Tiiese  terraces  are  sixty-live  feet  in  width, 
and  extend  from  the  mound  toward  the  southeast.  Xear  the  eastern  angle  a 
pathway  leads  to  the  top ;  but  it  docs  not  appear  to  have  been  intended  for  veiy 
general  use.  ^lay  it  not  have  been  designed  for  the  ])riestho(Kl  alone,  while, 
assembled  upon  the  broad  terraces,  the  worshipers  gave  s(demn  hoed  to  the 
religious  ceremonies  performed  upon  the  eastern  summit  of  this  ancient  temple? 

"  East  of  this  large  centi'al  mound — and  so  near  that  their  tlnidis  meet  and 
mingle — staiuls  a  smfiUer  mound  al)ont  thirty-tive  feet  high,  originally  (piadran- 
gular,  now  nearly  circular  in  form,  and  with  a  summit  diameter  of  one  hundred 
feet.  From  its  western  slope  is  an  easy  and  immediate  communication  with  the 
terraces  of  the  central  tumulus.  This  mound  is  designated  in  the  plan  by  the 
letter  //.  Two  hundred  and  tifty  feet  in  a  westerly  direction  from  this  mound, 
aiul  distant  some  sixty  feet  in  a  southerly  direction  from  the  central  mound,  is 
the  third  (C)  and  last  of  this  immediate  group.  Pentagonal  in  form,  it  ])o.sse.sses 
an  altitude  of  (wenty-tliree  feet.     It  is  uniformly  level  at  the  to]t. 

••  Ea~<t  of  this  group,  and  within  the  enclosure,  is  a  chain  of  four  s(>pulchral 
mounds  (/<'/' 2''/*').  ovoidal  in  shape.  Little  individual  interest  attaches  to  them. 
Nothing,  aside  from  their  location  in  the  vicinity  of  those  larger  tumuli  and 
their  being  within  the  area  formed  by  the  canal  and  the  river,  distinguishes  them 
from  nuuKM'ous  earth-mounds  scatt(>red  here  and  there  thnmghout  the  length 
and  breadth  of  the  Etowah  and  Oostenaula  Valleys. 

"The  artificial  elevation  E,  lying  northwest  of  the  central  group,  is  remark- 
able for  its  superticial  area,  and  is  completely  surrounded  by  the  moat  which,  at 
that  point,  divides  with  a  view  to  its  enclosure.  The  slope  of  the  sides  of  these 
tumuli  is  just  such  ;is  would  l>e  assumed  by  gnidii.il  accretions  of  earth  succes- 
sively  deposited  in  small  i|uanlities  from  above."' 

Having  expr(>ssed,  in  tlu'  next  par;igra])h,  liis  opinion  that  the  central  mound 
ser\ed  as  a  temph'  of  tlie  sun,  Colonel  Jones  continues: — 

"  In  the  true  relation  of  the  vicissitudes  wliicli  attended  the  Ciovernor  Don 
Hernando  dc  ^-"ni,*.  an  some  no '".-s  of  Portugal  in  th(>  discovery  of  the  Province 
of  FIorid;i.  we  ,.■.'  inforuu'd  liy  llic  (ientleman  of  l']lv;is  that  '  on  Wednesday, 
the  nineteenth  day  of  .lune,  tlie  (iovernor  entered  Pacaha,  and  took  quarters  in 
the  town  where  the  Cacique*  w.is  Mccustomed  to  reside.  It  was  enclosed,  and  very 
Ifirge.  In  the  lowers  and  tii(>  p;ilis:iile  were  numy  loopholes.  There  was  much 
dry  maize,  and  the  new  was  in  great  quantity  throughout  the  tields.  At  the 
distance  of  half  a  leanin*  to  a  league  otV  were  luru'e  tov>ns,  all  of  them  surrounded 


i^P 


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■.(>. 


1:! 
'51 


■'  ill 


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/; 


mh 


200 


i'hmiiistohk;  kisiiing. 


with  stockades.  Whore  tlie  (lovornor  staved  was  a  yreat  lake  near  to  the  cndos- 
ure;  and  the  water  entered  a  ditch  (hat  well-nij>Ii  went  nmiid  the  town.  From 
the  River  Grande  to  tlie  hdve  was  a  canal,  through  which  the  tish  came  into  it, 
and  where  the  Chief  kept  thorn  for  his  eating  an-  pastime.  With  nets  that  were 
found  in  the  place,  as  many  were  taken  as  need  required ;  and  liowover  much 

might  be  the  easting,  there  was  never  any  lack  of  them. The  Caciquo 

of  Casqui  many  times  sent  largo  presents  of  lisli,  shawls,  and  skins.'* 

"  Wiiile  the  earth  removed  in  the  construction  of  the  ditch  and  excavations 
was  primarily  employed  in  the  erection  of  the  tumuli  within  tho  enclosure,  while 
they  may  in  one  sense  bo  regarded  as  the  sources  of  tho  mounds,  and  while  their 
sizes  and  d(>pths  wore,  to  a  certain  extent,  regulated  by  the  supply  of  mate- 
rial requisite  for  the  com[)]etion  of  the  projected  truncated  jiyramid  and  its 
dependent  mounds,  we  are  of  opinion  that,  during  the  progress  of  the  entire 
work,  direct  reference  was  had  to  the  iinal  use  of  those  excavations,  and  of  this 
canal  as  tish-preservos,  whence  the  priests,  cacit|ues,  and  noted  personages  of  the 
nation,  who  jtrobably  dwelt  within  the  enclosure  formed  by  the  moat  and  the 
river,  could  at  all  seasons  derive  an  abundant  sup|)ly  of  lish.  The  canal  leading 
from  Lho  artiiicial  pond  in  widcli  it  takes  its  rise  communicates  directly  with  both 
reservoirs,  and,  after  passing  them,  empties  into  the  Ktuwah.  Through  this  canal 
lishes  could  have  been  readily  introduced  from  the  river  into  all  three  of  these 
artiiicial  lakes,  and  there  propagated.  Cane  or  wooden  wears — in  such  common 
use  among  tho  Southern  Jiidians  during  the  sixteenth  century — would  have  pre- 
vented all  escape,  and  thus  those  reservoirs  would  have  answered  the  purposes 
oi  Jinh-prcserves.     Such  wo  believe  them  to  have  boen."f 

Somewhat  similar  excavations  accompanying  tumular  erections  wore  seen 
by  Colonel  Jones  in  other  parts  of  (ieorgia,  namely,  in  the  neighborhood  of  two 
mounds  lying  close  to  the  left  bank  of  tlie  Savannah  River,  on  the  Mason  plan- 
tation, twelve  or  tifteon  miles  below  the  city  of  Augusta  ;  and  on  tho  site  of  the 
•'  Messier  .Mound,''  locato<l  on  Messier's  jdantation  in  Early  County,  about  twelve 
miles  east  of  the  Cliattahoo(;hee  River.J  Yet  in  those  instances  they  present  less 
marked  features  than  in  the  case  of  the  mound-group  in  the  Etowah  Valley. 

I  am  not  awai'e  that  excavations  bearing  the  distinct  charactt^r  of  lish-prc- 
sorves  have  been  noticed  in  connection  with  the  numerous  mounds  and  mural 
earthworks  in  Ohio. 


fili 


Fish-pens. — I  am  indebted  to  my  esteemed  correspondent,  ^[v.  William  L. 


*  Niirnitivcs  of  the  Ciirccr  of  Humnndo  do  Soto,  etc  ;  p.  112,  etc. 
•f  JoiH's:  Anticiiiitii's  of  tho  Soiitliorii  fiidiun-';  p.  130,  etc. 
J  Ibid.;  p.  152,  etc.;  p.  ICO,  etc. 


In 


I'HinilSTOKIC   STKUCTUKKS   CUNNWTi;!*    WITH    1IS1IIN(J. 


201 


Stoiu' — till"  wcll-luuiwii  iiutlmr — ior  tlio  following  iiccouiit  of  a  .stone  .structure, 
evidently  a  lisli-pen,  in  the  State  of  New  York : — 


ntBH  IIXNK 


n 


VICLE'^   HOUfte 


f/fa»  /r^/v/r  '■ -*  ,   „„■— ■     - 


^^fr^^yXsg^^:^!;^^)^. 


F/SH       CREEK 


^■i^^ 


sr^i 


ii'^S 


?'S??&.s£.;;r«^Jm-=^'Si  ■ 


Farm  uTTkisl  nfundi'ni/ 
at  a  ^fuuji  utifflc  to  tJiO 


fiB 


fOAO    TO    y/CrO/TY  MILLS 


ly  T  stAKK'^tM  rz;    ' 


■(^l 

;i'i 


Fi(i.  o4fi. — .Stone  fi-fii-iiPii.     Saratoga  County,  Now  York. 


"^Vlle^  at  Saratooa  Sprinus,  in  tlio  sumnuM-  of  1870,  Mr.  I'lMijamin  U. 
Viole,  who  resides  on  the  left  or  north  hank  of  l''ish  ("reek  (the  outlet  of  Saratot:;i 
Lake,  runiiinii'  into  (lie  ][iidson).  ealled  niy  attention  to  what  hi>  considered  an 
ancient  Indian  work;  and  accordingly,  the  toUowino-  day,  in  company  with  Mr. 
James  M.  Andrews.  Jr.,  f  drove  over  to  his  house.  Mr.  Viel(<  took  us  in  a  l)oat 
acroiis  Fish  Creek  to  the  spot  he  had  descrilied  ;  and  the  afternoon  was  s]ient  in 
a  cai'eful  inve.stigalion  of  the  work.  At  a  jioint  directly  op|iositi'  tli(>  A'iele  farm- 
house, between  the  creek  and  the  hioh  slate  haidc  on  the  top  of  which  runs  the 
road  to  Victory  Mills,  there  is  a  larue.  open  swani]).  In  this  swamj),  extending 
in  an  irregular  .«emi-circular  form  fnuii  the  high  hank,  is  a  solid  wall  liuilt  of 
eobble-stones,  regularly  laid  up  and  ranging  in  width  from  six  to  eight  feet,  and 
enclosing  ar.  area  of  about  half  an  acre.  On  e.ich  side  of  the  wall  a  pole  can  bo 
run  down  in  the  marshy  muck  from  sixteen  to  twenty  feet.  In  shape  it  is,  as 
h2G 


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1!02 


PREHISTORIC   FISHING. 


before  stated,  nearly  a  semi-circle,  both  ends  resting  on,  or  rather  terminating 
at,  tjjo  bank,  the  latter  forming  the  base  of  a  segment,  or  a  chord  of  a  circle.  It 
is  continuous  save  toward  its  eastern  extremity,  where  there  is  a  break  or  gap 
of  twenty-four  feet.  Connecting  the  ends  of  the  semi-cinde  is  a  straiglit  wall 
built  close  to  tlie  shore,  and  at  the  foot  of  the  slate  bank  or  blufT  already  men- 
tioned, which  latter  has  a  height  of  twenty-five  feet.  13eyond  the  curve  to  the 
west,  and  connected  with  this  straight  stone  work,  extends  another  wall,  the 
object  of  which  is  not  apparent,  unless  it  served  as  a  wharf.  Near  the  centre  f)f 
this  shore  wall,  or  chord  of  the  arc,  within  the  weir,  and  standing  on  the  edge 
of  the  embankment,  is  a  stone  post  of  curious  form,  deeply  embedded  in  the 
wall,  the  apex  being  abet  three  feet  above  the  ground  ;  while  near  the  middle 
and  on  top  of  the  wharf  there  is  another  stone,  bearing  evidence  of  having  Ion" 
withstood  the  ravages  of  time.  It  is  two  feet  long,  with  a  .small  round  knob  as 
a  head,  worn  smooth  by  friction.  Its  broad  pedestal  is  suiTOunded  by  largo 
stones,  deeply  planted,  which  hold  it  tirmly  at  a  sharp  angle  to  the  land.  A 
glance  at  the  accompanying  map,  drawn  by  my  friend,  Mr.  W.  T.  Markham, 
will  make  this  description  plain  to  the  reader.  The  day  following  my  visit, 
Hon.  J.  P.  Butler  and  Professor  Henry  iSIcGuicr,  of  Saratoga  Springs,  drove 
over  to  the  spot,  and  took  the  following  measurements,  which  may  prove  valu- 
able to  the  scientific  delvor  after  archaiological  data : — 


Descriptive. 

Feet. 

Ax'c  to  opening    -        -         -        - 

384 

Weir  opening       ...         - 

24 

Remaining  arc     ...         - 

40 

Chord  of  arc  (stone  or  shore  wall) 

390 

Axis  of  arc          .... 

84 

Wharf 

!'50 

"  The  cobble-stones  have  all  been  brouglit  from  a  tield  three-fourths  of  n 
mile  distant. 

"  This  structure  is  evidently  not  the  work  of  whites,  as  may  be  conjectured 
from  the  tacts  that  the  oldest  settler  has  no  record  or  tradition  regarding  it,  and 
that  there  are  directly  upon  the  top  of  the  wall,  in  different  places,  stumps  of 
white  oak  betokening  a  growth  of  several  centuries.  The  wall  has  so  much 
sunk  that  it  is  at  present  but  two  feet  above  the  water  of  the  swamp.  It  docs 
not  appear  to  have  been  the  work  of  the  al)origines  inhabiting  the  country  when 
discovered ;  for  had  it  been,  those  Indians  would  have  had  a  tradition  regarding 
its  origin,  and  would  not  have  failed  to  communicate  it  to  the  early  settlers,  by 
whom,  in  turn,  it  would  have  been  transmitted  to  their  children  and  grand- 
children, many  of  the  latter  of  whom  arc  yet  living.     Yet  that  it  was  meant  to 


3(   ! 


9  a 


PREHISTORIC   STRUCTURES  CONNECTED  WITH   FISHING. 


208 


servo  sumo  importniit  purpose  is  evident  from  the  groat  labor  involved  in  its 
coiistructiun.  To  u  nomadic  people,  acoustonicd  to  depend  almost  entirely  on  the 
unc'crtaintio.s  of  the  chase  for  support,  the  question  of  food  for  use  in  their  war- 
like oxpotlitions  was  of  the  first  cnnsoquonce. 

"Xi.w,  the  plan  pursued  by  the  Iroquois  in  hunting  doer  and  other  wild 
animals,  as  dcs-cribod  by  a  Jesuit  missionary.  Father  Brule,  who  lived  among 
them  in  the  seventeenth  century,  was  as  follows  : — 

'On  the  borders  of  a  neighboring  river  twenty-five  of  the  Indians  had  been 
busied  ten  days  in  preparing  for  their  annual  deer-hunt.  They  planted  posts 
interlaced  with  boughs  in  two  straight,  converging  lines,  each  extending  more 
than  half  a  mile  through  forests  and  swamps.  At  the  angle  where  they  nu>t 
was  made  a  strong  enclosure,  like  a  pound.  At  dawn  of  day  the  hunters  spread 
themselves  through  the  woods,  and  advanced  with  shouts  and  clattering  of 
sticks,  driving  the  deer  before  them  into  the  enclosure,  where  others  lay  in  wait 
to  dispatch  them  with  arrows  and  spears.' 

"  Our  belief,  therefore,  is  that  the  same  plan  was  followed  by  the  builders 
of  the  work  in  the  taking  of  li>h,  and  that  this  enclosure  was  designed  simply 
as  an  immense  trap  in  which  to  catch  large  quantities  of  that  game,  to  bo  after- 
ward suKjked  and  laid  aside  for  the  year's  food.  It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  in 
colonial  times,  before  the  mills  and  dams  wore  erected  at  Schuylervillc  by  Gen- 
eral Philip  Schuyler  in  1700,  herring  and  shad  in  enormous  shoals  were  in  the 
lialiit  of  running  in  the  spring  up  the  Hudson  into  Fish  Creek  (hence  the  name), 
and  thence  through  Saratoga  Lake  and  the  Kayaderosseras  Creek  even  to  Rock 
City  Falls."''  At  this  season  of  the  year  the  swamp  along  the  sides  of  the  creek 
is  overflowed  to  the  depth  of  several  feet.  Is  it  then  not  possible,  probable 
even,  that  the  Indians  at  this  time  of  the  year,  in  their  canoes,  beat  the  ci'oek, 
until,  approaching  nearer  and  nearer,  large  quantities  of  herring  and  shad  would 
be  driven  through  the  gap  in  the  wall  into  the  cuclosui'o?  And  this  appears  the 
more  reasonable  when  it  is  remembered  that  fish,  season  after  season,  have  their 
'  run-ways '  as  well  as  deer.  Observation  had  shown  the  Indians  that  th.i  fish, 
at  this  part  of  the  creek,  came  across  fn^n  the  north  to  the  south  bank ;  and 
hence  the  opening  left  directly  opposite  Ihis  angle  of  the  stream — thus  affording 
the  moi'e  easy  driving  of  the  fish  into  the  enclosure.  Then  having  driven  the 
fish  into  this  immense  'eel-pot 'and  closed  the  gap  with  brush,  they  could  at 
their  convenience  either  scoop  them  up,  or,  awaiting  the  subsidence  of  the  water, 
capture  the  fish,  thus  left  high  and  dry,  an  easy  prize. 

»  Mr.  Henry  Wasmnn,  of  Old  Siinitogii,  informs  ino  tlint  when  liis  grandmotlicr  (one  of  the  vory  earliest 
settlers)  first  came  into  tlio  country,  she  and  hor  neighbors  wore  In  the  hahit  of  scooping  up  In  their  aprons  out  of 
Fish  Creel;  qunntlticH  of  tho?e  fish. 


i. 


m 

m 


a?; 


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■I 


'A 


asm 


iBimnnTaJMui 


i 


u 


11; 


iiM:•^ 


ft:: 


i-;^ 


III;! 


2^n 


I'UEIiistouil;  i'isiiino. 


"  Nor  is  it  necessary  to  assume  that  liigli  water,  then  ns  now,  covered  tlio 
swamp  in  the  spring.  The  lay  of  the  hind  and  the  observations  ot"  the  settk'rs 
for  the  last  seventy-live  years  clearly  show  that  the  creek  formerly  washed  the 
high  bank  seen  in  the  accompanying  sketch,  and  that  it  gradually  has  been  tilling 
in.  Indeed,  every  few  years  the  Victory  Mills  Company  are  obliged  to  dredge 
out  the  creek  to  keep  the  supply  of  water  from  failing.  This  tallies  also  with 
my  own  observation;  for  a  spot  in  the  middle  of  the  creek  over  which,  til'teen 
years  since,  my  (dd  schoolmate,  W.  S.  Mer.><erean,  and  myself  anchored  our  lioat 
in  i.en  feet  of  water,  has  now  become  a  bank  of  mud  rising  a  foot  above  the 
water.  The  rapidity  of  this  lilling-in  process  would  seem  to  show  that  when  the 
wall  was  erected,  it  was  built  in  the  shallow  water  of  the  stream — a  suppositinu 
which  makes  the  use  to  which  the  enclosure  was  put,  as  above  hinted,  still  more 
jirobable. 

"The  singular  stones  briefly  described  suggest  by  their  positions  the  jnir- 
poses  they  served.  The  one  last  mentioned  was  probably  the  post  to  which  the 
Indians  made  fast  their  chain  of  canoes  stretching  diagonally  across  the  stream, 
when  engaged  in  beating  back  and  preventing  the  lish  from  running  up  and  past 
the  opening  in  the  weir  (see  map).  The  oth(>r  larger  stone  (within  the  weir) 
may  have  li(>en  used  by  the  Indians  in  time  of  war  or  alarm,  to  secure  and  pro- 
tect their  fleet  of  war-canoes,  by  attaching  them  with  thongs  to  this  tirmly-im- 
l>edded  rock.  Thus  these  works  would  secure  their  ileet  from  sudden  attack  or 
surprise,  until  their  forces  could  rally  from  the  hill  and  prevent  their  cai»tiire — 
the  high  blutVs,  covered  with  large  oaks,  securing  protection  to  the  defenders  of 
the  weir.  This  work,  therefore,  may  have  served  a  double  jmrpose,  viz.,  to  catch 
lish  during  peace,  and  as  a  harbor  and  place  of  protection  for  their  canoes  in 
time  of  war.  When,  however,  the  slate  reefs  were  worn  away  below  in  the  bed 
of  the  creek,  and  the  water  gradually  subsided  to  its  present  limits,  these  works 
becanu'  useless  and  were  consequently  abandoned.  There  are  abundant  evidences 
ti>  show  that  at  tine  time  Saratoga  Lake  (the  source  of  Fish  Creek)  was  twenty 
to  thirty  feet  higher. 

"  I  otter  these  suggestions  because,  in  the  [tresent  stage  of  arclueological 
investigation,  any  fact  that  throws  light  upon  the  customs  and  habits  of  the  for- 
mer iidiabitants  of  this  country  must  be  of  value." 

Thei'e  are  probably  similar  structures  in  this  country,  which  have  not  yet 
attracted  the  attention  of  observers. 


Vn\'-\ 


m 


REPRESENTATIONS  OF  FISHES,  AQUATIC  MAMMALS,  ETC. 

In  the  first  part  of  this  work  I  have  reproduced  a  series  of  designs  of  lishes 
and  aquatic  mammals,  executed  by  the  cave-men  of  Europe,  and  bearing  witness 


Ui;i'l{i:sKNTATI(»N,S   Ol''    I'ISIIKs,    A<ilIATIC   MAMMALS,    ETC. 


2or, 


to  tlieir  iirtintic  bent  as  well  as  to  tlicir  appreciation  of  the  advantafj;es  tliey 
derived  from  tliesc  denizens  of  tlie  water.  It  may  not  l)e  out  of  plaee  if  I  ^'ivo 
.soiui^  aceount  of  corresponding  productions  of  the  former  inlialtitants  of  tliia 
country,  who  seem,  liowovcr,  to  have  preferred  in  similar  imitations  tlie  plastic 
to  the  jxraphic  mode  of  execution,  all  specimens  to  which  I  cm  refer  heinj;'  either 
l»ipes,  or  simply  representations  in  stone  or  shell,  or  clay  vessels  of  .1  tish-form. 

I'ipf'H. — I  am  not  aware  that  there  is  aiiumf?  the  many  .so-called  "platform- 
l>ipes,"  exhumed  from  tumuli  in  Ohio  and  other  western  states,  a  single  one 


which  exiiioits  a  tisli  as  principal  ohject,  wliilo  sucli  imitations  ot  birds,  (piauru- 
pcds,  and  even  amphibians,  arc  by  no  means  rare.  Many  i)i[)es  of  this  descrip- 
tion, all  made  of  stone,  were  obtained  by  Messrs.  Squier  and  Davis,  in  the  course 
of  their  exploration  of  earthworks  in  Ohio,  from  mounds  within  an  embankment 
of  earth  close  to  the  Scioto  River,  four  miles  north  of  Chillicothe.  This  enclosure, 
.somewhat  in  the  shape  of  11  .square  with  strongly-rounded  angles,  comprises  an 
area  of  thirteen  acres,  over  which  twenty-three  mounds  are  (or  were)  scattered 
without  much  regularity.  It  has  been  called  "  Mound  City,"  from  the  great 
number  of  mounds  within  its  precinct.  In  digging  into  the  mounds,  the  exfdor- 
crs  discovered  in  many  of  them  heai*ths,  which  furnished  a  great  number  of 
relics;  and  from  one  of  the  hearths  nearly  two  hundred  of  the  above-mentioned 
pipes  were  taken,  not  all  entire,  but  partly  cracked  by  the  action  of  lire,  or  other- 
wise damaged.  In  two  of  these  pipes  tishes  are  represented,  but  merely  as 
accessories  to  the  principal  ligures,  which  form  the  receptacles  of  the  smoking- 
material. 


m 


';  I"' 


S 

Km.  :HN. 


Fuls.  347  aud  ;i48. — Stono  pipes  reprcseiitiii{;  11  lioiim  fpetliii;;  on  11  fi;ili,  and  an  ottiT  with  a  (isli  in  iU 

niuutli.     Mound  near  Cliiliiootlie. 


I 


Fig.  347  shows  the  imitation  of  ;i  tufted  heron  in  the  act  of  striking  a  fish. 
It  is  a  very  good  carving,  comiiosed  of  a  brownish,  speckled  stone  of  no  great 
hardness.'''     The  other  pipe,  Fig.  348,  is  carved  in  the  shape  of  the  fore-part  of 


*  Siiiiicr  und  Uuvis:  Ancient  Miinunioiils ;  p.  "JSU. 


....I. It  41  nil    ,11111,         |ll|ll||H||H|Wi,fp^^-^^^^.. 


2(M} 


i'ui;iiisT(iui(!  I'lsiiiNd. 


nil  iiiiiinal  with  atlsh  in  itM  iiioutli.  Hi|iiiiT  iind  Davis  ciill  tliis  niiiiiial  an  otter;'" 
Mr.  Stcvoiis,  lidw'ovcr,  snpiioHcs  it  tit  1)0  tlio  laiiiaiitiii,  inaiiati'c,  or  sua -cow  ( 7V/- 
chci'hiix  iiifiiirifiis,  liiii.),  ii  iiiaiiiiiial  not  iiict  in  tlic  ]iii,'ii(>r  latitiitlfs  of  Norlii 
Aiiii'rii';!,  liiit  niily  on  tli(>  cdMst  of  ridriiia.f  Tlio  latter  is  a  licrltivoroiis  animal, 
anil  liciiiT  the  artist  [(roltulilv  wmild  nut  have  earveil  ils  likeness  with  ii  prey 
lietiltinjj;  a  earnivore.  The  first  suj,'L,'estinii,  tiierefure,  may  he  tlie  correet  oiie.J 
This  speeiineii  eoiisists  of  a  matiM'ial  anahtgous  to  that  composing  the  licron-i)ipe, 
and  boih  aro  now  in  tlio  Blackmore  Museum,  at  Salisbury,  England. 


If' 


Fig.  349. — Cliiy  pipe  in  tho  shape  of  a  fiah  (?).    Chuttauooga. 

Tlio  original  of  Fig.  349  is  a  pipe  of  burned  cl.ay,  found  at  a  considerable 
depth  below  the  surface,  near  Chattanooga,  Tennessee,  and  belonging  to  Dr.  J. 
B.  Xicklin,  of  that  place.  It  is  moulded  in  tho  form  (jf  wliat  app:>ars  to  be  a 
iish  with  widely-oponeil  mouth,  feebly-expressed  tins,  !ind  unforktd  tail.  Tho 
eyes  are  indicated  by  roundisii  incisiu  .  -ud  tho  body  is  marked  on  both  sides 
with  two  rows  of  rudely-engraved  lines,  m-j^.  •■  a  median  lino.  The  iVtrm  of 
the  Iish  appears  to  be  altogether  conventional,  as  none  .t  tho  experts  in  ichthy- 
ology whom  I  consulted  was  able  to  determine  its  charactor.§ 

Tmifatioiis  in  Stone  ninl  Shell. — I'rehistoric  carvings  in  stone  or  other  ma- 
terial, exliil)itiiig  the  forms  of  fishes  and  acpmtic  mammals,  it  appears,  have  not 
freipieiitly  been  discovered  in  this  country,  Sieli  as  have  fallen  under  my 
notice,  directly  or  indirectly,  are  liere  described. 

I'^ig.  lioi)  represents  a  rude  imitation  I'f  •.  tish,  preserved  in  tho  National 
Museum.  It  consists  of  a  rough,  flat  piece  of  greenisli-gray  slate,  not  quite  half 
ail  inch  in  thickness,  and  ground  (even  polished)  around  the  edge ;  the  indenta- 

*  Squiur  ami  Dhvh  :  Am'icnt  Jlonumcnts  ;  p.  257. 

t  Stevens:  Flint  Cliips  ;  p.  429. 

I  Tliere  iiro  iimong  tlio  pipes  of  "Mound  City"  soveral  thuugliltn  liu  imitutions  of  tho  liiinimlin. 

§  The  ]iipe  has  even  been  thoiiijht  to  roprcsont  tho  hcud  of  u  snake. 


I 


jl  '. 


HKI'UKSRNTATIoNS   OK   I'lSUKS,    ACitJATIC   MAMMALS,  ETC. 


2fl7 


tii)ii  of  Hio  tiiil,  lujwovcr,  is  prodiua'd  by  tlio  process  of  pcckiiip.  Mouth  ami 
cyos  ftro  iiidinitcd  on  Ixttli  sides  liy  incised  lines.  Tliis  specimen  was  obtained  l)y 
liieutennnt  V.  W.  King  from  sliell-liefips  on  tiio  StiUine  River,  Alaska,  which 
Mr.  Diill  ascribes  to  a  pre-lndian  Innuit  population.  It  remains  uncertain 
whether  this  vudo  relic  waa  a  more  trinket,  or  had  sonic  significance  as  an  amulet 
or  a  chariii. 


r^ 


Fio.  .'550.— Piece  (if  sliitc  worked  into  the  liltencss  of  a  fish.    Aluskii.     (0790). 

Similar  doubts  exist  with  regard  to  the  object  represented  in  Fig.  351.  It 
is  a  rather  thin  piece  of  iridescent  //a^/oi'/.s-shell,  cut  with  some  skill  into  the 
shape  of  a  llsh.  Tl'  >  specimen,  found  by  Mr.  Schiiinaclier  on  San  Xicolas  Islaml, 
may  have  been  a  cii;iim,  i>r  simply  an  ornament,  if,  indeed,  it  was  not  designed 
for  a  more  practical  use,  namely,  that  of  an  artiticial  bait  employed  in  fishing 
with  a  line.  However,  in  view  of  its  uncertain  character,  1  have  deemed  it 
preferable  to  refer  to  it  merely  as  a  iish-reprcseiitation. 


Fro.  ;!51.— Fisli-sliiipi'il  uliji'cl  of  Udlidtk-^hoW.    San  Nicolas  Island.     '2012!)). 

The  original  of  Fig.  .T)!' on  page  :2()8,  lirst  brought  to  notice  iiy  I'mfessor 
I'utnani,  was  dug  out  of  the  ground  in  a  garden  at  Ipswich,  Essex  County,  Mas- 
sachusetts. The  neighborhoi)d  of  this  place  is  mentioned  as  one  particulary  rich 
in  .stone  relics.     I  give  Professor  Putnam's  description  of  the  object  in  full  : — 

"This  stone  was  evidently  carved  with  care  for  the  purpose  of  being  worn 
as  an  ornament,  and  was  ])robably  suspended  from  the  neck.  It  is  of  a  .soft 
slate,  easily  cut  with  a  sharp,  hard  stone.  The  markings  left  in  various  places 
by  the  carver,  showing  where  his  tool  had  slipped,  indicate  that  no  very  delicate 


I 


.iii."' 

n 


-■.5; 


■'■  \\\ 


•ii-'KiJ 


f 


wm 


T^^m^^^mm^mtmm 


\  i!!  I 


:,aii,:l: 


Eii- 


ill 


ii 


ji.    I'M  \  \ 


I;  ■:,  \ 


H 


208 


IMtKlllSToinc    l'lSIIIN(i. 


iiistruMH'iit  li;i(l  lii'iMi  used,  wliili'  tlic  several  gi'Dovos,  made  to  carry  out  tlic  idea 
of  tlie  sculptor,  iiidieate  as  plainly  tlial  the  instruuieut  hy  wliieli  tliey  were  made 
liad  wliat  we  should  call  a  rounded  edue.  like  that  of  a  dull  hatchet,  as  the 
grooves  are  wider  at  tli(>  top  than  at  liu;  bottom,  and  the  stri;o  show  that  Ihoy 
were  mule  hy  a  sort  of  sawiui:'  motion,  or  a  rubhinj:-  of  the  instrtimeni  backwards 
.and  forwards,  lii  fact,  the  carver's  tool  might  have  been  almost  any  stone 
implement,  from  ;in  arrow-head  to  a  skin-scr.iper,  or  any  piece  of  hard,  roughly- 
chipped  stone. 


Fi(i.  '.V)'!. — SloiK'-ciirviii;^  rcprcscntiii}^  ii  lisli.     rpswicli. 

''The  ligure  represents  the  stone  of  u.atural  size,  its  total  length  being  two 
and  a  half  inches.  It  is  of  gener.al  uniform  thickness,  about  one-jifth  of  an  inch, 
except  wliere  the  angles  are  sligjitly  rounded  otl"  on  the  front  of  the  head  an<l  on 
the  abdominal  outline,  and  the  |)ortion  representing  the  forked  tail,  or  ciutlal 
tin,  whicii  is  rapidly  and  symnu'trically  thinned  to  its  edges,  as  is  the  a..!ched 
portiiMi  representing  the  dorsal  tin. 

"  The  carviiig  was  evidently  intended  to  represent  a  tish,  with  some  peculiar 
ideas  of  the  artist  added  and  .several  imp(jrtant  characters  left  <)ut.  The  three 
longitiulinal  grooves  in  front  represent  the  mouth  jind  jaws,  while  the  transverse 
groove  at  their  termination  gives  a  limit  to  the  length  of  the  j.-ivv,  and  a  vi'ry 
decided  groove  on  the  under  sitle  divides  the  under  jaw  into  its  right  and  left 
portions.  The  eyes  are  repr':sented  as  .slight  depressions  at  the  top  of  the  head. 
The  head  is  separated  from  the  altdoniin.d  ])ortion  by  a  decided  groove,  and  the 
caudal  tin  is  *vell  represented  by  the  forked  portion,  from  the  centre  of  wnich  the 
rouiuled  termination  of  liie  whole  projects.  In  this  p.-irt  there  is  ai!  iri-egidaidy 
made  hnle  of  a  si/.e  large  enough  to  .allow  a  strong  cord  to  jiass  th.rough  for  the 
purpose  of  susp(>n'<ion.  Th(>  portion  of  the  scidpture  rising  in  the  pl.ace  of  ;i 
dorsal  tin  is  in  sever.il  w.iys  a  singular  conception  of  the  ancient  carver,  ^^'hile 
holding  the  ,  isition  of  ;i  dors;d  tin,  it  jioints  the  wrong  way,  if  wi'  reg.inl  the 
portion  looking  so  much  like  i  sh;irk"s  tooth  as  intended  to  represent  the  tin  .as 
a  whole.  It  is  very  likely  that  the  designer  wished  to  show  that  the  !in  was  not 
connected  witii  the  he.ad,  ;ind,  as  he  was  coiilined  by  the  length  of  the  piece  of 
stone,  after  making  the  head  so  much  out  of  projxu'tioii,  he  was  foi'ced  to  cut 


m 


KKPIiKSKNTATIONS   OF    FISHES,    A(afATlC   MAMMALS,    ETC. 


209 


mulcr  the  anterior  i)or(i.)ii  of  the  lin,  in  ovdvi-  to  express  tlio  fact.  If  we  regard 
it  ill  this  light,  the  notches  on  the  upi)er  edge  may  he  considered  as  indicating 
the  tin-rays;  hut  tiie  ligure  liest  sliows  the  cliaracter  of  tiie  .sculpture,  and 
pcr.sons  interested  can  draw  their  own  conclusions. 

"The  syiniiietry  of  the  whole  carving  is  well  carried  out,  hoth  sides  l)eing 
alike,  with  the  exception  that  the  raised  portion  at  the  posterior  part  of  what  I 
have  called  the  dorsal  llii  is  a  litth;  more  marked  on  the  loft  side  than  on  the 
right,  and  the  edge  on  the  same  side  is  surroiiiuled  hy  a  faint,  irregularlv-drawn 
line. 

'■The  carving  w.-is,  I  think,  iiii'piestionalily  made  by  an  Indian  of  the  tribe 
once  iiiimerons  in  this  vicinity,  and,  iis  it  was  almost  beyond  a  doubt  cut  ])y  a 
stone  tool  of  some  kind,  it  must  lie  considered  as  quite  an  ancient  work  of  art, 
probably  worn  as  a  'medicine,'  and  jmssibly  imlicated  either  the  name  of  the 
wearer  or  that  he  was  a  noted  lisheriiian.''^-^ 

This  specimen  is  proluibly  still  in  possession  of  the  tinder. 

Professor  rutii.-im  lias  also  given  ;in  account  of  a  stone-carving  re])resentiiig 
a  cetacean  animal,  preserved  in  the  collection  of  the  Amesbury  jN'atural  Ilistorv 
Club.  It  is  here  represented  in  two  \  lews  as  Fig.  IV,:].  I  describe  it  in  his  owli 
wolds,  merely  changing  the  past  into  the  present  tense: — 


1  , 


-j<o-~     "s*"^!:* 't:»ii» 


Fig.  ;!."(:!.- .'■;i,,n,-c;ii'viii';  ill  (Ir.  llin:,  cil' ;i  (.-utaLriiii.     Swihiook. 

"It  rudely  represents  .n  imrpoise,  ur.  still   licfl.T,  a  white  wh.ile  vv  llrlnija, 
as  it  has  no   protuberance   reprcsiMiting  the  dorsal  lin  of  the  [mriioise,  and  tiie 

*  I'litmm.:  Ucsiripliui.  of  an  Aialcnl  Iiidiiin  Carving,  Iu.hkI   in   I|,,,wi,l,,   Muss.;  Bulli.tin  uf    il,u   li-n.^ 
IiistiuiU',  Vi.l.  IV,  N...  11, 

u27 


I 

i 


5".. 


1 


w- 


■'■"r^nmrn^i^mm 


ft.: 


a  :■ 


:i 


m'l 


t 

i: 
i 

} 


210 


PREHISTORK'    KISH  INC.. 


Boliigii  is  witliout  the  fin.  Tlio  fli])|)(>rs  or  jjcclonilfiiis  nro  ivprcyentcd  bv  tlic 
]ir<)tiilK'raiu'os  on  <!io  sides,  nntl  tlio  iiKnitli  is  cut  in  juul  well  indicated.  Tiio 
broad  liurizontnl  'ail  is  tlccidcdly  cetacoan  in  fiiaracter,  and  tlic  wliolo  carving, 
tliougli  riidclv  done  by  piclving  tlic  syciiitic  rock,  from  wliicli  it  is  made,  witli 
stone  imi)lenients,  is  yet  so  cliaracteristic  as  to  indicate  at  once  that  a  porpoise 
or  Beluga  was  intended.  A  liole  tlirougli  tlio  portion  rejiresentiiig  llie  tail  shows 
tli;it  the  object  was  suspended,  but  the  stone  is  so  large  and  lieavy  that  it  can 
hardly  be  classed  as  a  personal  ornament,  though  it  is  jirobably  to  be  regarded 
as  a  totem.  Jt  measures  ten  inches  in  length  by  about  t'-o  in  depth  at  tlic 
pectoral  tins,  and  is  about  (wo  and  a  quarter  inches  wide  acro.ss  the  ])ectorals  as 
measured  on  the  under  side.  This  interesting  specimen  was  Ibund  at  Seabrook, 
A'ew  Hampshire,  and  it  is  said  that  two  other  similarly  worked  stones  have  been 
found  at  the  same  ]>lace.  The  figures  here  given  represent  the  '  totem  '  in  ])rofilc 
and  from  the  under  side."* 


i 


Among  the  relics  collected  l\v  Mr.  Schumacher  on  the  Santa  Barbara 
Islands  is  a  series  of  curious  stone-sculptures,  in  some  of  which  certain  animals 
can  l)e  recogni/.i-d.  while  otliers  are  so  conventional  in  execution  that  it  requires 
much  fancy  to  ascribe  to  them  any  definite  character,  it  is  ])robable,  at  any 
rate,  that  they  represent  charms,  perhaps  designed  to  insure  the  capture  of  tlie 
animals  they  are  intended  to  imitate.  M.J. eon  de  Cessac  likewise  obtained  a 
number  of  such  objects  on  San  Nicolas  Islano.  and  he  has  described  them  with 
great  precision.f  lie  calls  them  fetiches ;  but  I  hardly  think  this  term  here 
applicable  in  its  English  acceptation. 

I  give  repi"e,sentations  of  two  specimens  found  by  Mr.  Schumacher  on  San 
Xicolas  Island,  and  both  carved  from  a  greenish-gray  steatitic  material. 

The  original  of  Fig.  3r)4  seems  to  be  a  conventional  re])resentation  of  some 
cetacean  animal,  the  identification  of  which  would  be  a  difficult  task.  The 
maker.  piM'hajis.  Miought  of  the  fin-back  (lidlniHijitcrd)  or  kilii>r  [Orra).  The 
base  of  the  figure  measures  one  inch  from  fin  to  fin.  insomuch  that  it  will  stand 
when  placed  on  a  level  surface. 

The  other  sjiccimeu,  sliow  n  in  V'ig.  .'{•"»•"),  is  an  imitation  of  a  seal,  the  general 
contmir  of  the  figure  and  the  distinct  flippers  leaving  no  doubt  as  to  its  cliaracter. 
This  object  is  much  weathered  all  over  by  (vxposure,  and  the  original  of  Fig.  l\'A 
on  the  side  not  seen  in  the  illustration.     Both  ai'e  evidently  old. 


*  I'litnuni :  DescriptiDn  of  ii  Carvcil  Simi''  ir|.ri<i'iitin,n  :i  Cotm'fun,  f.niiul  iil  Soiilimnli,  N.  II.;  niillcliii  ..f  di.' 
Kf^cx  Institute;  Vol.  V,  June,  1H7.1 

f  De  Ci'ssiu' :  ObsorvHtions  sur  i\v9,  Ki'tiilii's  ili'  I'iiTrc  sculptc's  ,n  roriiii'  il'Aiiitimii\,  (Ii'imiivitIs  A  I'lli'  >\f 
Sun  Niroliis  (C'lilifornio);  Ucvno  J'Etliniii,'ra|iliii',  pnlilit'c!  fmus  In  Diroclinn  (!(.'  M.  I'  Or.  Hiiniy  ;  Vol  I,  I'liris, 
1882;  p.  ;iO,  oto 


UEPHKSKNTATIOXS   OI''   I'lSllIvS,    AQUATIC   MAMMALS,    KT(,'. 


211 


Many  carvings  of  ivory,  bono,  aiul  sloiio,  in  (1,,.  ~<],;,po  uf  lislics,  wliales, 
seals,  etc.,  dorivod  from  Indians  and  Inniiits  of  liir  Xortliwest  Coast,  are  oxhih- 
ited  in  tlic  Xational  .Ahiseiini.      Sonic  of   these  specimens  probably  represent 


Fio.  354.— Slono-carviiig  roinTseiiling  ii  (vl.iccaii.     Siiii  Nicolas  Island.     (20420). 

Hiai-ms,  while  ..tliers,  perhaps,  have  a  toteniic  or  mylhological  si-iiiricance;  not  a 
few  iiiay  be  n.^thin-  b„|  trinkets.  1  have  not  at  present  sufficient  data  for  a 
]>ri)|ter  cjiaracterization. 


4 


4 


Fig.  35").— Sl.iiu'-i'ai-viiif,'  in  \\u-  siiiipi'  nl'  a  seal.     San  Niculas  Islaml.     (2()42S\ 

Cla>/  Fraw/.s'.— There  are  in  thr  .ValionaJ  .Mnsemn  a  few  of  the  lish-sliaped 
vessels  to  which  alliishni  was  niaih'.  The  Uh.sl  charartorislic  am. mo-  these 
oitjects,  wliich  wore  obtained  from  nminidsand  bnrial--Teiinds  in  the  .Mississijipi 
Valley,  is  reprcs-iited  in  Fig.  lioC)  on  the  followins  pauv. 

It  was  presented  by  (ieneral  J.  II.  Deverenx.  with  several  elher  specimens 
of  pottery,  which  had  iiecn  t'xluimed  from  a  bnrial-.-ile  adjact'nt  tuthcMissis- 
.sippi,  nearly  nineteen  miles  (measnred  wiih  tin'  stream)  below  Helena,  in 
Phillips  County,  Arkansas.-     The  object  seen  from  above,  as  in  the  illustration, 


*  F..r  the  followiiiB  cmnmnniciiti.m  rrlnlivo  to  the  Ji.-eovrry  „f  tlii,  liuriul-plii™  ami  its  .■linn.clor,  I  am 
IniliOiliii  to  Ooncriil  Dcvpreu.v  ;  — 

"  Tlio  ."p.vinu.ns  worn  |.n.,iiml  .Uirini,'  llic  yciir  1850,  mul  iind.  r  lli..  f(,ll,.wi„u  cirvmiisl.mcTs  ,is  .-..lato,!  |.,  ni.. 
li.v  Mr.  .Ii'nmio  IS.  Pillow,  ,,  l,n,ili,T  ..l'  Ceiionil  (iulonn  .T.  i'ill.,w.  Mr.  l'ill..w's  ph,iiluti..n  was  |„  1„.  ,„-,,iccto.l 
hy  a  l''vc',  aiij  lie  hud  iiikliTtakrii  to  ImiM  it. 

"  In  ii.rislnictiii);  the  levee  ueru^s  the  Iw"  lai,e-,  ealleU  I...111C    r.ake  iirnl  Uhl  Town    Lake,  a  lar^e  quantity  i.f 


f.* 


t 

K 
■H 

i 

i 


■•,5 

■■*;.■ 
i-ii 


c-:- 


i.m 


ai^ 


8  . 


If  iH 


8>' 


IHi 


II 


•ife 


212  PHEHISTOIUC   FISHING. 

presents  the  form  of  a  fisli,  in  wliiuli  ichtliyologists  have  recognized  the  sun-fish 
{Fo)iiotis),  an  inhabitant  of  the  Mississipjji  River.  Its  distinctive  features  arc 
saiil  to  be  rendered  with  sufficient  fiiitlifulness  to  i:)erniit  identification.  Tlic 
nedv  01  this  interesting  piece  of  pottery,  wiiidi  consists  of  grayisli  clay  with  a 
slight  admixture  of  pounded  shells,  measures  a  little  more  than  an  inch  in 
height;  its  lower  part  is  rounded  like  that  of  a  Ixiwl.  and  terminates  in  a  flat 
base  on  which  the  vessel  can  stan<l.  The  li'-ight  from  the  hoitom  to  the  rim  of 
the  neck  is  exactly  tour  indies.  The  other  day  vessels  of  this  form  on  exhibition 
in  the  Xational  Museum  likewise  seem  to  l)e  intended  to  represent  the  sun-fish  ; 
but  they  are  less  expressive  in  characler  than  the  object  here  figured. 


Fig.  356. — Chiy  vessel  iiiiule  in  iiiiiUitiim  of  tlie  siiii-lisii.     Aikaii.-'iis.     (7"J93). 


Piirtli  WHS  ni'i'Ji'il,  tc  |>n)ciiro  wliicli  Mr.  I'illnw  CiiiiiiiKiicid  icniiiviiii;  lln'  iniitcrial  frnm  what  liirnwl  nut  to  Imvo 
biM'ii  llio  sil(!  nl'  MM  aiiriciit  ii'iiii'tiTy  nf  uTi'al  ixli'iil.  IIiiri>lr<'il.s  III'  liiiriian  sKi'lcUiiis  nt' all  afjcs  ami  biitli  scxos 
were  exhumed,  ami  j,'i'iii'rally  >niiii'  ai-lirlc  I'l'  imlli  rv  wii>  r.iiunl  mar  i  in  li  sliilrlnii.  Tin'  Imilii's  hail  lii'cii  hiirloil 
ill  a  sittiiij;  posture',  a?nl  wrrr  C'liiml  iVniii  ihri  i-  tn  ti'ii  I'ri't  hflnw  tin-  -iirlaii-.  iIm'  hour.-  Iii-in^  in  all  cases  in  u 
perfect  .state  of  prescrvali"n.  'I'reis  fmni  Ihri'i'  In  live  I'cit  in  ilianicti  r  wire  firnwiii^-  mar  tlm  hninan  remains, 
luul,  li.s  inilieativi'  of  the  anlii|nity  of  the  tMirial-|ilai  c,  niic  nl'  the  trees  |iarli<'iilarly  nuhil  ainl  ileserilieil  by  Mr. 
I'illuw  was  a  sassafras- tree,  whicli,  liavinu'  allainiil  tlie  ilianieler  of  live  feel,  hail  passed  frniii  maturity  into  initu- 
ml  ami  uradiil  d'Tay,  until  w  ilhered  and  wasted  away  :  only  its  roots  were  then  suunil. 

■'  TImre  had  lieen  no  pre.ious  kiiiiwlidi,'e  or  reenril  of  this  ancient  eenietery  ;  Imt  a  li'i;eiiil  of  the  early  set- 
tlers had  lueali'd  at  or  near  this  spot  the  laiiip  in  which  I)e  Snto  wiiilercd  in  a.-remlim,'  the.  Mississippi.  Jt  is  tliu 
hinhesl  elevation  of  land  for  nniny  miles  aloin;  the  river. 

"  .Mr.  Pillow  secured  at  least  llfty  perfect  speeimeu.^  of  pottery,  of  wliii  li  !  procured  several  which  arc  now  in 
the  Sniilhsiinian  Institution.  Some  of  the  llnesl  of  the  vessels  I  eoulil  not  dituin.  One  of  them,  in  the  shujie  of 
II  ipuidruped,  and  of  a  capacity  of  several  quarts,  was  of  great  interest  to  mo,  because  I  had  seen  a  similar  ve.sfcl 
taken  from  a  grave  in  Kgyjit." 


I 


HEl'UESKNTATKJNS    OK    J'lSlIKS,    AQITATIC    MAMMALS.    ETC. 


213 


Fig.  IVu  rcprc-sonts  a  lisli-sli.-iiu.,!  vessel  (uiiii.l  diirino-  tlu,  oxpluviitions  ..f 
ai.-.n-in.-.l  l)uri,-il-i.la.vs  in  S,M,tli,.,-,s(,>ni  :Miss,.iiri,  in  tlio  iv-ieii  wlioro  iXcw 
Mmhul  is  sitii.-itocl.  Tiicsc  .'xplm-Mtioiis.  ;.s  Unowii,  l.i-ounjit  i„  li„li(  ;i  I,,,..-,. 
miiMlR..-..rda.vv(>ss,.ls.  Tl..-  Iin,,n-  is  .■npie.l  lV..iu  a  qnart..  v.,iu.m>  pivimml 
under  tlio  auspiees  of  the  Areii.TnlnoJeal  Sedi.m  ..f  the  Haint  Louis  Aca.h'n.y 
of  Seionce.^:^  The  v.-ssel  is  thus  .leseril.ed  :-  -V  very  noat  specimen  of  haked 
ware;  the  eoh.r  is  a  pale  y.'llnw.  and  tlie  curves  .lenotin-  the  scales  are  painted 
in  white."  Uy  oin]eav..rs  In  learn  un.ler  what  special  eirciinistances  it  was 
Jound,  and  whore  it  is  preserved,  i)roved  fruitless. 


■:i 


■  n 
.1 


Fid.  o.")?.— Fish-shaped  chiy  vessel.     Missouri. 

This  specimen  u(  pottery  hears  much  resemhlancc  to  a  certain  cla^s  of  jLh- 
shape.l  Peruvian  v.>ssels.  „f  wide],  menli.m  will  he  made  in  ti,e  appendix  t..  tlds 
wiirk. 

y>////rr,/;r,y^s.._Tii(>  notched  sfone  sinker  represented  in  Fi-  i>(;i  ,,„  ,,.,„,.  ,,;,,  j, 
the  only  nhject  in  tlie  Xalinnal  Mnseum.  which  has  a  I.earinn„n  preiii.t,.ric  li.h- 
ii.g  m  the  present  (erWiory  „f  Mexico.  rp„n  inqnirv.  1  h.arned  from  Sr  Don 
<}umesind,.  .Arendu/a.  Director  of  H,,.  M»..n>  .A^W,,/ of  .Mexico,  tji.at  relics  ilhis. 
trativeof  f,sl,in-as  pradiscd  hy  t!,.  iidial.ifanis  of  lhe  .\.lec  empire  are  wanlin.- 
1"  fl>at  instilutio,,.  V„t.  lhe  Mexicans  undouhiedly  acp.ired  a  -reat  part  nf 
tlieir  subsistence  l.y  lishin-  an.l  this  is  confirmed  l>y  the  earlv  authors  treatin- 
ot  their  atlairs.      Fish-pon.ls  in    .Mexico  ami  other   plac-es  of  tlie  countrv   are 


l.'iK,^^rn!l"t"'  "  "'"  '^'''"'"'"''^'  "^  ^"""""'  ^''"■'  ^-     !'""■"•>■  (''yD---  KJ-  Kv«n,)i  S„li.„,  M,..s7l88(^ 


'II 


p 


assz 


■•f^^?^.,nmt^,,„^^r.^,:„„, 


i' 


214 


I'RKlllSTOHK.'   FISHING. 


H 


i' 


<•'  i '" 


In 


1^ 


ropoalodly  mentioned  by  lliem  ;  Cortes  liiniself,  in  one  of  liis  letters  to  the  em- 
j)eror  Charles  the  Fifth,  s[)eaks  of  these  tanks.  He  also  states  there  that  great 
([uantities  of  fish — fresh,  salt,  nneooked,  and  cooked — were  sold  in  the  market  of 
Tenochtitlan.*  MoTiteznma's  table,  it  is  ew^n  said,  was  frequently  provided  with 
lisli  from  the  Gulf  of  ^[exico,  brought  to  the  capital  by  runners,  twenty-four 
hours  after  their  eai)ture.  The  name  of  Miehoacan,  one  of  the  Mexican  pro- 
vinces, means  "the  place  where  possessors  of  fish  live."  Opochtli  received 
homage  as  the  patron  of  ^lexican  fishermen.  "The  god  Opochtli,"  says  Saha- 
gun,  "' was  placed  among  the  number  of  the  Tlaloques,  which  signifies  inhabi- 
tants of  the  terrestrial  i)aradis(>;  yet  people  generally  were  convinced  that  he 
was  only  a  man.  They  ascribed  to  him  the  invention  of  lishing-nets  and  of  an 
imjdement  called  vibiacachuUi,  used  in  killing  tisli.  and  r(>sembling  a  fork  armed 
with  three  prongs,  like  a  trident.  It  w'as  also  used  in  hunting  birds.  He  had 
likewise  invented  bird-snares  and  paddles.-|-  According  to  the  Abbe  Clavigero, 
it  appears  that  he  was  known  under  dilVerent  names.  '•  In  Cuitlahuac,  a  city 
upon  a  little  island  in  the  lake  of  Clialco,"  says  tiiat  author, '•  there  was  a  god 
of  fishing  highly  honored,  named  Amii)i'dl,  who  probably  dift'ered  from  Opochtli 
no  otherwise  than  in  name."| 

Notwitlislanding  these  ditferent  data  evidencing  the  importance  of  iishing 
amnng  the  Mexicans.  I  have  in  the  course  of  my  reading  found  but  little  that 
would  ser\('  In  elncidati'  the  methods  em]iloyed  by  them  in  that  ])nrsnit.  Clavi- 
gero. a  coni])aratively  recent,  but  acknowledged,  authority,  conhnes  himself  to 
the  ol>servati<in  that  they  conummly  made  use  of  nets  in  tishing,  but  that  they 
also  employed  hooks,  h.arjioons.  and  weirs. § 

Some  designs  in  the  cnllection  nf  Mexiean  ]iictographs,  called  the  ^fendoza 
Codex,  show  that  the  m.-ile  youth  in  Mexico  received  at  an  early  age  instruction 
in  tishing.  These  juctures  were  executed  I.y  native  artists  shortly  after  the  con- 
quest, daring  the  administration  of  the  viceroy,  Antonio  de  Mendo/.a,  and  sent 
i)y  him.  with  interpretations  in  Aztec  and  Spanish,  as  a  ])reseiit  to  the  emperor 
Charles  the  Fifth.  A  copy  of  this  eculcx  in  the  nodleian  Library  at  Oxford  has 
been  reproduced  in  the  lirst  xnlume  nf  Lnrd  i\ingsi)urongii's  "Mexican  Anti(|ni- 
ties  "  (London,  1831 ).     The  codex  consists  of  three  parts,  treating,  respectively, 


*  "  Vondi'ii  niU'-ho  pcj^catU*  tVfSc-o,  y  .^iiltuio,  cnido,  y  jrnisiulo. " — Ijnrfn.:<i/nt :  lli.storln  ilf  M^ico,  escrita  pnr  nu 
Enrhirri'ii/(i  Ca}irjulsftht\,r,  llfrniin  Cxrfrs :  Now  Ynrk,  1H2H;  ji.  l.',(). 

t  Siiliiif,'Uti  :  Ilistiiiri!  (ii'Mii'-riilo  lies  Cliosi'S  ill' 111  Xuuvi'lL'-K-piii^iic  ;  Irii.liiit"  ct  aiUKil.'i' piir  I).  .Idiinlunot  ot 
Ui'iiii  Sinu'on  ;  Varis,  1H80;  ji.  :!(!,  —  licriiardinip  ilc  SaliMjrnn,  a  Kriiiiii-aii,  caiiii'  1"  Mrxi.o  in  l.VJ'l  ami  ilii'd  llicro 
in  li'iOO.     Ho  is  tin!  idiict'  antlmrity  nn  .Mexican  inyllniliity. 

t  Claviucro:  Tin'  Ili.-li.ry  of  Mcxii'.i;  tran.-lati'.l  I.y  Cliarl.'s  Cnllcn  ;  I'hiladi'lpliia,  1817;  Vol.  II,  p.  22.— 
Till"  Italian  in-ii;irnil  t)t'  Clavini't-o's  work  was  pnhli.-ln'd  at  Cfscna,  in  1780. 

§lliid.;  Vol.  II;  |,,  187. 


1 


lUCl'RKSKNTATloNS   oK    I'lSIIlN,    Acn'ATIC   MAMMALS,    j:tC. 


215 


of  tho  history  of  Mexico,  of  tlie  tributes  paid  to  its  rulers,  aiul  of  the  social 
state,  including  education,  among  the  Mexicans. 


ooo 

OOOOO      f""^ 


^^ 


Fm.  358. 


QOQO 
OOOOO 
OOO  OO 


'a ;? 


Via.  .■l.lll. 


Flds.  ;;:)H  inul  ;;,')!).- -Fn.-simil,.  ilcliiu'iitions  illiisli-iiliiiir  A/.t.r  iiiiviijiitioii  :iii.l  llsliirig,     Fn.iu 

tlic  Mi'LuIozii  C'odi'X. 


■i 
Si 


1  2» 


/r 


'  ' 'if 


On  the  si\ly-first  plate,  wiiich  is  tlie  tliird  of  the  last    part,  several  groups 

illustrating  the  (raining  of  hoys  and  gii-js  are  drawn.     () f  tlie  i^-roups  (Fjo-. 

3')8)  shows  a  father,  seated  and  speaking  (as  indicated  l,y  a  synil.(d  before  ins 
month),  and  two  hoys  (4  thirteen  years.  One  of  them  carries  reetls  or  sticks  to 
a  canoe  already  partly  loaded,  and  the  other  stands  in  it.  handling  a  paddle. 
The  age  of  the  hoys  is  denoted  by  tliirteen  circles  or  dots,  and  two  eonnecied 
ovals  marked  with  small  dashes  indicate  that  they  were  allowed  two  cakes  or 


<-H' 

:'(! 

t 


I  .(^i.iii  t.m* 


mmmm 


"*''^""""i ..■,...,..   II  -'    j^^ 


216 


I'HKItlSTORIC   FISHING. 


Ij 


I 

x 


tortillas  for  a  moal.  In  tho  other  irroup  (Fi<r.  3ol)  on  tlio  pri^cotUnc;  pag(>)  a 
fatlior  su]HM'iMton(ls  tlio  tisliiiiii-  of  his  son  of  fonrtcon  years,  who  stands  in  the 
canoo.  (Iroppinjj;  into  it  a  lish,  or  tishos,  cauij;ht  with  a  scodp-nct.  Tho  meal  of  tho 
boy  still  consists  of  two  tortillas. 

Though  the  boats  here  figured  are  nnproportionally  small,  we  learn  at  lca.st 
how  they  were  shaped.  "NVc  also  become  cognizant  of  the  fnct  thnt  the  Aztecs 
used  scoop-nets. 

Some  other  designs  relating  to  fishing,  in  the  Codex  TJorgianus  (College  of 
the  Propaganda  at  Rome)  and  the  Codex  Vaticaniis.  buth  reproduced  in  the 
third  volume  of  Kingsborough's  work,  arc  not  sutficiontly  illustrative  to  warrant 
reproduction  in  this  place. 


r 


1 !  ; 


I"'"'. 

li'' 


ARTIFICIAL  SHELL-DEPOSITS. 

Introductory  Notices. — The  accummulations  of  shells  owing  their  origin  to 
human  agency,  which,  as  formerly  stated,  occur  in  various  i)laccs  on  the  North 
American  sea-coasts,  correspond  in  many  respects  to  the  Danish  kjokkennK'id- 
dings  described  in  tlie  lirst  part  of  tliis  work;  Imt.  wliile  the  period  of  abandon- 
UHMit  of  the  latter  is  lost  in  the  dawn  of  hi  lory,  sume  of  tlmse  found  in  this 
country  were  doul)tless  still  in  tiie  }inicess  .n  formation  in  recent  times;  for 
motles  of  life,  which  had  long  ago  ceased  to  exist  in  I'luropc.  contiiun  d  to  prevail 
among  certain  triljes  of  Noitli  .\merica. 

Cabeza  de  Vac;i  was  th(>  lirst  to  allude  to  Xorth  Aviierican  shidl-deposifs. 
He  sojourned  as  a  ]n'isoner  on  an  island  [hht  ilcl  Mdllirnhi)  in  tli(>  (lulf  of  Mex- 
ico, watched  by  a  number  of  Indi.ans,  who,  on  account  ol' a  famine  on  tli.at  island, 
were  compelled  to  leaxe  it.  They  proceeded  to  terra  Jirmir,  \  isiting  the  neigh- 
boring bays,  wi  -h  .abounded  in  oysters.  "  For  three  months,"  the  Sj)anish  iiuthor 
says,  "  they  subsist  on  these  shell-fish,  and  drink  very  l)ad  water.  AN'ood  is  tliere 
very  rare,  and  the  country  full  of  mos(]uitoes.  They  construct  their  (;abins  of 
mats,  and  erect  tiiem  on  heaps  of  oyster-shells,  n|)on  whicii  lliey  sleej)  naked."* 

The  Jesuit  missionary,  Father  Isaac  .logues,  refers  incidentally  to  shell- 
heaps  which  he  noticed  in  1()4.'{  on  Maidiattan  Island: —  "There  are  .some 
houses  built  of  stone.  F.iime  tliey  make  of  oyster-shells,  great  heajis  of  wliich 
are  foiied  here,  made  formerly  by  the  savages,  who  subsist  in  part  by  that 
fi.shery."t 

*  Ciilieza  de  Vuca :  Niuifriigii>s ;  p.  ID. — "  Sus  Cftsas  son  cdiflradiis  do  Kstoraa,  sobro  imiclins  Cascaras  dc  Hos- 
tinncp,  i  sobre  olios  ducrfnon  fnomTct.-;." 

f  ■Ioj;iii's  :  Narrativi'  of  n  ('ii|itivity  iiinoii!;  t!ii'  Moliiiwk  Indians,  n  Description  of  Now  Ni'tliorland  in  lfit'J-3, 
and  olber  I'apors.  Witb  a  .Monioir  of  tlio  Autlior,  by  .Jobn  flilniary  Shea;  Now  York,  1857;  p.  T)". — In  tlio 
nricinal : —  "  II  y  a  i|uoli|uos  Ki.nis  bastys  do  piorro  ;  ils  font  la  iliuii.v  avoc  dos  roqniUos  d'biiislres  dont  il  y  a  de 
grans  nionceaux  fails  uutrofois  par  los  sauvages,  qui  vivenl  en  partio  dc  cotte  pcjobo." 


AKTIIICIAL   SIMOLL- UK  POSITS. 


217 


Tlio  artiiicial  deposits  ofsliclls  nttrnctod  tlic  Mtteiitinn  nt'tlic  Swedish  travel- 
or,  Proi'cssdr  IVter  Kiilm,  \vlii>  iirrived  in  Nnrlli  Anierici  in  I74H.  niid  lie  makes 
repeated  mention  ot"  tiiem.'"  ".Some  J'jiii/lisfniirii."  Ik;  states,  "assorted  that  n(>ar 
tlie  river  l'ijtomach\  in  Vin/iiiia.  a  great  (piantity  nf  ovster-sliells  were  to  \n)  met 
witli,  and  tliat  they  tliemselves  liad  seen  wiiole  muiintains  of  tliem.  The  jilaco 
wliere  they  ar(>  ionnd  is  said  to  be  about  two  J'jit//is/i  miles  distant  from  the  sea- 
.slioro.  The  proprietor  of  that  ground  burns  lime  out  of  them.  Tliis  stratum  of 
oyster-sliells  is  two  fatliom  and  more  deep.  8ueli  quantities  of  siiells  liavc 
likewise  been  found  in  other  plaees,  especially  in  Acw  I'vr/i',  on  digging  in  the 
ground  ;  and  in  one  place,  at  the  distance  of  some  KikjUsU  miles  from  tlie  sea,  a 
Vast  quaidity  of  oyster-shells  and  of  other  shells  was  found.  Some  people  con- 
jectured that  the  natives  had  formerly  lived  in  that  place,  and  had  left  the  shells 
of  the  oysters  which  they  had  consumed  in  such  great  heai)s.  ]>ut  others  could 
not  conceive  how  it  happened  that  they  were  thrown  in  such  immense  (luantitics 
all  into  one  ])lace."f  This  shows  at  least  that  the  origin  of  Xorth  American 
shelMieaps  was  a  matter  of  speculation  more  than  a  century  ago. 

Professor  Kalm  also  draws  attention  to  the  existence  of  deposits  of  iluviatilo 
shells,  which   indicate  the  places  where  the  aliorigines  feasted  on  fresh-water 


mo 

s.-iy; 

lilll 


Husk 


In 


one 


of 


Ills  notes,  dated  l^iccooii.  Xew  Jersey,  March  2,  1749,  ho 


—  "  Mi)lUu!<  miafiiniK,  a  kind  of  muscl(>-shells.  was  found  abundantly  in 
furrows,  which  crossed  the  meadows.  The  shells  were  fre(|nently  covered 
on  the  outside  with  a  thin  crust  of  particles  of  iron,  when  the  water  in  the  fur- 
rows came  from  an  iron  nun(>.  The  Evf/lia/iwcii  and  Swcdrs  settled  here  seldom 
make  any  use  of  these  .shells;  but  the  Indians  who  formerly  lived  Ikmv  broiled 
thei'i  and  eat  the  tlesh.     Some  of  the  Europeans  eat  them  sometimes. ":j; 

According  to  Dr.  D.  G.  Brinton,  the  artificial  character  of  many  of  these 
deposits  was  lirst  brought  i)rominentIy  before  the  scientific  public  by  Mr.  Lard- 


ner 


anuxem,  in 


th 


1' 


r(  ici 


■ediiu 


.f  tl 


10  America 


n  A^ 


•iatiou  of  (leoloii'ists 


and  Xatiiralists  "'  for  184U-"42  (page  21,  etc  ).     I  have  nut  seen  his  article,  which, 
as  Dr.  nrintou  states,  refers  to  shell-heaps  on  the  shores  of  the  Chesapeake  and 


its  afHiient  stn^ams,  <in  the  .) 


ersev  sliore.  am 


I  L 


Island.^ 


S 


During  his  second  visit  to  the  irnited  States  Sir  Charles  Lyell  observed 
shell-accumulations  on  the  coasts  of  Massachusetts  and  (Jeorgia.  iiotalily  on  Saint 
Simon's  Island,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Altamaha  River,  llis  account  of  what 
lu'  saw  on  that  island  is  so  concise  and  characteristic  that  I  cannot  refrain  from 
quoting  it  in  this  place: — 

*  Ui.s  nnticd  of  slipjl-dcposits  in  tlio  neighborhood  of  New  York  is  given  in  the  "  Kxtrncts." 

f  Kiilm  :  Travels  into  Nortli  Aincrivn ;  trnnslated  by  Jolin  ItuinlniUl  lAirstcr  ;  Lonilnii,  177^ ;  Vol.  I,  p.  7fi. 
X  Ibid.;  Vol.  I,  p.  37'I.^Thc  piiiuo  formerly  called  Raccoon  is  now  Swedesborongh  in  (iloucester  County. 
§  Brint'in:   Artiliiiiil  Shell-Deposits  of  the  United  States;  Smiths.mian  Report  r..r  ISCii;  p.  .1-,ii. 

u28 


i 

■■■  'i. 


wt 


■.tt 


■41 


4 

m 


■A 


■■■-**HJ-*-.V.:4i*k?>i**.tt.  : 


1 

11 

i 

'^1 

ii 

Brwuir'ttr'immnfnT' 


H 


III 


1  '. 


I 


■ii" 


K1  '" 


P- 1  ^:^ 


BP::  '-^i 


iiil  ." 


L'l8 


ri<KIIISTOKI(;    I'lSIIING. 


"We  landed  on  the  northeast  end  of  Haint  Simon's  Island,  at  Cannon's 
Point,  where  wo  were  gratified  hy  the  sifjlit  oC  a  curious  monument  of  tlu) 
Indians,  the  largest  mound  of  shells  left  hy  the  ahorigines  in  any  one  of  the  sea- 
islands.  Here  are  no  less  than  ten  acres  of  ground,  elevated  in  some  places  ten 
feet,  and  on  an  average  over  the  wholi'  area  ilvo  feet,  above  the  general  level, 
composed  throughout  that  depth  of  myriads  of  cast  oyster-shells,  with  sonio 
mussels,  and  hero  and  there  a  modiola  and  helix.  They  who  have  seen  tho 
Monte  Tostaceo,  near  Rome,  know  what  great  results  may  pi'occed  from  insig- 
niticant  causes  where  the  cumulative  power  of  time  has  been  at  work,  so  that  a 
hill  may  be  formed  out  of  the  broken  jxittery  rejected  by  the  population  of  a 
large  city.  To  them  it  will  appear  unnecessary  to  infer,  as  son»c  antiquaries 
have  done,  from  the  magnitude  of  these  Indian  mounds,  that  they  must  have 
been  thrown  up  by  the  sea.  In  refutation  of  such  an  hypothesis,  we  have  the 
fact  that  flint  arrow-heads,  stone  axes,  and  fragments  of  Indian  lottery  have  been 
detected  throughout  the  mass.""' 

Shortly  after  Sir  Charles  Lyell's  visit  to  this  country,  the  reports  on  Danish 
kjokkonmoddings  by  Messrs.  Forchhammer,  Steen.strup,  and  Worsaae  (published 
in  lS.")()-'r)())  became  known  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic,  and,  of  course,  stimu- 
lated naturalists  and  anti(|uarii's  to  a  cioser  examination  of  similar  refuse-heaps 
along  our  sea-boards.  Indeed,  since  thiMi  such  investigations  and  printed  accounts 
of  them  iiave  become  so  numerous  that  I  can  liarciy  refer  in  this  jinblication  to 
a  number  of  examjtles  sufficient  to  illustrate  the  character  of  deposits  of  shells, 
both  of  marine  and  fluvial  origin,  in  different  parts  of  North  America.  I  avail 
myself  of  the  copious  literature  on  the  subject  as  well  as  of  several  written 
communications  setting  forth  the  results  of  personal  observation. 

GreenJand. — Having  found  no  references  to  shell-heaps  in  Cireenland,  either 
in  Egede's  or  in  Cranz's  descriptiims  of  that  country — tho  subject,  as  stated, 
being  one  which  has  only  in  later  years  attracted  the  attention  of  investigator.s — 
I  will  record  here  some  of  the  observations  made  by  the  distinguished  scientist, 
Uaron  A.  E.  Xordenskiold  : — 

"As  a  (Jroenlander  now  seldom  resides  at  any  distance  from  the  Danish 
trading-stations,  one  finds  in  numberless  ])laces  along  the  coast  (dd  deserted 
dwelling-places.  They  are  recognizal)le  at  a  distance  by  the  lively  verdure 
arising  from  the  rich  vegetation,  which  the  remn.inis  of  fishing  and  hunting-prey 
scattered  round  the  cottages  or  tents  have  produced.  On  taking  a  few  spadefuls 
of  earth,  or  on  examining  the  walls  of  the  new  houses. — generally  l)uilt  with 
turf  taken  from  these  spots, — one  everywhere  tinds  the  earth  and  grass-roots 
mixed  with  the  bones  of  tho  animals  which  the  Greenlanders  hunt. .  The  animals 

*  Sir  Charlos  Lyi'll ;  A  Second  Visit  to  tho  United  Stiiti'S  of  America  |  New  Yorl<,  184'J  ;  Vol.  I,  p.  25iJ. 


it 

1 


1  !-1    .  ■ 


AnTlFICIAIi  HIIKLL-DKI'OSITS. 


iilSt 


killed  l)y  till!  men  are  in  taut  cleansed  by  tlie  women  besid(>  or  in  the  cottage 
itself,  and  the  refuse  after  the  cleansing  or  the  meal  is  thrown  away — seldom 
far  from  the  cottage-door.  Even  now,  in  the  course  of  years,  a  heap  is  fre- 
(juently  collected  as  truly  circular  as  if  it  had  been  drawn  with  a  pair  of  com- 
passes round  the  door  as  a  centre.  On  examining  its  contents,  it  is  found  to 
consist  of  a  black,  fat  earth,  formed  of  decayed  refusi.' — frequently  bits  <jf  l»one 
gnawed  asunder  and  broken,  shells,  especially  those  of  Mi/tiliis,  lost  or  broken 
houselndd-goods,  etc.  This  bone-mi.\ed  earth  most  likely  contains,  like  guano, 
not  only  considerable  quantities  of  phosphoric  acid,  but  also  ammoniac  salts, 
and  it  may  happen  that  the  trade  of  Greenland  may  find  in  this  a  valuable 
artiiOe  of  export. 

"  As  the  kit(!hen-middcn  dates  from  the  stone  ngc  in  Greenland, — which 
undoubtedly  extended  beyond  the  epoch  at  which  the  whalers  lirst  began  to  visit 
these  coasts, — we  lind  in  it  arrow-heads,  skin-scrapers,  and  other  instruments  of 
various  kinds  in  stone,  and  especially  a  quantity  of  stone  flak(>s  knocked  oft'  in 
forming  the  instruments,  easilv  rccognizalile,  not  only  bv  their  form,  but  l)y  theii' 


cons 
the  C 


isting  of  stones — chalcedony,  agate,  and  especially  green  jasper  (called  by 


rreen 


land 


ers  •  angmal' 


-no 


t  met  with  in  the  "iieiss-formation,  but 


on  I 


at  certain  spots  in  the  basalt-region  of  Disko  or  the  peninsula  of  Nour.soak. 
One  sometimes  iinds  smaller   instruments  of  cle.ir  quartz,  also  half-wrought 

refully 
f 


crystals  of  the  same  mineral.    Kvervtliinn'  shows  that  the  material  was  ca 


-"d  tin 


ith  ab: 


chosen  among  such  minerals  as  united  tlie  necessary  hardness  with  absence  o 
cle,i\age  and  a  fiat  coiichoidal  fracture.  Among  minerals,  in  general,  the  difVer- 
eiit  varieties  of  quartz  (rock-crystal,  agate,  chalcedony.  Hint,  and  Jasper)  are  the 
only  ones  which  fully  satisfy  these  conditions ;  and  it  is  therefon' almost  exclu- 
sively these  minerals  that  the  various  races  of  man  have  chosen  for  making  their 
chipped  (not  ground)  stone  instruments. 

"The  two  largest  of  the  old  house-sites,  among  which  we  were  now  resting 
(near  the  ice-fjord  of  Jakobshavn,  West  Greenland),  lay  so  near  the  sea  that 
their  bases  were  washed  l)y  the  water.  A  small  stream  had  found  its  way 
through  one  of  them,  and  had  thus  not  only  exposed  a  .section  of  the  kitchen- 
midden,  but  also  subjected  a  part  of  it  to  a  washing-proce.ss.  in  con.sequence  of 
which  bits  of  lione  and  other  heavier  objects  lay  dean-washed  at  the  bottom  of 
the  channel  and  in  the  hulk)ws  of  the  gneiss-slabs  of  the  shore.  These  were 
carefully  examined,  and  a  number  of  stone  instruments  and  stone  chips  were 
collected.  There  were  no  traces  of  iron;  but  .* ;-  lumd  a  small  oval  perforated 
piece  of  copper,  which  had  evidently  once  served  as  an  ornament.  At  the  largest 
site  a  tolerably  thick  circular  stone  wall,  eight  or  ten  feet  high,  and  twenty-six 
in  section,  was  still  distinguishable,  divided  into  two  niie(|ual  portions  by  a 
party-wall.  The  entrance  seems  to  have  led  into  the  larger  of  those  areas,  judg- 
ing from  the  extensive  kitchen-midden  just  outside  it.    In  one  of  the  other  heaps 


Ml 

ml 


f  hi\ 


i-'i? 


n 


■  •  •* 

■•■a  B 


m 


'  i' 


|!H 


H> 


m 


■m 


220 


PREHISTORIC    FIHIIINO. 


of  Imiiios  a  Hat  Htoiio  was  found,  so  Inri^n  as  to  r(M|iiiri'  tin'  iiiiilcd  ctVorts  of  scvonil 
Orocnlandors  to  turn  it.  'I'licy  doclarcd  tliat  tlu-  workslinp  for  tlie  faliricilion  of 
atono  ins^truiiu'iits  must  havo  boon  situated  on  that  spot,  and  t'xpcoted  accordin;,dy 
in  find  a  groat  (piaiility  of  chips  in  its  vicinity,  which,  liow<'vcr,  the  result  ot 
tiicir  searches  did  not  conlirni. 

"The  kitclien-niidden  outside  the  large  cot  rested  on  a  low  slab  of  gneiss, 
separated  from  it  by  u  thin  layer  of  turf,  in  which  was  no  trace  of  any  piece 
of  bone,  and  which  had  therefore  been  formed  before  the  place  was  iidiabited. 
In  other  respects  this  turf,  of  which  specimens  were  taken  away,  was  perfectly 
like  the  earth  which  was  mixed  with  bones  and  stone  chips.  Here  there  were 
no  ilfy///«s-shells,  though  these  are  everywhere  else  found  around  fireenlan<l 
dwellings:*  an  indication  that  formerly  the  inlmbitants  were  not  obliged  to  have 
recourse  to  this  species  of  famine-food. 

"To  discover  the  various  anim.d  forms  that  had  here  been  the  prey  of  the 
hunter.  Dr.  (Jberg  collected  a  quantity  of  bones,  in  which  work  the  Ureen landers 
took  a  lively  interest  usually  determining  with  great  certainty  the  species  to 
which  the  pieces  of  bone  had  belonged. 

"  The  following  species  could  be  ascertained:  Cerrii.'^  farandiis,  Ursiis  niari- 
fimun,  Tricficc/iiis  ro.vnan(s,  Cijstophora  risfafa,  P/ioca  harbatu,  I'/ioca  grcenlaitdica, 
Fliuca  hisjiifld,  Phoca  vitulina,  Iklpliiiiapteriix  leucas. 

"Even  if  we  suppose  that  tiiis  spot  was  first  inhabited  shortly  after  the 
Eskimos  entered  (Irecnland  by  Smith's  Sound,  its  age  will  be  scarcely  more  than 
live  hundred  years,  a  period  generally  too  short  to  siiow  marks  of  the  slow  but 
continuous  chnngcs  to  which  the  organic  world  is  sulyected.  Neither  do  the 
kitchen-middens  of  Kaja*  contain  any  other  forms  of  animals  than  those  'till 
living  on  the  coast  (.i  Greenland.  Nevertheless  we  obtain  here  an  interesting 
confirmation  of  the  changes  that  the  ice-tjord  has  undergone.  The  walrus,  Phoca 
harha'n.  and  Ci/slophora  cristata  no  longer  venture  into  this  long  ice-blockaded 
(]jord  ■.  ;ni(l  even  the  bear  has  now  become  so  scarce  in  the  colonies  of  North 
(ireenland  .^-outh  of  the  Waigat  that  most  of  the  l);ines  resident  in  those  ])arts 
have  never  S(  en  it.  The  remnants  of  bones  in  the  kitchen-nuddens,  on  the  other 
hand,  prove  that  these  animals  were  abundant  there  formerly,  ami  are  conse- 
quently an  evidence  that  the  fjord  at  Jakobshavn  was  less  tilled  with   ice  thiin 


now. 


Dr.  Emil  Bcsscls  makes  the  following  statements  coneeruing  the  form.ntion 
of  refuse-heaps  in  Greeidand  ; — 


*  Niiiiii'  "f  tlie  jiluco. 

f  Noritenskidld:  Account  of  iin  Expi'dition  t(i  Orponluiul  in  tlio  ycnr  1870;  Srunniil  of  Itip  NnUiral  History, 
Geology,  and  Physics  of  Orunland  iii'.d  tlio  i,'cii,-t)boring  Ucyions,  etc.;  edited  by  Profespor  T.  Kupert  .lonos; 
London,  1873;   p.  412,  etc. 


|( 


AKTIFICIAL   SlIKMi-DEI'OSlTS. 


221 


"Till'  Eskimo  throws  Immios,  sholls,  fishes,  skins  which  liiivc  hcooiiit'  useh'ss, 
in  short  t'vi'rythinj,' thiit  is  of  no  valiu!  to  him  for  the  iiioinciit,  before  his  hut, 
in  (ionsoquonce  of  whicli  a  rich  vegetation  spring's  up,  noticeable  from  afar  liy  its 
fresh  verdure.  A  short  timi'  sutlices  to  discover  in  tiiese  kjokkenmdchlinys  traces 
of  nearly  all  usaith?  vertebrate  animals  of  the  (Jreenlandic  coast,  and  in  many 
cases  it  would  not  be  ditHcult  to  determine  the  se.'ison  of  the  year  in  which  these 
layers  were  formed;  for  sometimes  the  remains  of  birds  predominate;  sometimes 
those  of  fishes;  or  there  arc  strata  almost  exclusively  composed  of  Mytilus' 
shells."* 

Nom  Scoiiii. — Mr.  J.  M.  Jones,  President  of  the  Nova  Scotian  Institute  of 
Natural  History,  at  llalifa.x,  communicated  in  1803  to  the  '•  I^ondon  Atheiueum" 
a  brief  report  of  the  examination  of  a  shell-heap  on  theshore  of  Waint  Ttlargaret's 
15ay,  distant  about  twenty-two  miles  from  Halifax,  the  capital  of  Nova  Scotia. 
This  account  was  reprinted  in  the  Smithsonian  Report  for  1H()3.  The  shell- 
deposit  chiefly  noticed  lies,  some  twenty  feet  above  high-water  mark,  on  the 
shore  of  one  of  the  smaller  bays  or  coves,  that  has  a  sandy  beach,  where  canoes 
could  be  hauled  up  without  diHicuIty.  The  deposit,  about  fifty  yards  or  more  in 
length,  by  eight  yards  in  breadth,  but  only  eighteen  inches  dee[),  forms  part  of  a 
farm,  and  is  covered  with  two  or  Ihrec?  inches  ,)f  soil,  producing  grass  and  com- 
mon field-plants.  The  shells  themselvos,  [)erfect  and  broken,  form  a  com|)act 
layer,  which  was  found  to  inclo.so  bones  of  quadrupeds,  birds,  and  lishes,  largo 
and  small  teeth,  flint  and  (piartz  arrow  and  spcar-hcads,  bono  uwls,  and  nniny 
fragments  of  rudely-made  ])ottery,  diirk-colored,  and  containing  grains  of  grani- 
tic .saml,  and  mica  in  quantity.  Pebbles,  about  the  size  of  a  man's  fist,  and  bear- 
ing tra(;es  f)f  having  undergone  the  action  of  lire,  occurred  in  the  deposit,  and  also 
charcoal.  Rounded  granitic  boulders  lying  scattered  on  the  heap  are  supposed 
to  have  .served  as  seats,  and  on  digging  around  them,  greater  masses  of  sle'lls 
and  more  evident  traces  of  fire  were  discovered.  The  deposit  consisted  chiefly 
of  shells  of  fli(>  (piahaug  or  hard-.shell  clam  {Venit»  inercvnaria)  and  soft-shell 
clam  {.\ff/a  iirciKiri'i).  There  were  also  found  the  shells  of  the  .scallop  {Pectcn 
is/fiiidiriis),  boat-shell  {('rciiiiliila  Jhrnicafir),  and  mussel  {^f>/fill(s  C(liillf<),  those  of 
the  lalti'r  in  a  very  friable  st;ite.  W'rteltra'  of  two  or  three  species  of  fishes 
c;ime  to  light,  and  some  well-|ireserved  <q)ercular  spines  of  the  Norway  hadiloek 
(Sclntsfes  nonr;/icns),  which  |»rolialily  were  used  as  ])icrcing-tools.  The  moose, 
liear,  beaver,  and  porcupine,  represented  liy  broken  bones  and  teeth,  constituted 
the  mammalian  fauna;  ;ind  the  pres(Mice  of  birds,  I)elonging  to  several  sjjecies, 
could  likewise  be  traced  by  their  Ixjiies,  which  were  partly  lirokeii,  one  in  par- 
ticular having  been  ojiened  down  the  side  by  means  uf  a  (Mitting-inslrument. 

No  object  betokening  a  connection  witji  the  whites  occurred  in  this  <leposit.-|' 

*  l!i'S:*els:    l)ii'  Aincrikiinisolio  Ni>r(l|i<il-Kxpr(litii<ii  ;    Fji'iiizijj;,  IRT'.t ;  p.  47. 
f  Smitliiuiiiuii  Kupui't  I'ur  18U3,  p.  370,  etc. 


fM 


•^ 


i 


•f  :f 


22'2 


I'UKHISTOBIC   P'lSUING. 


New  fi  •iinnwick  and  New  Enijland. — Betweoii  tli(>  yor.vs  ISOO  ■•iii<l  '73,  Pro- 
fossov  S.  I'.  Uiiird  made  i^t'vcnil  visits  tn  New  Hniiisw  ick  aiid  Xow  Eiijjflaiul, 
(Iiiriiitr  wlucli  li(>  cxaiiiin'Ml  a  imiiiiicr  d*' slu'll-(lo|)osits  in  tlii)«e  districts;  but 
tlic  ni>lt"s  in  wliicli  lie  ilctails  liis  olisorvalioiis  liavo  \mi  lately  been  puldislicd. 
I  will  siiiirli'  "Ml  siHiu'  i)f  till'  more  important  localities  visited  by  him. 

The  larijfest  sliell-niniind  .vas  seen  at  Oak  Hay.  a  narrow  fjord  extending; 
northward  ironi  Passaniaqiinddy  Hay.  New  nrnnswick.  The  total  thickness  of 
the  l)ed.  wiiicli  consisted  ot"  ;i  lumiber  of  distii'ct  layers,  anioiinted  to  tixc  feet. 
"A  strikinu'  feature  in  tiiis  mound  is  tiii>  abundance  of  sj)ikes  and  shells  of 
Echini,  which  evidently  constituted  .a  lar^e  portion  of  the  food  of  the  alioriiriiies. 
A  careful  examination  ot'  the  ashes  iiuli-ated  th.it  they  were  derived,  for  the 
most  part,  from  eel-grass  [Zostcra  nifiriiifi).  and  it  is  suniicsted  that  the  cooking 
of  the  shells  was  done  by  wrapping  them  up  in  dry  eel-grass  and  setting  fire  to 
it.  Tiiis  Would  probably  cook  th'>  .animals  sufKciently  to  enable  them  to  be 
readily  witiidniwn  tVom  the  sliell.""'  TIk^  principal  shells  here  found  were 
Bucchuiin  /ilicosiuii.  Xnfh'a  hiroa,  Pctcii  tciitiicotifdfiix,  I'ccfcn  cardiinii,  Mi/d  <irr- 
narin,  Mi/filus,  and  I/e/i,v  aUeniatn. 

Another  interesting  bed  w.is  sei-n  on  Trye's  or  ("ailifV's  Tsl.ind,  X"w  liruns- 
wick.  •'  TIere  the  shell-bed  was  a  very  larg(>  one,  about  lifteeu  feet  aliove  the 
present  high  tide.  ;ind  seemed  to  have  lieen  torn  uj*  liy  the  tide  and  restratilied 
l)v  the  water,  so  that  articles  of  the  same  kind  and  .specitic  gravity  were  usually 
found  in  .-issociation." 

( )ther  jioints  in  Xew  Hruuswick  and  several  localities  in  Eastern  Elaine 
were  examined.  Uesuming  his  observations,  Professor  IJaird  .says: —  "They 
are  char,u-,eri/ed  in  some  cases  by  large  beds  of  shells  of  tlu'  sot't  clam  (.'///« 
(ircii'iri't) — never  of  the  (|uah;iu'_' or  I'niiia  mcreoyirin — with  a  little  admixture 
(^^  earth  :  in  others  the  shells  ar(>  in  a  much  decomposed  condition,  with  black 
eiu'tii  sc;ittered  among  •hem;  a::;iin.  by  the  association  of  large  bones,  es])eci;dly 
of  the  ;>ioose  and  caribou,  with  but  little  mivture  of  anything  else.  Occasion.ally 
these  beds  altei'ii.ited  with  piire  shell  or  pui'e  bone,  jiossibly  tiM'  shells  lieing 
jiL'gregated  in  summer  .ind  the  boiu-s  of  mammals  in  winter.  Kxerywhere  the 
i)ones  of  the  L;-re,it  auk  wer;-  fouml.  as  also  those  of  the  beiiver."j' 

At  l);ini.ir'sc.;it;',  Lincoln  County.  .Main(>,  the  ext  'Usive  binb:  »onsist  almost 
entirely  of  oysters.  They  cover  many  acres  to  a  depth  of  from  five  to  lift(>en 
or  twenty  feet.  The  oysters  ;ire  large,  and  gen(>r,illy  narrow  or  .slipper-sluiped. 
Very  few  ;ire  nov.  t'ound  living  in  the  vicinity. 


t. 


*  H.iird  :  X'lti's  mi  rorlain  Slii'!!  >(iiiini1.'<  im  ttic  Cmist  of  N'i'w  Brunswii'K'  miil  "f  N'W  Kri'^liiinl ;  I'rHiciiliiins 
nf  tlif  t'tiili'd  Stiiti"  Xatiiiiml  Miisiiim;  Vol.  IV,  Wn.-liiiitlMii,  lo,''!;  |i.  L'fll.'. 

I{oinuinfl  of  tt»''  /•'strrn  tnnritifi,  it  w',11  hi}  rcmoinlicri'd.  also  orclir''C(I  in  llic  I)jiiiisli  KjoklvrninctKiint^!^.  wImto 
this  sr>«-|ilimt  i»  siippnsod  tn  Imvi'  bi'iti  used  in  tlio  prndiiotiori  iif  i.ill.     Sop  p.  3.1  of  this  wurk. 

i   lipid  I   p.  L'!tii. 


'r 


AHTII'IC'IAL   SIlKLL-UEPOSiTS. 


223 


Tlio  slicll-beds  at  Eagle  llill,  Ipswich,  Masnicimsctts,  are  of  considerable 
extent,  i.nd  eonsist  largely  of  the  Mtja  arcnaria,  a  species  still  abounding  in  the 
neighbdrhdod.  It  forms  ati  important  article  of  commerce,  being  used  as  bait 
for  codlish.     B'iries  of  the  great  auk'-^  were  frequent  at  tliis  place. 

On  the  wliole,  stone  imi>lements  w  '.v  found  to  be  comparatively  rare  in  the 
shell-deposits  of  Southern  ^fassachu.sctts. 

The  collections  made  on  these  occasions  (shells,  bones,  chipped  and  grov.nd 
slone  ir.iplements,  and  fragments  of  pottery)  arc  on  exhibition  in  the  National 
Museum. 

l!i  cnnipany  with  a  number  of  associates.  Professor  JefVries  Wynum  exam- 
ined in  18(17  some  shell-heaps  on  the  coasts  of  >[aine  and  Massachusetts,  and 
published  in  (h(>  following  year  an  accou./  of  his  explorations  in  the  '•American 
N.ituralist"  for  18GS.     it  has  alre;uly  been  rpioted  in  this  work. 

He  examined  deposits  on  rrenchman's  Bay.  between  the  main-land  and 
Mnunt  D.vcil  Isl.Mii.l.  and  on  Croncirs  Cove,  situated  on  Goose  Island,  Casco  ]5ay, 
in  Maine.     His  cxpliuMtii.ns  in  M.asoachusetts  were  confined  to  deposits  at  Ipswich 
(Eagle   Hill).  Salisbury,  and   Cotiiit    I'ort   in   the  township  of  Harnstable  (( 'ape 
Cod).     Tlie  mamm.ilian  fauna  of  these  .shell-accumulations  represents  seventeen 
species,  iill  still  living,  and  inclinling  n.an,  whose  presence  was  only  indicated 
by  (h.<  discovery  of  a  bone  of  the  foot  at   Cotuit    Tort.     The  bird-remains  were 
referable  to  the  great  auk.  razor-bill,  duck  (three  species),  wild   turkev,  ;ind 
heron.     Two  kinds  of  tortoise  have  been  met  witli.     The  fish-renuiius  are  tho.se 
of  the  shark,  cod  {.Iforr/iiia  mitrricana),  and  goose-<isl,  ,Lophiii.-<  (imcricaiiiiti) ;  and 
of  shell-tish.  tlie  wlielk  {Jiiicciiiiim  vtidatiim),  two  species  of  conch  [I'l/nihi  rarica 
and    Piii-iilit  ofiKt/inilafd),  oyster  {(hfrca  hoyeulis),  cl'<ni  (MfKt  inrnaria).  (juajiang 
(  Vrnuxniercrmirui).  mussel  (Mf/fl/n.^  ('(Ik/Is),  scallop  (rccfcii  inniicostaiits  and  iVr- 
trn  i^hiiK/iciis), -.mil  hen-clam  (Jfarfra)  are  mentioned.    The.se  mollusks  ])rolialily 
W(  re  .ill  used  ,is  food  :  sever.il  other  species,  likewise  found  in  tlie  shell-deposits, 
are  sujiposed  to  h.ive  lieen  ;tceidently  introdiu-ed      Tin-  bones  of   ileer  and  of 
birds  were  the  nio>t  numerous,  ;ind  of  (he  former  "  nc^t  one  w.as  whole,  .all  having 
been  lirokeii  up  \\,r  the  doulile  purjiose  of  extracting  thi<  marrow,  a  custom  .almost 
world-wide  anion-s.-iv.iges,  ;ind  often  pnietised  by  hunters.  ;in(l  of  ;ii-conin:o,|,iiii|n- 
them  to  the  si/e  of  tiu'  vessel   in  which  they  were  cooked.";-     In   the  bird-bones 
the  ends  had  mostly  disappeared,  .niid   ni.iny  bore  traces  of  hiiving  bei'u  -niwed 
by  .inim.ds      The  discoNcry  of  tin  -pl.n'C'^  '    repeatedly  mentioned. 

Kciuineiils  of  pottery  and  sti  ne  inipl  menls  were  rare,  but  articles  of  bono 
(piercers.  Ii;irpoon-heads)  of  more  IVcmji;  .iI  tiecurrence..j; 


•  New  consii^'ml  us  iniinlv  ixtitut.     S,v  p.  .1(1  i.l'  Uiis  (.iililinainn. 

I  Wviniin:   All  .Arc   niiit,  .'Ir.;  p.  uT.'). 

J  l''n;    'J-_'l  1.11  |i.  Ml'  ;iiiiI    l''i;;.  L'fJ  ..11  |..  I fiO  rrprcscnt  li..iic'  d.'iil  lici.l-  r..iiiiil  :il  I'l.m,  li's  Covu. 


i 


m 


^ 


224 


PKiailSTOIUC  FISHING. 


-i    i    :t 


Uv 


Concurning  the  ago  of  these  shell-deposits,  Professor  Wyinaii  reiiKirks : — 

"The  shell-heaps  we  have  here  described  yield  nothing  which  indicates  as 
high  an  antiijiiity  as  those  of  the  old  world.  The  materials  of  them  present 
some  variety  in  the  degree  of  decomposition  which  has  resulted  from  time  and 
e.vposure,  the  lower  layers  being  much  more  disintegrated  and  frial)le,  the  shells, 
in  fact,  falling  to  pieces,  while  those  of  the  upper  ones  generally  })reservo  their 
original  lirmness.  That  there  was  a  dillerenee  in  time  in  which  these  layers 
were  deposited  is  further  indicated  by  the  fact  that,  in  two  of  the  heaps,  a  stratum 
of  earth  is  interposed  betweei.  the  earlier  and  later  deposits,  as  if  the  locality 
had  been  abandoned  as  a  camping-place,  and  tiicn  after  a  prolonged  absence  of 
*';o  natives  had  been  reoccupied.  Each  heap,  too,  is  covered  with  a  deposit  nf 
earth  and  vegetable  mould,  of  variable  thickness,  and  in  some  cases,  as  at 
Frenchman's  15ay,  supporting  a  growth  of  forest -tree?,  though  these  were  liuwhere 
of  such  size  as  to  indicate  that  they  had  lived  a  century. 

"On  the  other  hand,  it  may  be  safely  said  that  there  is  nothing  in  the  con- 
tlitiou  of  tiiese  lieai)s  which  is  inconsistent  with  the  hypothesis  that  they  wer(> 
begun  many  centuries  ago.  The  examinations  at  Crouch's  Cove,  Eagle  Hill,  and 
Cotuit  Port  were  sufficiently  extended  to  enable  us  to  obtain  a  fair  representation 
iif  the  objects  they  contain:  but  in  no  case  was  there  found,  nor  have  we  been 
ald(!  to  learn  that  there  had  lieen  previously  found,  a  single  article  which  could 
!)(•  regarded  as  having  l)een  made  by,  or  derived  from,  the  white  man,  nnr  diil 
we  ol)tain  any  evidence  that  these  particular  heaps  had  been  materially  adtled  to 


-nice 


the  I 


'iUro])e;iii  iia 


s  oicu 


l)ied  t 


lese  snore,- 


Had  intercourse  with  European 


l)een  once  t'airly  estal)lislied.  it  were  a  reasonable  presumption  that  we  slmuld 
have  found  at  least  a  gla-s  liead,  a  fragment  of  earthenware,  or  an  instrument 
of  some  sort  indicative  i>f  the  fact,  especially  when  we  bear  in  mind  that  it  would 
be  in  Just  such  places,  where  the  savages  collected  arouiio  iiieir  tii'es  and  seeth 

pots   to  CI 


aiK 


I  eat,  that 


SU( 


in^ 
h  obiect.-  miulit  be  expected  to  be  iM'nken  or  lost. 


:J«1 


In  additimi.  there  seems  to  bi'  iiistnrical  evidcnrf  tli.il  ;i  hea\y  LiTnwlh  of 
ti\'es  was  f'lund  mi  the  deposits  of  clam-shells  neai'  .Minuif  Desert  island  liy  the 
tirst  settlers/-^ 


(^uite  recently  Prnlessur   I'litnani   li; 


i'.\p|(ire( 


Sound  and  the  nei'.:lilHirinu'  l>ainarisciitl,i  l{i\ 


I    slicll- 


licaps  on 


M 


usconiriis 


lM>tl 


I  mli'ts  o 


tl 


le  sea  eXii'Hi 


ling 


into  Linciiln  Ciiunly.  Maim'.     Thi-se  lncililics  lia\e  iieeii   previously  mentioned 
in  this  pulilic.ilidii.  ami   llie  latter  was  nuticed   just  imw  in  connection  with   Pro- 


fessor ii.iil'il's  exauiilial  inh  111  sin 


-ilepiisit 


Till' slll)^tallce  iif  a  led  lire  nil  these 


.h.-U- 


I'ri.f. 


sor 


Put 


nam  was  pii 


ibli<; 


III  till 


IJostnii    l']\i'niiiu'  'l"r. ill- 


script"  of  Novend)er  I'A,  IHH:. 


*  Wvmmi  :   An  Ai'riuiiil,  etc- 


"1,  etc. 


ARTIFICIAL   SIIELL-UEPOSITS. 


226 


A  shell-deposit  ivt  Kecnc's  Point,  on  Museongus  Sound,  is  four  or  five  feet 
tliic'k  on  tlic  water's  edge,  and  extends  several  iiiindred  feet  along  the  shore  and 
a  hundred  feet  inland.  The  shells  here  found  are  those  of  the  soft-shell  clam, 
which  enters  most  largely  into  the  formation  of  the  heap,  the  quahaug  (hard- 
shell clam),  scalloj),  whellv  {liiiccintim),  and  cockle  {Nutica).  "Although  the 
bones  of  mammals  were  most  often  those  of  the  moose,  deer,  bear,  wolf,  fox,  and 
beaver,  yet  there  were  alsti  found  bones  of  tlie  otter,  skunk,  raccoon,  woodchuck, 
seal  and  porpoise.  l>ones  of  several  sjiccies  uf  birds  occurred,  also  some  bones 
tif  the  turtle,  while  fishes  were  represented  by  the  coil,  flounder,  and  great  goose- 
fish,  giving  with  tin'  mollusks  (juite  an  extended  bill  of  fare.  The  bones  and 
shells  were  broken  with  iianuuer-stoues,  wliich  are  found  scattered  through  the 
heap.''  Stone  imi)lenients  occurred  rather  frefpicntly,  and  from  the  presence  of 
numemus  chips  it  has  been  inferred  that  the  former  were  made  on  the  spot. 
Bone  implements  were  also  met  with.'" 

'■The  discovery  of  the  art  of  pottery,"  the  lecturer  stated,  "seems  to  have 
been  made  during  the  immense  time  these  heaps  were  being  formed,  as  1  have 
not  found  fragments  of  pottery  in  the  lower  portions  of  the  older  and  larger 
heaps,  while  such  fragments  are  common  in  the  upper  beds  and  in  the  more 
recent  heaps." 


m 


' 

-* 

. 

H 

,  % 

!■' 

4 

f 

:. 

A 

I 

i\ 

The  extensive  ileposits  at  Damariscotta  and  X<>W(;astle,  situated  oi)))ositc  each 
otlier  on  either  siile  of  the  l),ini;irisc(,t(,i  River,  ci>nsi.'<t  almost  wholly  of  oyster- 
shells.  Tliese  (ty.-<ters  are  slender  .iiid  Ion:;-  ("  sli|>per-s]iaped,"  as  i'rofossor 
IJaird  calls  them),  in.iny  measuring  t'oiirteen  inches  la  length,  and  now  liardiv 
ever  found  of  this  ^luipe  .-nid  si/e  en  the  co.ist  of  New  i'^nglanil.  "Old  men  at 
])aiii,n'i>(o(t.i  s.iy  tli.it  tlnir  fniiiers  li.i\c  soinelimes  seen  oii(>.  but  it  has  ])robablv 
ne\er  been  almndant  >\\\<r  (iic  iii,|.  tin' e.irliesi  .-cttleuienl.  so  tlial  we  must 
belie\i'  that  these  gre.it  heaps  were  lo, !  hd  loi,j,r  bet'or.    lli.il  tinu-." 

In  till'  shell-he.ip  ;it  Newc.-istle  ;>  lnnn;in  ^kelrton  was  found  a  few  years 
iv.'.'K  ami  Messrs.  A.  T.  fJ.iiu.ige  and  .\.  f.  IMielps  discoxered  ii'i'lions  of  five 
.'■■1  eletous  in  a  shell-lic'ip  mi  {''orl  Island,  in  the  l);im;iriscotta  Ri\er. 

New  )'orJ>\ — .\lIiisjoi)  li;is  Ikh'Ii  m.ide  on  !i  preeeiling  p,i-e  to  diell  heaps  on 
the  co.ists  of  New  ^'ork.  Tiiey  .'n'e  p;irtii'nl;n'ly  numerous  oi,  l.oiig  Isl;ind,  and 
those  in  the  m-ighborliooi!  of  Sag  lliirbor,  du  (iardiner's  li.iv,  in  the  eiistern  part 
of  the  island,  have  been  speci.iiiy  I'x.-imined  by  ^Ir.  W.  Wallace  Tooker,  a 
resident  of  that  place.  lie  has  kindly  communicated  to  me  tin-  following 
descrij)tion  : — 


•  TliB  b(ini>  dnrt-hi'iidK  roprcsontnil  in  Fij;.  22ll  mi  p.  H3  iind  Fiijs.  230  iind  U.'iT  mi  \<.  \^>^,  il  will  bo  ronicm- 
IxTid,  wiTo  found  !'}•  .Mo--rs.  (liiTimyo  lui'l  I'lu'ljis  in  tlio  r,inr.-c  u(  \\i,\T  i-.\HMiinnli>ii  uf  iilii'l|.lirii|is  mi  Diiniaria- 
Cdlta  lilvcr  mid  Musconmis  Snuiid. 


:• «. 


Mi 


III 

m 


',<■  ■« 


22G 


rKKiiisTonic  KisniNo. 


!.: 


r- 


i\ 


mm 


',« 


V    '  '  ' 


•'Careful  oxamination  has  (Usi-IoscmI  tlio  fact  tliat  slioll-lioaps,  or  kitchen- 
iniddoiis,  of  uivaU-r  nr  loss  oxtoiit  abniiiul  iiitoii  tlic  l)aiiks  or  slmrcs  of  nearly 
ovorv  body  of  water  or  swamp  indenting  or  dotting  Long  Island. 

'•  DitVerent  autiiors  have  at  various  times  mentioned  tln^se  sh(dl-hea|)s.  yet 
without  attempting  any  deseriplion.  probably  for  tlie  reason  tliat  no  tliorough 
examination  of  these  deposits  had  b(>en  made  at  (he  lime  tliey  wrote.  I'rimc 
sjieaUs  of  '  the  immense  shell-l)anks  on  the  shores  of  Long  Island';*  (Jardiner 
<if  tlie  'many  ])laces  whitened  with  the  shells  of  elams  around  (Jardiner's  IJay 
and  Tliree  Mile  Harbor. 'j- 

"The  shell-heaps  found  on  that  part  of  Long  Island  which  lies  between 
^lonlauk  Point  and  Canoe  PIai'(>  are  nmre  (  xtensive  and  numerous,  and  have 
l)een  more  earefidly  (>xamined  than  others;  but  as  tliey  do  no  dill'er  materially, 
;i  description  of  a  few  of  these  will  sutfice  I'nr  the  rest.  To  show  how  nunuM'ous 
these  deposits  ar(>,  the  writer  would  state  that  he  has  located  more  than  twenty- 
tive  separate  shell-heaps  wiiiiin  a  radius  of  two  miles  from  Sag  llarixu'. 

'•These  heaps  consist  of  the  shells  of  oysters,  sol't  and  hard-shell  clams, 
scallops,  jiei'iwinkles.  and  mussels,  mingh'd  with  ashes,  charcoal,  bones  of  mam- 
mals, liirds,  .ind  tisln-s,  stone  ,ind  bone  implements,  fragments  of  jiottery,  and 
other  refuse  th.-it  would  n.itur.illy  accumulate  in  and  ai'ound  the  dwelling  of  a 
savage.  \\'est  of  the  Otler  IVmd  at  .Sag  Ilarlior  is  a  large  heap.  I'overing  nearly 
tliree  acres.  On  its  surface  have  been  found  hundreds  of  stone  arrow-jKiints  and 
other  implements,  A  ])art  of  the  depiwit  is  >(ill  hidden  under  the  leaves  and  soil 
of  till'  woocls.  and  has  nexcr  been  disturbed.  Along  the  cove  beyond,  for  a 
distance  of  about  a  nnle  and  a  half,  is  one  ahuost  continuous  shell-heap.  IJack 
on  the  southern  slopes  of  the  hills,  near  swamps  and  springs,  are  others,  some 
beinu'  ail  acre  in  .irea.  At  I'ayne's  Creek  is  oni'of  tlu'  l.-irgest  and  most  compact 
shell-heaps  on  this  jiart  of  Long  Islaml.  At  (he  time  lh(>  shells  were  accumu- 
lating, the  ci'eek  evidently  (lowed  in  front  of  the  de|iosi(,  but  (iw  it  is  tilled  up, 
and  a  sandy  country-rojid  extends  along  it-  ft'ont.  This  deposit  covers  alioiit 
three  .acres,  and  is  I'ully  four  feet  in  depth.  There  liaxc  been  Ibiind  in  it  iiones 
of  tiie  r.iecooii.  ipe.ir.  otter,  fox.  deer,  ami  r.ililiit.  ;i  ureat  variety  of  .^tone  imple- 
ments, bone  awls,  ;nid  a  l.irge  lisli-hooU  of  bnnc.i;  This  shell-heap  is  being 
rapidly  destroyed  by  the  march  of  iniprov emeiil,  ;iiid  will  s'on  dis.ippear.ij 

"Aiiout  a  mile  from  this  >hell-heap.  on  Little  I  l"Li-XecK.  facing  the  narrow.-, 
and  cove,  is  , I  good-sized  shell-he.ap,  covered  by  .dliiv  iiiiii.  It  li.is  been  ploughed 
over  many  yeai'.- ;   iait   tlie  deposit    iinderne.'itli   has   not    l)een   disturbed   to  ;iiiy 

"  Hist. TV  ..r  i.Mii-  i-iiiiiii. 

t  ('lir,.iii,  1,-  ..r  K;i-I  IImiii|.Ii.ii,  r,.ini;  l>liihcl. 

J  h'inur.'.i  ..II  |..  ii;:. 

§  Aim. .-I  ll.i.  >iiiiii'  ili.M'ri|.ti..ii  ..!'  Ilir  .-lii'll  lii':i{.'  in'nr  OHit  I'.iii.I  iiii.I    l'nvn..'s  ('rti'I;  was  ^u^lli^lll(l  l.y  Mr. 
To'iki'i" '"  I'r.  Alibt.tl,  who  lias  imlili-lii'il  it  mi  |..  M'.l-40  nl'  "  I'riiiiilivi!  Imliiatry." 


I't 


r  ^ 


.i  '>■ 


AUTIFICIAL   SHKLL-DEl'OSITS. 


227 


■of, 
ill 

lie 

ly 

n 


great  extent.  It  is  from  one  to  four  feet  deep,  two  hundred  and  fifty  feet  in 
length,  and  extends  back  the  same  distance.  In  this  deposit  ashes  seem  to  pre- 
dominate, although  ill  some  pjiiccs  tlie  shells  are  packed  so  closely  that  excavating 
becomes  difficult.  The  sand  below  the  sliells  and  ashes  shows  the  effect  of  lire 
very  jilaiidy.  In  a  space  ten  feet  square  the  writer  found  five  bone  jierforators, 
many  notched  siiikin's,  hammer-stones,  sliarpening-stones,  broken  celts,  a  few 
arrow-points,  (|ii,irlz-cliippings,  nearly  a  peck  of  pottery  fragments,  a  perforated 
])iece  of  a  potstono  ves.sel,  and  various  other  objects.  Bones  of  birds  and  mam- 
mals—those of  deer  and  liear  iiredtiniinatiiig— niid  fin-bones  of  fi.shes,  were 
scattered  through  the  wliole  mass.  Under  .-ill  appeared  a  hearth  of  stones,  show- 
ing the  effects  of  fire. 

"  Tri.ingular  iirrnw-points  of  (pinrtz  are  fiir  more  numerous  in  the  various 
siiell-heaps  than  tliose  of  other  forms  or  material.  No  human  bones  su"irci<tiii"' 
cannibalism  or  sacrilices  liave  Iieeii  found.  Many  of  these  shell-heaps  were 
cami)iiig-i)laces  after  the  settlement  of  the  island,  as  shown  by  tlii>  presence  of 
gmi-fiiiit«,  leaden  bullets,  brass  buttons,  brass  arrow-jwints,  glass  Ijcads,  and 
bottles,  wliich  are  found  from  time  to  time  in  the  u])per  layers." 

I  Wiis  iiifnniied  by  Mr.  J.  r.'irsoii  Ib'evoort,  of  Brooklyn,  that  shell-heaps 
are  muiierous  along  Hockaway  IJeach,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  tlie  island. 
It  docs  not  seem  tliat  they  have  thus  far  been  examined. 

y\v.  Vj.  Lewis,  Jr.,  in  an  article  on  the  Long  Island  coasts,  speaks  of  "  many 
Indian  shell-heaps,  .-ill  of  them  now  surrounded  by  meadows.  Some  of  them, 
six  or  more  feet  deep,  near  the  margin  of  the  oce.in,  are  covered  l)y  everv  tide. 
These  are  probably  very  old,  and  were  formed  originally  at  the  npl.inds."* 
As  will  prest'iitly  appear,  similar  indications  of  a  littoral  subsidence  have  been 
observed  in   New  Jersey. 

yrw  .Terse//.— 'I'hi'  shell-heaps  of  New  Jersey  h;ive  becMi  noticed  bv  Drs.  (). 
II.  ("ook  and  ('.  ( '.  Abbutl,  .Mr.  ('.  V.  Wolley,  ;iiid  by  myselC.  According  to 
Dr.  .\bbntl,  they  occur  along  (he  greater  part  of  the  New  Jer.sev  coast,  from 
tape  May  to  Keyport.f  My  own  investigations,  made  in  the  summers  of  Wili 
and  '<)!,  relate  to  shell-deposils  in  tlie  neighborhood  of  the  last-named  plare.  a 
post-town  situated  in  Monuioiilh  County,  on  R.aritaii  I5ay.  and  noted  I'or  its  trade 
in  oysters  and  other  edible  niollusKs.  In  the  following  resume  I  avail  myself 
of  an  article  contributed  by  me  to  the  Smithsonian  Report  for  \Hiyl. 

There  are  se\er  ;i  places  in  the  vicinity  ,if  Keyport,  and  one  even  within  the 
precincts  of"  the  town,  where  tlie  soil  is  co\ered  with  shells,  .among  which  Indi.'in 
relics  occur;  but  the  jtrincijial  shell-heap  lies  on  Toole's  farm,  a  mile  and  a  half 


*  l'>.|.iil.ir  SciiMi.e  .Munthly  ;    V..1    X,  1S77  ;  \k   iW.  n,.U.. 
t  AM".tl  :    rriniitivp  liicUiMry;   |..  -I:!!) 


"He 


f 


w- 

n 

1 

f  ■■■ 

■;■? 


f!  ! 


^H 


il 


p. 

lii 


m 


228 


PREHISTOUIC   FISHING. 


northeast  of  Keyport,  and  about  thrcc-qiiartrr.s  of  a  mile  south  of  a  small  pro- 
jection of  the  coast,  known  as  Conascoiick  Point. 


Fmi.  .".(!().— riiiii  showing  the  lo'  jtioii  of  the  |)riuci|iu!  shcll-di'posit  at  Kcyport. 

The  rojiil  Icailiii^'  from  Kovport  to  tlic  villaur  of  Union  passes  through  the 
farni-laiul  and  liordcrs  tlic  shclMicil.  iiidicatt'd  liy  a  dotted  spaco  on  Ihc  accuni- 
panying  ])l;iii.  It  sprrails  over  an  area  i>(  six  or  st'vcn  acros.  and  forms  several 
e.xtcnsivr  heaps  or  ridizcs.  on  an  axcrai;!'  ti\e  I'eet  higii.  Tlie  accininilatioiis  coii- 
sisl  of  shells,  mostly  imliedded  in  sand,  and  intermingled  with  innunuTahle 
peltliles.  represeiitiiii;'  a  irreat  variety  of  mineral  snli>tanees.  Tiie  oyster  and 
hard-shell  clam  are  here,  as  elsewhere  in  the  lu'luldiorhood,  the  prevailinj;' 
species;  liiit  1  I'onnd  also,  tlionuh  not  very  t'rei|neiit]y.  shells  tyf  7^y/7/^/.  hoth 
caini/ifiilitfii  and  caricft.  which  doiilitless  were  I'.-iten  hy  the  ahorigines.  I  col- 
lected only  a  few  valv(>s  of  lli(>  sot't-shell  clam,  and  inme  of  the  mussel,  the  last- 
named  hivalve  occnrrini.'  hut  sparingly  in  the  neiohhorhood.  In  addition,  there 
were  a  few  hroken  \alves  of  the  scallop,  and  somc^  specimens  of  jS'as.irt  olisolrfi/, 
the  latter  doulitless  accidentally  lirouj:lit  to  tin'  place.  The  few  hones  ni>ticed  by 
me  were  so  much  decayed  that  they  .almost  crumbled  to  jtieces  when  handled, 
ami  their  condition  rendered  identiticalion  impossiliie.  The  noii-coiiservativo 
(|U.ality  of  the  siirroimdim,'  sand  accounts  for  ti'eir  destruction. 


i'^- 


\  ■'  : 
J, 


ARTIFICIAL  SIIKLL-DEP0SIT3. 


229 


"  That  considerable  time  was  required  to  heap  up  these  sliells,  is  evident, 
anl,  moreover,  indicated  by  tlie  chalky,  porous  appearance  and  fragility  of  many 
of  the  valves;  but  those  that  were  cast  away  at  hiter  periods  exhibit  these  signs 
of  decay  in  a  far  less  degree,  and  are  even  sometimes  as  sound  as  thougii  tliey 
had  but  lately  been  left  on  the  shore  by  high  water.  A  great  number  of  the 
shells  arc  broken,  especially  those  of  clams,  wliich  seem  to  be  more  brittle  than 
oyster-shells.  This  breaking  into  fragments  is  caused  by  the  suilden  changes  of 
temperature,  in  consecpience  of  which  the  valves  crack  and  ultimately  fall  to 
l)ieces.  Concerning  the  dei)th  of  this  deposit,  I  learned  that  about  twelve  years 
ago  several  hundred  loads  of  shells  were  taken  away  from  a  certain  spot  for 
making  a  road.  The  excavation  thus  produced  reached  about  eight  feet  down- 
ward, and  the  mass  was  found  to  consist  throughout  that  depth  of  shells,  sand, 
and  pebbles.  My  own  diggings,  which  were,  however,  of  a  more  superticial 
character,  led  to  the  same  result.  This  shell-bed  is  about  half  a  mile  distant 
from  the  shore  at  low  tide,  and  the  intervening  area  consists  chiefly  of  so-called 
salt-meadow.  In  transporting  the  shell-tish  to  the  camping-place  it  is  jirobable 
that  the  aborigines  availed  themselves  of  a  small  nameless  creek  (niarki d  a  on 
the  plan)  running  toward  the  sea,  west  of  the  shell-bed,  and  not  very  distant 
from  it.  Tiiis  creek,  though  rather  narrow,  is  sufhciently  deei)  for  canoe-navi- 
gation during  high  water,  and  joins  the  more  considerable  Conaskoiick  ("reck, 
wliich  flnws  into  the  beach.  There  was,  con.'^cquently,  a  water-connection  between 
the  sea  and  the  camp.  The  space  enclosed  by  a  dotted  line  on  the  accompanying 
plan  indicates  the  continuation,  or  rather  the  running  out,  of  the  shell-bed  just 
described;  for  here  the  shells  arc  by  far  less  numerous,  and  form  no  longer 
hea|)s,  but  lie  thinly  scattered  over  the  ground,  which  is  ])artly  under  cultivatiun, 
and  swampy  in  some  places,  as  marked  in  the  sketch,  by  which  it  is  only  intended 
to  show  approximately  the  location  and  extent  of  the  deposit.'"" 

^ly  .search  for  aboriginal  artefacts  among  these  shell-heaps  and  in  the 
adjacent  fields  was  very  suc<'essfiil ;  for  I  obtained  a  considerable?  niiniber  of 
arrow-heads,  cutters,  etc..  of  Hint,  quartz,  ami  other  materials,  grooved  axes  of 
sandstone  and  greenstone,  .-iiid  many  fragments  of  a  rude,  dark  pottery,  fre- 
([ueiitly  mixed  with  eoMrs(>  sand,  yet  sometimes  bearing  ornanuMital  lines  and 
notches.  I  also  found  a  piece  of  a  large  potsloiie  vessel.  Xo  iionc  implements 
were  met  with. 

The  great  number  of  flint  articles,  especi.ally  arrow-h(>ads,  and  of  remnants 
of  clav  vi'ssels.  found  at  t!iis  place — not  to  spenk  of  the  (|uaiiti(y  .-iid  a])pe;ir- 
aiice  if  the  shells — indicates  its  long-continued  use  as  a  campiiig-ui'nuiul. 
Arrow-heads,  etc.,  wre  m.-al  on  the  spot.  This  liecame  evident  not  only  from 
the  abundance  of  flint  c'  \,s  which  lie  scattered  among  the  shells,  but  also  from 

«  Artillciiil  Slic!!-I)c]i.isit.s  ill  Nrw  .I.Ts.'y  ;  Siiiiili>.Miiiin  Koport  lor  lHi;i;  p.  ;t7L', 


i 


rl 

''i 

■'rl 


m 


1 

I 


Hi:     ;■ 


5l 


•J  , 


H.' 


Il 


m 

til-  ■'■ 


230 


PKIOiriSTOHlC   I'lSIIINO. 


tlio  not  iiiifrequontoi'curroticoof  iiuliiiisliod  iirrow-heiuls,  wliicli  liad  been  tlirown 
;isi(le  as  usoletis,  on  atrouiit  of  a  wroni;  crack  or  some  other  tletect  in  tlie  .stone. 
There  can  bo  no  doubt  that  the  material  was  here  furnished,  to  a  great  extent  nt 
least,  in  the  shape  of  uncountable  ]»ebbles  of  silicious  character;  for  nearly  all 
the  unfinished  arrow-heads  iiicked  up  l)_v  me  still  exhibit  portions  of  tlie  smooth, 
w;iter-W(U'n  surface  of  the  pebliles  from  which  they  were  made.  Among  the 
collected  objects  I  specially  mention  two  scrapers  of  Itrown  Jiisp(>r,  worked  into 
a  spoon-like  form,  which  lay  on  the  shell-covered  ground,  a  short  distance  from 
each  other,  and  were  perhaps  in.-ide  by  the  same  hand  ''' 

At  the  time  of  my  sojourn  at  Keyport  old  jieople  still  remembered  th.-it 
Iiuli;ins  annually  visited  the  neighborhood  for  catching  shell-lish,  which  they 
dried  for  consumption  during  winter.  These  Indians  .-ire  said  to  have  belonged 
to  the  Xarragansett  tribe,  which  may  be  true,  but  seems  somewhat  improbable, 
as  they  might  have  been  able  to  obtain  their  supplies  of  nudlusks  in  the  nnu-e 
northern,  sea-bordered  district  inhabited  by  them. 

[Some  interesting  data  coiu-erning  shell-heaps  in  New  .fersey  liave  been 
furni.shed  by  Dr.  Cook.  "There  are,"  he  says,  •'immense  deposits  of  shells 
found  ;>t  diijerent  places  idong  the  sea-shore.  They  are  the  m;irks  of  the  abor- 
igines who  c.ime  down  here  to  gather  their  supplies  of  dams  and  oysters,  .and 
left  the  shells  in  piles  .as  we  now  see  them.  .Some  of  them  are  the  remains  of 
shells  which  have  been  broken  up  to  m.ike  wampum.  Large  piles  tif  these 
bntken  shells  have  been  met  with  at  M;uiii!iawkin.  at  Tuckerton.  .-it  Lfvd's  Point, 
at  I>eesley"s  I'oint,  and  they  have  been  he.ird  of  at  sever.-d  other  places. 

'•  They  are  .ipplietl  directly  on  the  soil,  and  soon  begin  to  show  their  good 
eflects.  They  m.iy  lie  used  with  safely  in  ahnost  any  ipiantity,  ami  will  be  found 
a  lasting  fertilizer."-]- 

Dr.  Cook  noticed  that  in  sever.il  places  of  the  Now  Jersey  coast  tin;  s.ilt- 
marsh  had  encroached  upon  the  shell-he.aps  and  grown  sever;d  feet  .-iround  them. 
According  to  his  opinion,  the  Atlantic  coast  <)f  Xt)rlli  Americ.-i  h.is  been  for 
sever.al  hundred  ye.-irs  jiast,  and  still  is,  in  a  state  of  slow  subsidence.:!:  The 
(U'igin  of  these  shell-heaps  evidently  dates  back  to  a  time  when  their  sites  lay 
higher,  and  were  free  from  salt-meadow. 


Hi 


'■n 


Delaware. — Mr.  Francis  Jordan,  .Ir..  of  I'hiladelphia,  has  published  through 
the  Numismatic  and  Antiipi.arian  .Society  of  I'hiladelphi.a  an  account  of , an  .abor- 
iginal encampment  ;il  Uehoboth.  ;i  \\;ilcrinir-i>l; 


in  the  coast  of  Delaw.are, 


live 


m 


iles  south  of  the  town  of  Lewes,  and  nineteen  miles  from  Ca)ie  M.iy,  which 


•  One  (if  tlii.'iii  is  ll^'uri'il  mi  p.  -Ilir,  ,if  ih,.  Sniilli>.pniiin  Iti'iKirl  fur  1H7:.'. 
\  CcKik;  0"'iliii;y  of  Nmv  .Jersey;  Newiirk,  Xew  .Jersey,  18(18;  p.  iiOl. 
X  Il)i('.;  i>.  M-2. 


AHTIKICIAr.   SU10LL-])i;POSITS. 


231 


lies  (liagoiially  (>i>i)()aitc.  Tlio  cainping-f^rouiul  is  situated  dircftly  in  tlio  rear  ol' 
wliat  i«  now  fallcil  Hehubotii  IJcaeli,  and  nut  more  tlian  live  liiindred  fci't  distant 
iVoni  tilt'  sea. 


"Tlic  jircsont  dimensions  of  the  oneainpnicnt,"  says  Mr.  Jordan,  "are.  in 
lenutli.  tliree-(|iiartors  of  a  mile,  running-  in  a  direct  line  nortii  and  soutli,  parallel 
witli  and,  as  I  have  said,  distant  from  the  ocean  souk;  four  or  live  Innidp'd  feet, 
and  protected  from  it  liy  a  sand-lihiff  risini^-  six  or  ei^ht  feet  aiiove  hij;li-\vater 
mark,  and  extending  from  Rehuhoth  J]eaeli  to  Cape  Ilenlopen.  The  width  of 
the  encampment  varies  from  one  hundred  to  live  hundred  feet.  A  ridge  of  sand- 
hills intersects  its  length,  dividing  it  into  nearly  eipial  j)arts,  and  as  llio  southern 
section  is  on  a  higher  plane,  the  two  form  what  might  l)(>  called  an  upper  and  a 
lower  encampment. 

"  l-iving  a  (|uarter  of  a  mile  soutli,  stretches  out  the  famous  Jtehoholh  ]5ay, 
once  the  habitation  of  clams  and  oysters,  and  whose  shallow  waters  still  teem 
with  a  great  v.ariety  of  tish  and  myriads  of  hard  and  shedder  oralis.  Skirting  a 
portion  of  the  western  boundary,  we  iiehold  one  of  those  phenomenal  iVeaks  of 
nature  r;irely  met  with  on  our  coast,  namely,  three  lakes  whose  waters  are  per- 

ilthouyh  within  .-i  few 


fectlv  fresh  and  clear  as  anv  in   our  northern   latituili 


hundred  feet  of  the  salt  sr 


The  laruest  covers  some  lift  v  acres  of  land  iiml  h 


a  mean   dejith  of  live  feet.     The  (juanlity  of  Wiiter  in  each   remains  nearly  ll 


.'ime  m    a 


11 


sons,  the  constant  exhaustion  from  eva]ioratinn   iieing  supiilied 
l)v  hidden  springs. 

"  In  selecting  tliis  spot  as  th(>  site  for  an  encampment,  the  Indians  displ.-iyed 
a  keen  appreciation  of  its  unsurjiassed  n;itural  :idv;intages.  Here  they  had 
every  comfort  thi>ir  savage  natures  could  wish  for.  (iame,  llsh.  .-md  oysters  in 
■abundance  and  easily  obtained  :  an  inexlianstible  sujiply  of  fresh  water  at  their 
very  threshold  ;  and  the  adjacent  torest  of  wliiteo.ak  harliored  the  deer  and  bear, 


and  furnished  them  with  fuel,  and  lumi)er  \i 


instruct  their  sea- 


canoe. 


Hitherto  for  manv  centuries  thev 


in  lUidly  c;nne  to  escape  the  enervati 


nu' 


heat  of  the  inland  vill.-iges.  ;ind  iirobably  remained  far  into  the  autumn,  or  until 
eese  and  ducks,  with  which    the  b-y  ami   hikes  are  stocked  at   this  period. 


tl 


le  !>• 


deserted  those  placid  w.aters  for  a  warnu-r 


limati 


ll.'nco  it   is  that  J  call  tlii.- 


an  encampment,  in  contradistinction  to  their  permanent  abiding-places.     Tli 
evidences  of  their  sojourn — their  domestic  habits — are  manv,  and  even   to  th 


unscientitic  observer  .are  iinmist.akable  in   th 


conclusions  they  point   t< 


Th 


character  of  the  ground  is  in  itself  ii  revelation,  and  contriimtes  to  the  lielief 
that  its  level  and  compact  surface — almost  as  solid  as  a  macadamized  .•oad. 
whereon  no  vegetable  growth  is  visible — is  not  entirely  tiie  result  of  r.iiture's 
luuuliwork,  but  that  the  foot  of  man  assisted  in  producing  it.  It  seems  to  have 
been  so  pounded  down  by  the  treatl  of  the  successive  generations  of  its  periodical 


■n 


1 1 


vri 

M 


) 


ji: 


1 

i' 

i 

>  ' 

1 

1 
) 

1 

1  ^ 

Mi 

J   ■   \ 


232 


I'UKHISTOUIC    KISHINQ. 


visitors  that  vogotution  is  ivndcvd  iinpossililo,  whereas  one  stej)  aeross  its  limits 
brings  you  to  a  luxuriant  growth  of  heather  ami  sueh  other  grasses  as  usually 
flourish  contiguous  to  the  sea  in  this  latitude,  and  springing  from  a  soil  into 
whieh  the  feet  sink  several  inehes. 

"S-attered  throughout  its  preciiicts  at  irregular  intervals  are  the  remains 
of  several  huiulreds  of  what  I  shall  eall  caniii-lires — small  conieal  elevations 
composed  of  elam,  oyster,  and  nuissel-shells.  mingled  with  ehareoal.  These 
mounds  vary  in  size  and  in  seeming  entirety.  Some  appear  to  have  sueeessfully 
resisted  the  force  of  the  (>IeiiM'iits,  and  retained  their  original  form  almost  intact, 
whilst  others  have  jiartially  succumbed  to  the  wash  of  the  winter-tides  that  have 
occasionally  gained  access  thruugh  aiiertures  in  the  sand-liluIVs  and  suhnierged  a 
part  of  the  surface.  There  are  still  others  that  have  iteeii  entirely  eiVaced  from 
the  same  cause,  and  their  positions  are  only  distinguishal)le  l)y  the  chalky  ajtpear- 
ance  of  the  ground,  aiul  the  presence  of  myriads  of  broken  shells  that  have 
bleached  h\  centuries  of  exposure.  

"At  tlic  Kelioboth  encampment  there  are  no  large  mounds,  and  presumably 
never  have  been,  as  the  number  and  positions  of  those  extant  preclude  such  a 
supposition. 

'•  The  positive  evidence  of  their  tirigin  is  found  in  the  fact  that  in  the  im- 
mcili.'ite  vicinity  as  well  as  mingled  with  tlu>  molhisks  are  i'  •iu:nients  of  ]»otterv 
ill  largi'  (|uantiti(>s,  celts,  ;in'o\v-heails.  and  a  variety  of  other  stone  inipleiiienis 
and  oriiiiments ;  {\w  bones  of  animals,  iind  many  piece's  of  c;ilcincd  stone  th;it 
once  played  an  important  part  in  the  construction  of  their  long  since  exliiut 
iire-places.  Indeed,  in  almost  every  stone  picked  up  within  the  contines  of  tlie 
eamp-ground  can   lie  traced  tlie  fragment  of  .•m   implement  of  domestic  use.  the 


chase,  or  war.     It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  stone.- 
of  Delaware." 


are  not  found  in  this  p.'irt 


The  remainder  of  the  account  tri'ats  more  specially  of  the  artefacts  discov- 
ered ;it  this  place  of  encampment,  such  as  the  fragments  of  d.-iy  vessels,  celts, 
hamiiH'r-stoiies,  etc.     "  L;irg(>  i|iiantities  of  Hint  chips."  the  juithor  says,  "and 


unlinishe<l  and  broken  ariow 


lieadr^ 


.as  W( 


11 


;is  numermis  lu 


rfect 


)ecimens  are 


to  b 


oiind  wherever  a  mound  is  to  1 


le  seen.  ;ii 


id  l(>ad  to  the  opinion   tliat   the 


iiKinufactiire  of  these  implements  was  largely  engaged   in  liy  the  camp-tiwellers. 
The  jircvaiiing  form  is  the  lriangul;ir  variety  without   the  notche(l  bjise.  which 


distini;uishes  those  usuallv  olitained  from  I' 


ennsvlvaiiia  aiK 


1  N( 


ew  .lersev, 


It  must  lie  considereil  as  i'urtunati'  tliat  .Mr.  .iordan  has  recordi'd  the  exist- 
ence of  this  c;uni)ing-])lace,  as  its  vestiges  will  soon  lie  ol)literated.  "Even  as  I 
write."  he  says,  "embryo  streets  traverse  its  domain  in  every  direction,  and  in 
the  space  of  perhaps  only  a  few  months  lofty  hotels  and  comfortable  cottages 


AUTII'ICIAL  siii;m,-i>i;i'()sits. 


233 


will  rise  ii|><>n  llio  sito  of  flu-  Indian  \vii;\v;iin,  uiid  cvcrv  trace  d'  tlic  (ilioritriiial 
cliiiractor  of  tliL-  spot  will  liavf  disjippoarcd  licforc  tlio  niarcli  of  iinprovtMiicnt.''-'' 
y\\'.  Jorilaii  lias  kindly  coninuinicatod  to  iiic  in  wrilini;'  the  irsnlts  of  fnrtlier 
i'.\ploratit)ns  of  shell-deposits  in  ])elawave,  and  I  lierewitli  jjivo  liis  account  in 
liis  own  words : — 


Tlio  litllo  l)avs  and   inlets  of  tlio  Lower  Delaware,  famous  for  the  al 


lun- 


dance  and  line  (|nalily  of  oysters  and  other  inolhisks,  were  es])ecially  attractive 
to  tlie  Indians.  Tiie  arlilicial  shell -deposits — some  of  them  of  considerahio 
magnitude — that  occni-  in  the  vicinity  of  Cajie  ]lenlo])en  and  elsewhere  alonii; 
the  coast  of  Delaware,  and  which  furnish  in  tiieir  construction  the  evidcMice  of 
liieir  alioriuinal  character,  testify  to  their  ap])rcciation  of  a  locality  possessing 
numerous  eligilile  encamping-sites  as  well  as  a  remarkably  eipiahle  climate  and 
inexhaustible  tisheries.  It  is  dillicult  to  arrive  at  an  accurate  computation  of  the 
a;;('  of  these  deposits;  but  from  their  extent  and  the  nature  of  their  formatitin, 
it  i !  fair  to  .assume  that  they  rejiresent  the  accumulations  of  centuries.  It  is  a 
well-ascertained  fact  that  the  aboriiiines  visited  the  coast  periodically,  and  hence 
these  remains  ar(^  the  debris  of  their  tiMuporary  en<'am|inn'nls.  and  are  generally 


to  be  found  on  the  banks  of  an  estuarv  which  yave  tin 


ir  occiipaids  safe  connection 


with  til 


e  open  sea. 


••Three  miles  north  of  Uehoboth,  and  a  mile  and  a  half  west  of  C.ipe  II(  n 
ln|i.ii,  i-;  Long  Neck  Jiraiich,  a  narrow  strip  of  land,  as  its  name  impiie.-,  whic' 
wlliiin   tile  memory  of  li\  ing  inhabitants,  projected   into  a  shallow  inlet  of  th 


se.a,  when 


now  onlv  an  imni 


ense  s;i 


It-meadow  exists,  that   mav  be  safelv  crossed 


on  foot.  On  this  ]ieniiisula.  which  is  triangul;ir  in  shajx',  h;df  a  mile  long  and 
;d)out  a  <|uarler  of  ;i  mile  wide  ;it  its  base,  and  on  an  elevation  tar  removed  from 
inundating  tides,  are  shell-heaps  which  occupy  the  entire  length  of  the  net'k, 
and  form,  with  one  or  two  trivial  breaks,  acontinuous  mound.  In  the  narrowest 
parts  of  the  peninsula  the  shell-deposits  completely  cover  the  surface,  but  else- 

iru'e   portion   of   tin'  deposit   is 


where   their  aNcra: 


width   is  thirty   feet.     A 


covered  with  a  gro\c  of  pine-ti'ces.  which   must    have  s|irung  u]>  since  the  place 
was  deserted,  as   in   many   instances   they   have  takt'ii    root   directly   upon   the 


summits  of   the  h 


md  among  them  nvv  a  number  whose  cortical  rings 


denote  .an    au'e   of    two  centui'ii's. 


T\ 


le    tri'c 


and    underL;rowil 


ive   lartrelv 


contributed  to  the  prescrv.ition  of  the  depo>il.  ;ind  whei'ethe  roots  have  .arrested 
disintegration  and  kept  the  mass  compact,  the  composition  of  i lie  accumulati(Uis 
c.-m  be  studieil  as  accurately  as  if  llii'ir  abamlonmeiit  had  been  a  recent  event. 
Numerous  excavations  established  tlu'ir  depth  to  be  from  two  to  six  feel,  but 
did  not  nncal  characteristics  dillering  m.derially  from  those  (djserved  in  the 
deposits  at    Uehoboth.      They  ('onsi.st  of   hard-shell  elam.  oyster,  and  conch- 


•  Ji'rdiin  ;  Tlio  Ui'iiu 


Al>iirii;iniil  Kiii'iiin|ii]K>iit  iit  l!i'li>ili<>tli,  Dchiwiiry  ;   Plillii<l<'l|iliin,  isyi);  p.  2,  etc. 


u  30 


I 


a. 


,1   i  !■ 


in 
■•i 

'■■A 


'o 


f  1 1<( 


i 

i 


■1 

h' 

I 

*: 

I      r 

r 

1 
tie  i 

if 


ii 


m 

r 

i 

1  i 

1   J 

t? 


If    ■!  * 


I.  1 1 


^1   !•!    r 


\i 


'.V 

I-  , 


)i:u 


riiKiiisTouu;   iisiiiNd. 


sliclls.  llu'  Imhics  (if  animals  fliat  liavc  liocii  split  fur  tlic  jdirpnsi"  nl'  i-xtractiii;; 
till  iii.irrnw,  t'niyiiu'iits  of  iinttiTV,  ami  clinrcoal.  Tlif  latter  furmcd  a  pnimiiiciit 
(•(iiistiliiciit  (if  till'  mass,  aim  is  sd  free  fioiii  cxtram'iuis  sulislaiiccs.  that  it  was 
(I  lliciilt  til  realize  tlie  fact  that  lliese  almrii^iiial  lire-places  liad  remained  niidis- 
tiii'lied  f(ir  at  least  two  eeiiliiries.  I'lider  llie  I'lMits  nf  a  lotl V  pine  tree,  wliero 
tlie  cinders  were  espe«MaIly  almndant,  I  diii;  up  ])ieces  (if  eaitlienwaro  of  cxtra- 
(U'dinarv  si/.o  ami  (piite  Mack,  eitlier  fmm  nsai^e  (ir  ciintaminatiim  with  the  char- 
iMial  in  which  they  were  lairied.  Wherever  excavations  were  made  at  l.ow^ 
>»ecli  Jiranch.  the  (pianfitv  nf  hrdken  pottery  was  yreater  ami  the  sherds  in  a 
more  perfect  condition  than  on  the  unprotected  sands  of  Uehohoth  and  licwes. 
In  ornamentation,  however,  and  in  the  composition  of  the  clay,  which  has  an 
admixliire  of  sand  and  ponnded  shells,  the  specimens  .-ire  identical.  From  !i 
caret'ul  me;isurenient  of  the  curved  lines  of  these  fr.iuinents.  the  vessels  of  which 
they  were  once  tx  jiart  could  not  have  contained  more  tluin  two  or  three  ([uarta  of 
li<inid.  .and  both  in  desiirn  .•mu  dimen»i(»n.s  show  very  little  variation. 

"The  results  of  my  in  vest  ii,'at  ions  ;it  lioni;'  IJraiich  Neck  were  not  as  satis- 
factory as  I  had  nvison  to  expect.  I  was  led  to  anticipate  a  valnalile  .-iddilion  to 
my  collection,  on  .account  of  the  situation  of  the  deposit  in  an  nnfi'e(|uente(l 
section  of  country  where  its  existence  jind  prehistoric  chtiracter  lieiii;;-  .almost 
unknown,  it  had  heeu  left  undespoiled  by  the  relic-hunter;  Imt.  iiesides  the 
pottery.  1  only  ohtainod  ;i  nnndier  of  roULrh  h.-immer-stones  and  flint  knives, 
some  tinished  .ind  unlinishrd  arrow -he.-ids.  and  .an  .aliuiidance  of  calcineil  lieach- 
stones.  .My  rese.irches  did  not  yield  ;i  simple  specinu'n  of  the  lariicr  and  liner 
cl.iss  of  stone  tools,  or  an  ornament  of  any  description.  Willi  .a  \  iew  of  ascer- 
taiiiiiiu'  .-I  cause  for  so  unlooked  for  a  disiippoiiilnieiit.  1  made  a  close  sur\ey  of 
tiie  snrroiindiiius.  ami  timilly  reached  the  conclusion  that  the  remains  were  simply 
those  of  Ji  tishiiiL'-post  lying  midw.ay  lielween  the  two  ureat  i'iic;im|)ments  of 
Reholiotli  and  Fa'Wcs.  There  was  insntlicieiit  space  for  the  coiiifortablo  iwcom- 
modation  of  ;i  l.-iru-e  community,  which  in  a  me.asure  may  explain  the  reimirkalile 
absence  of  the  ordinary  stone  implements. 

"An  interestinu;  discovery  here  w.is  th.at  of  ;i  well-detiiieil  trjiil  through  the 
glades  connecting  the  shell-heaj  s  with  two  miniature  Lakes  of  fresh  w.iter.  where 
the  Indians  douiitless  olitained  their  supply. 

"There  w.is  no  evidence  that  .any  jiart  of  the  dejiosit  had  lii'eii  converted 
into  ;i  place  of  M'piiiture. 

".\  far  more  extensive  seri(>s  of  irregul.ar  heaps  can  be  tr.iced  for  over  a  mile 
on  the  downs  in  front  of  the  town  of  Lewes.  wluM'e  they  lirst  iiecoine  visiiile 
about  h.alf  ;i  mile  from  the  bay-shore.  After  running  par.illel  with  the  Litter 
for  some  distjince.  in  the  direction  of  ('ai»e  Ilenlopen.  they  imike  ;i  rather  exceii- 
tric  curve  to  the  southeast,  from  which,  and  other  indications,  it  w.-is  supposed 
they  followed  the  bed  of  a  driod-up  water-course.     1  consulted   the  old   niiip  of 


1 


b 


i.-.i. 


AUTU'iciAi.  siii;hi,-iti;i'(isiT,> 


2;].' 


Di'liwiiri'  \\i\\  iiiiil  l{i\cr.  prcimrctl  in  l(i.'l-'.".'  Iiy  I'llcr  liimlstri'iii,  I{m\.iI 
Swcdisli  ciiiiiiu'ri'  all.'iclicil  Im  MciicWf's  (.'Xpcdilinii,  'I'liis  im.'i|),  imw  in  tin' 
.Swi'di'-li   iircliixt's,  slniw.s  ;i  .-Inrl  nf  w.itrr  m'  cun-iilrrnlpji'  si/c,  cdllcd    I'luwcr 

IJiviT.  tli.'it  ('(in'('s|inn(l.s  pi isciv  willi  tin'  present  lii I'  the  nmmnls,  (iml  fim- 

liriMs  till'  theory  tl  at  tlic  ur'niml  tln'V  iiccn|i_v  wns  silrcti'd  I'ni  jiii  cnriiniinncnt  mi 
m-i'diiid  111'  tin'  I'.uiiliiirs  olVcrcd  liy  tins  jnli'l  ,is  nn  <'.\il  iidn  tin'  Imy.  Tin' 
nm'tln'i'n  end  nf  tin- urcfit  siind-diiMc,  s|i(ik('ii  id'  ;,s  lyinu'  lirlwci'M  tin'  f.i|H' ;ind 
Iji'wcs.  Ii.is  in  its  |)rn';ii'ss  inl.ind  Inirit'd  tVnin  view  scxi'ml  liiindrrd  Irct  n|'  tin' 
d('li(isii  nciir  its  Miulln'ustcni  trrniiinis.  I'liinTjiiiiu'  thence,  they  ctintinuf,  and 
entt'i'  the  |mn'-l'nre>t  niTthuest  nf  the  cipe,    \here  they  tenninnte. 

"  Unit'  a  ceidiii'y  a^o  sunn'  |i(irtiniiH  uf  these  aeciinnilatioiis  were  iVuni  lil'leen 
til  twenty  feet  iii'^h,  and  the  da/.zlinLr  whiteness  i>\'  tin'  WIeaelied  shell.s  made  them 
a  nnis|iicuiins  ulijeel  far  at  sea.  Xnw,  they  have  an  altitude  that  in  places  will 
scarcely  nn'asure  as  many  iin'hcs,  except  where  sheltered  liy  the  tiniher.  Atinos. 
|>ln'ric  actiiin  has  dune  much  to  i>roduc('  this  chanue;  liut  the  Lrnat  factor  in  the 
wiii'k  of  dennditioM  has  heeii  utilitarian  man,  liy  whom  tons  ,<['  the  decnmpused 
valves  Inive  lieen  carted  jiwiiy  for  fcrtilizine;  purposes,  and  the  elements  .iri; 
uradnally  oiilijeratini:'  the  remainder. 

"I  made  many  excavations  amuUL:'  the  shelMiiils  at  Lewos ;  liut  in  resjx'ct 
to  the  uumlier  of  implements  iound  therein,  they  were  as  unprodiu'tive  as  the 
linminls  at  liOULJ  Neck  Hrain-h.  I  duu'  mit  in  one  place,  two  t'eet  lielow  the  sur- 
face, three  liiiuhlers  of  samlstmn'.  which,  t'nim  their  reljitive  position  and  c;d- 
cineil  appearand',  I  infer  were  once  hearth-stones.  Xi'ar  these  stones  I  fonnd 
a  chisel  of  exipiisite  worUmanship  and  two  tulie.s  of  handed  slate;  nlsn  a  portal-le 
corn-mill  of  conelunn'rate  rock,  weiuhiiiLr  thirty-six  pounds.  On  the  surface  of 
the  s;ind.  however,  in'ar  the  .Mccumulatinns.  I  picked  up  a  lar^e  niindier  of  speci- 
mens, com|)risinjj;  .several  a.xes,  a  well-iiolislied  uouu'c  of  serpentiin',  armw  and 
spear-he.nls,  .scrapers,  many  hammer-stones,  and  a  tl.it  jiieci'  of  er.uiite,  on  which 
there  are  three  jieii'ect ly-executed  eruoves  cmn crj^iiiL;'  to  ;i  point,  three  inches 
joni;'.  ;iii  ei^hlli  of  an  inch  deep,  and  the  .s.inie  in  width. 

"  In  eiiiiclnsiiiii.  I  desire  to  say  to  future  explorers  that  if.  in  makini:'  exca- 
vations dii'ectly  ;imoiiu'  tin'  shells,  their  oiiject  is  the  discoNcry  of  stoui'  tools. 
their  search  will  liy  tin  iini'eipiited  one.  .My  experience  has  taimht  me  that 
artich's  of  real  iindneoloLiical  \aliie  are  only  t'l  lie  found  ;it  some  distance  t'roni 
the  mounds,  where  one  woidd  suppose  the  haliitatioiis  of  the  Indians  were  placed.'' 

Miin/hiiiil. —  Dr.  Klmer  1{.  lleyiiold.s,  of  W'ashiimton,  D.  <"..  kindly  placed  ;it 
my  disposition  a  larj.'e  m.iniiscript,  descripti\e  of  extensive  explorations  of  sliell- 
lieups,  carried  on  liy  him  alonj;'  the  Marylaiul  side  of  the  estuary  of  the  Potomac 
River.  15ut  feelinu-  nductant  to  avail  myself  of  this  ample  m.iterial,  which  Dr. 
Ueyiiolds  intends  to  utilize  liiiiiself  in  an  elaborate  account  of  tlicie  whell-depusits, 


f'.lii'l 


'■■■> 
;'■•/ 

■-"'1,    * 

i'-  '■■ 


..  I'' 
«■:■',. 


i 


^■■'•i 


J'     ! 

r   I 
!'.  . 


il' 


: 


Hi 


r 


h 


n 


236 


I'Rkiii.stohk;  kisuing. 


I  irtiiriird  tli(>  iii.iiiiiscript.  ex  press!  iiir  (lie  desire  to  lie  t'liriiislicd  liy  liiiii  willi  .'in 
nlpstnii't  of  it.  Ill'  very  oliliyiniily  foiM|ili»Ml  with  my  ri'(|iii'st,  mikI  (•(iiimiiiiiciiti'd 
to  iiif  till'  followiiii;-  data: — 

'■  Tiic  rcirioii  alioiit  to  lie  considered  was  (icciipicd  l.y  tlie  IMcoiiiii'd  nv  Yiid- 
riiiiiiro  Indians  prior  to  l(i."'l.  At  tliis  time  tliey  s(dd  tlieir  lands  to  Lord  iJalti- 
niori'.  and,  diil'lint;-  norlliwanl,  tliereat'ter  lost  tlieir  trilial  identity.  'riie.-<(> 
Indians  are  saiil  ti>  have  Iteen  of  a  paeille  disposition,  and  were  cliielly  (h'voted 
to  aiiTieidtiire,  lunifinir.  and  lishinu-.  All  that  is  known  aliont  them  i.s  found  in 
Father  Andrew  White's  '  Kelatio  Itinineris  in  Marylainiiani.' 

"  The  shell-nioinuls  and  shell-lields  of  the  I'otomae  rei.don  are  lioth  numerous 
and  of  large  extent.  They  were  lirst  observed  on  Nanjenioy  Creek,  uliere  the 
waler  is  of  a  liraekish  eharaeter.  Theiiee  they  are  found  at  fretpu'iit  interval.-  on 
liotli  sides  of  the  I'otomae.  The  most  interesting.  Idwc  er.  are  located  at  I'ope's 
Creek,  tifty-eight  miles  south  of  ^^'ashin^ton.  The  deposits  at  this  place  are 
two  in  nundier.  the  larger  lieing  situated  on  the  northern  side  of  the  creek,  near 
its  Juni-tioii  with  the  Totomac.  This  mound  rests  on  a  high  bank  which  faces 
the  creek  on   the  south   and  also  extends  northward   paraili'l  with   the  Poti-niac. 

I I  spreads  oxer  several  aci'es  of  ground,  and  is  ]);ii'tially  <-oiicealed  I'y  an  oxcr- 
lyiiiu'  >tr,ittini  ol'  I'.-irth.  The  shells  vai'y  in  depth  from  one  to  seven  and  a  half 
feet.  They  are  mostly  those  of  the  common  oyster  (^/f/zvy/  riiyiiiiano).  still  t'uiind 
ill  this  vicinity.  .\iiiong  tliciii  are  also  occasionally  found  sin  I!s  of  the  ipi.i- 
liaug  or  hard-shell  clam  (  Vcinis  nurrcnnrid),  and  cara;';ices  of  the  tortoise. 
The  shells  themselves,  while  showing  tniees  of  approaching  disiiitegra'ion,  arc 
.still  ill  a  sound,  condition,  excepting.  huvvi'\er,  those  near  the  snlisiijitiim.  where 
time  and  enormous  pressure  have  conduced  to  their  decomposition. 

"Only  a  few  fragments  of  liones  ha\e  thus  far  liceii  oliser\t'il. 

"  Pits  containing  ;ish<'.>;  jind  charco.al  are  occjisionally  met  with  in  the  southern 
margin  of  die  mound,  where  the  shells  have  heeii  removed  for  lime-niaking. 
The  shells  i|ii  not  .appear  to  have  been  much  lu'idieii  during  the  ]irocess  of  open- 
iii'.:',  proii.dily  I  'cause  the  niollnsks  .vere  cooked  in  the  lire  prior  to  opening. 

"Stone  im|ileiiieiits  of  a  rude  character  are  (piite  froin  nl.  They  consist 
mostly  of  hammer-stone  ,  axes,  celts,  liroki'ii  .'irrow  an<l  spe.ir-poinls.  and  net- 
sinkers.  I''raLrniei.is  of  pi.ain  and  tU'naineiited  pottery  an'  also  I'ound  in  all  parts 
of   tlie  deposit. 

"  The  southern  nioiind  is  niiicli  sniallei'  than  the  om'  just  nientioned.  It  is 
eleven  jeet  ill  height .  iait  its  supei'ticial  extent  c.iiiiiol  he  determined  with  accur.'icy, 
inasiiiiii'li  ;is  the  shells  are  mostly  coneciled  l^y  earth  and  vegetation.  These 
shells  .■ire  also  of  the  common  oyster.  The  inipleineiils.  iilthough  simil.ir  in 
character,  are  not  so  numerous  as  in  the  other  mound. 

"The  shell-lields  which  exist  south  of  this  place,  are  i>f  gre.it  extent,  and 


J 


AKTIFICIAL  SIIKLL-DEVOSITS. 


237 


in  many  places  of  siu-li  a  iloptli  as  to  prevent  the  cnltivatioii  of  the  soil.  The 
first  licUl  is  situated  ni'ir  IJieiilieiiii  Manor;  tlie  next  is  at  tlu;  Ferry  House;  tli<3 
tliird  at  I.ower  Cedar  I'liiiit.  A  mile  further  south  is  a  very  larire  shell-field  on 
the  Ilungerfonil  estate,  at  Waverly.  The  estate  called  IJanks  uf  tin-  Dee 
contains  a  shell-^ield  nearly  tun  miles  in  extent.  It  follows  the  J'otomac  from 
!*i(co\vaxton  to  Cuekhold's  Creek.  A  larjjre  shell-pile  is  situated  in  tin;  I'otoiiiac 
southwest  of  the  IJanks  of  the  Dee.  Simm's  Island  in  the  month  of  Cui'k- 
hoid's  Creek  is  covered  with  a  deposit  of  slndls  ninn-  lh;in  a  foot  in  depth.  Other 
hirii-e  fields  lire  found  !it  IJachelor's  Hope  and  Swan  Point.  A  shell-mound 
is  found  at  L.incaster's  Landing,  on  the  Wicomico  River,  two  miles  e;isl  of  its 
junction  w-th  the  I'otomac,  S!;ell-fields  linve  heen  exMinined  at  Charleston  Civek 
and  .Stoddard's  \\'h;irf  All  the  localities  thus  far  mentioned  in  (his  para.trr;i|)li 
are  situated,  in  Charles  County.  They  also  occur  at  I'lowden  Manor  and 
Cliickahoiiiiny  in  Saint  Mary's  County. 

"Oysters  were  fcn'inerly  common  in  th(<  vicinity  of  Nanjemoy  Creei,,  Imt 
they  are  now  randy  found  ahovo  Port  ToIjiu-co  ]?iver.  They  are  said  to  h.ive 
<lis;i]ipeareii  jdinost  ontirely  ;ilinut  177i'.  and  agiun  during  the  tirst  (piai'ter  i'( 
the  i>ri'seiit  century.  I''isliermen  s.iy  that  tlu>  oyster-lieds  in  sli  i.il  water  are 
freiiiu'iitly  destroyed  during  hmg-cont inning  stnrms.  when  the  wind  lilows  from 
th(>  shore,  and  the  small  streams  carry  down  sand  and  detritu-,  which  cove;  tlie 
oysters. 

'■  Shells  (f  tlic  hard-shell  clam,  as  staled,  have  I'cen  nnt  witli  in  tlic  nuillicrn 
mound  ;it  Pnpc'.-<  Creek  ;  l.ul  these  nioUusks  ;ire  nut  fuund  .at  presi-nt  in  the  s;im(< 
hicality. 

"  Shcll-tields  occur  on  tlic  N'irLiiiiia  slmre  as  I'ar  nni-|h  .as  Matliia.s  Puint.  in 
King  ( i!'org(>  <'nnnty.  They  ,iri' .il.o  said  to  exist  (>n  the  ,-,iuie  side  thence  to 
Clies.ipcdvc  I'lay,  lait  in  sinalha-  miMilier  than  <'ii  tlie  Maryl.iml  >liiire. 

".\s  to  llie  age  of  the  shell-deposits  at  Pope's  (  'reek,  it  seems  e\  idetil  te  the 
write)'  ih.'it  they  .■inledale  the  ( 'ulunilii.iii  er.a  This  lielief  is  hased  upon  die 
fii-l  thai  when  |,..i-,l  r.,dliiii. . re's  c(d. mists  arrived  in  Ki.'i.'!-  I.  tins.'  nnMinds  were 
ciiKce.ili'd  I'reiii  \  ii'-,\  liy  ;i  thick  stratum  e|'  earlli  wlijcli  sllsl.iined  ;i  lal'L;e  I'erest. 
This  I'.irest  rem.aiiied  st.anding  until  .ahoul  ITK',  when  the  soil  was  |U'e|iai-e(l  for 
cnltiv.atinn.  At  tliis  date  miner  shell-lu'.aps  were  found  .aliove  the  sir.itum  of 
earth  which  ciuiccaled  the  .ancient  shell-ileposil." 


I\i 


in 


Ij-..' 


^    % 


'f. 


,...!?' 
*■"■;,» 


Tn  another  pari  of  ^faryland  shell-heaps  were  explored  hy  "Mr.  .Tuseph  T). 
McCiiire,  lit  l']|lici)tl  City,  in  IJow.ird  C.iunty,  of  tli.at  state.  I  .mi  indelited  to 
him  for  the  followiim  cmnmuiiicitioii  : — 


"Tn  several  visits,  extending  t'Mough  a  period  of  ten  yenrs  or  more.  T  have 
examined  ijuiu'  a  niimirer  nf  shell-he.ips  at  .and  nejir  the  mouth  of  South   |{i\er, 


•'I 
t 


^y\- 


■! 


It 


>!■■ 


iii 


IV. 


'.:i' 


H-       ' 

•f.   ' 

V     ■ 

illti 


L'-'W 


I'UKiiisniiiic  i'isiiiN(!. 


in  Anne  Arniidol  Coniity,  Marvlniul.  Oysters  of  a  trood  (|ii!ility  aro  f<niii»l  in 
till'  ii(Mirlil>nrIio(i<l  Jit  the  present  day.  and  a  larnc  nundier  nt'  persons  jrain 
tlieir  livelilmod  as  oystcM'nnMi  in  tli(>  waters  adjacent  ti»  the  sliell-lieaps.  Tlie 
latter  are  invarial)ly  eoinpused  of  sliells  of  tlie  ceniinitn  oyster.  \o  one  can 
doid>t  that  tliese  iieaps  are  al)orii.'inaI  deposits.  Witliin  a  radius  of  tliree  miles 
from  Mayo's  Island,  wliieli  is  at  the  month  of  Sontli  Kiver  near  its  sniithern 
bank,  there  .are  .as  many  as  twenty-tive  distinct  siieil-lie.aps.  possiidy  four  times 
t'lial  iiumlier;  tor  I  li.-ne  ne\er  yet  p.-issed  a  d.ay  in  tluit  vicinity  without  (imlinir 
;it  le.ist  one  new  camping-place.  'riit<  l.aru'cst  deposit,  however,  is  on  a  propi-rly. 
.aiiiput  two  miles  up  the  river,  iielonuin;:'  to  a  Mr.  Hri-wer.  At  this  place  there  is 
a  |)oint  of  land  projectini:'  into  the  ri\er.  with  a  wcll-sht'ltered  little  h.-iy  on  its 
southern  side,  forming;  ;in  excellent  location  for  n  camp.  The  shells  cover.  I 
shniild  jtidiie.  from  ten  to  twenty  acres,  .-unl  in  pl.ices  are  as  much  ;is  li\c  teet  in 
thickness.  thinniiiLr  <'ut  hy  deurecs.  I'ldess  a  slieil-de|)osit  is  c.irefully  examined, 
especially  on  ,i  hill-side,  one  is  very  .apt  to  lie  misled.  ;iiid  to  imagine  it  to  he 
deeper  than  it  re.illy  is. 

"On  the  Urewer  prnperly  I  found  the  depressions  cumniiui  to  shell-heaps, 
not  only  in  .North  Anu'ric.a.  hut  .also  in  henmark.  to  lie  nmre  distinct  th.in  else- 
where in  this  \  icinity.  'rhes(>  depressions  are  elliplic.al  in  shape,  iiul  occ.asioii.allv 
round,  and  from  eighteen  iiudies  to  two  I'ect  deep  in  tiie  centre.  As  a  rule,  they 
me.-isure  from  four  to  six  feet  in  the  sm.dler,  .and  from  ciiiht  to  ten  in  tlie  larucr 
diameter.  '\'\\r\  ,ire  evideidly  the  sites  of  h.-ihilatioiis.  partly  tilled  hy  the 
IVeeziiii;'  and  th.iwini:  o|'  centuries,  which  c,au~r.-  the  shells  to  lire.ak  down  as  we 
see  stone  walls  lailinu' .and  foi-mimr  accumulations  toi.illy  iiuliki'  w.ills.  On  the 
lirewer  properly  the  hollows  .are  certainly  twice  .a-^  Liru'e  .as  I  li.i\e  noticoii  them 
e|>e\\  here,  proliid'ly  liec.ansc  they  were  the  sites  of  larui'er  h.aliit.ations. 

••One  of  tlh' hi';ip-^  on  Mayo's  Isl.ind  is  .alioul  oiu'-fourth  o.         lil"  in  length. 


.nnl  I'Xtemls  li.ai'k  not  nmre  th.in  lliirtv  feet  :  Imt  as  it  reaches  to  tin-  w.ater' 


fol'Iimm'    there    ,l     pl-cclpnoil-,    li.mk     ;it     le 


■ix     feel   lii-li.   it  evidentK    ll.ls 


l;is  lieen 


1' 


irllv  Worn  ,aua 


\.     ( tne   leap.  I'onr  or  ti\c   hundrod  I'rrt 


'IIU'.    w 


hicn    ii'ops   oiil 


.•doiiL;-  the  IdulV  on  the  south  <idi-  of  the  ri\er.  ami  rises  tVom  six  to  tifteeii  or  luofi 


fet  t  ;ilio\e  tid 


1'.  Ii;is  w 


illiin    ten  \e.irs  liei-n  redncd    to  half  its  size,  ,and    in  .-i  t 


ew 


years  nmrewill  li,i\e  lailirely  di>,ippe,iri'd.  .Xnoiher  lie.ap  on  the  wr-t  -ide  o|' 
tic  rivor  is  liltie.  if  ,it  ,dl.  ahovo  tin'  pre-^ml  hiL^h-waler  line,  .and  I  think  it 
posrililc  th;d  the  .-urface  h;is  siihsided. 

■•.\-  to  I  ho  a'ii' of  these  heaps,  it  Would  iio  most  dillii'uit  to  ojlor  e\  en  a  coii- 
H'  inre  other  lli.m  ih.il.  ;i^  ji  rule,  they  .tie  pri'-(  olnnilii.m.  'I'heorio  w  ith  the 
slron^esl  ;ii'::unic'iils  (.ipp.ireiitly  I  in  their  f.i\ or  ,ii'e  often  in  ;i  niomer.l  destrovcd. 
1  iiisl'inee  the  heap  on  tin'  south  ^iije  of  the  river,  which  I  have  -,aiil  was  di.>ap- 
peariu'.'.  In  one  pl.ace  this  heap  is  covered  iiy  at  lejist  live  feet  of  >uperimposed 
earth,  whiiii  I  con.-idered  a  fair  indication  of  great  age,  until  on  oneof  niv  visit:i 


>s '  ry 


Am'ii'iciAi-  siii:M--i>KritsiTs. 


230 


I  removed  fnini  till' l);iiik  ;i  ])!('(•(' uf  ;iii  iron  pot.  Aftorwjird  I  (li^<(•(>V('l•(•(l  tluil 
tliis  tliick  layer  of  earth  had  lioeii  <rradiia!lv  wasliod  lUiwii  from  tlie  iieigliborin;' 
hill. 

"Trc(>sof  three  or  four  feet  in  diameter  have  trrown  on  the  toi>s  of  (lie 
heaps.  The  contents  of  the.<c  aeenniu!;itions.  ;is  may  lie  imatiincd.  ;ire  varinus; 
hut  one  ein-nmstance  is  pei'niiar,  namely,  that  stone  implfmnils  are  cxi-ecdinuly 
rare.  I  have  found  on  several  eccjisidns  hearths  composed  of  mnnded  pelihles; 
also,  in  one  instance,  wodd-ashes  amoniitinii-  to  ;i  cartdoad.  Charcoal  is  rpiite 
comninn.  I'ieees  of  ])ottery  occur  in  all  the  heaps.  mikI  jire  often  perlnrated  with 
holes.  ,i|)p.irently  tor  the  purpose  of  niendinL;-  \\\o  hroken  vessels.  Sumelinies. 
i)ut  not  comnioidy.  this  pottery  e\hil)it<  rude  ilecorations ;  in  cnhir  it  \,iri(;s  from 
white  to  l)l;iclv  and  red  in  all  sliades.  It  is  invariiddy  mi.\<'d  with  pounded 
shells,  and  ditVers  in  this  res|'ei>t  from  that  found  a  tew  miles  inland,  which 
nearly  always  contains  triturated  (|uartz  instead  of  shell.  JCniilish  clav  pipes  of 
early  dati'  an-  often  t'oumi  in  ;nid  near  these  heaps. 

••  l'"ish-liones.  so  comnuui  in  I  lie  Xew  I-hiulaiid  shelldieaps.  1  never  discov  ered 
in  those  of  Mai'yiand:  iuil  liones  of  l.irds  .and  m;in;mals  and  lurlle-shells  ar(> 
numerous,  and  ^udi  r(  ni.-dns  ;is  I  had  identitied  ai'e  those  of  llir  duck,  uoose, 
swan,  wild  turkey,  scjuirnl.  rahiiil,  deer,  Itlack  hear,  and  ternipiii  (diamond- 
hack)." 

]]'tsf    Vii-'jiiiiii. —  Deposits  of   tVesli-wat<'r  shells  on     I'dennel'll.issett's    l>!ailil. 

a  locality  fimiliar  to  the  student  of  North    .American   historv.  Iia\e  latelv  I n 

examined   l>y  Mr.  .1.  I'.  .Mac[,ean.  of  llamiltmi.  Ohio,  and  a  <-oll 

him  durini.' his  e.\p|uiati,,n   i-^  in  the  I'liiled  Slate-    .National    .\lu>(uni.      Il 


ecllon    made    liv 


coll 


dsts  of    I 


iiiii-A\A\>.  human  ainl  .niimal  Imnes.  ariMwdiea 


It.--.  pr>tlrs,  imp 


meiits  of    .-hidl   and   lioiic  and    fr;iunients  of    potters,       I   am    iiideliled   lo   Mi 
.MacLe.aii    lor  the   lollouin-    account  of  the   localilv   .and  of  || 


le    cll.iracler  o|    till 


% 


deposits  : — 


r»|e||li(Tlia--e||'s    Maud     i-    situated    in    liie    Ohio    I 


\\\r\\    Iwo    I 


lliles    Im'Ii 


r.-irker.-hurj,  WC-l   \irL:iiiia.  and   le--.  ihaii   two  i 


nil.'-  \\e-t  of  the    liioiilh  of  ll 


liiltle  Kaiiauha.      ll  extend- ea-l  and  w e-t,  and  i- of  pi'cniiar  form.  1 


eiiiL:'  narrow 


in  the  midille.  hroad  near  t'le  centre  of  eitli- 


r  h.ill.  .'ind  coming  to  ;i  point  al  ll 


low.-r  extremity.  The  h-niiih  of  the  i-laiid  i-  omi-  three  mih-.  .and  il  laiiiiraces 
two  liiindred  and  iiinely--even  acre-.  ll  I'oiiijiin-  ii\r  rcfu.-ie-lieap-  —  princi- 
pally coinpo-cd  of  -Ih'lls  of  ihe  /■((/■((--which  all'ord  ,i  lin,'  iii'|,|  f,,r  the  -ludx  ot 
the  donie-lji-  life  of  Hie  pi'i'li i>toric  alioi'iuines. 

"Theiir-i    impri'— ion   th.al    strike   ll hserxei-   !•   the   fi\  orahle  silu.ilioii 

whicli  llie  i-laiid  ol'i  aed  for  .1  -.ife  and  con\enieiit  le.nie  -iiited  to  the  reiniire- 
nieiil- of  the -.ivaue,  ll-  natural  surrouiidiiiL:- .ilVord.'d  him  -utlicicail  shelter 
au.iiiist    the -iidden   iiicjir-ioiis  of  einaiiies — hesides  uraiiliim   him  the  .nUaiit.i'ri' 


3 


t     ! 


it-  • : 


i 


.1  !' 


'f 


i  ■: 


i- 

''l'\ 


240 


PREHISTOKIC  KISHING. 


of  a  fertile  soi!  for  producing  niiiize,  wliile  tlio  broail  Ohio,  aiirroiindiiiir  him  on 
iill  silica,  would  furnish  an  abundance  of  food.  On  the  Virginia  side  of  the 
river  the  banks  arc  almost  perpendicular,  being  elevated  to  a  height  of  more  than 
live  hundred  feet,  thus  presenting  a  natural  barrier  against  tho  inroads  of  foes 
fniiii  that  'Mvoction.  On  tlie  opposite  side  the  plain  of  IJelpre  ranges  from  tiftoen 
to  seventy  feet  higher  tlian  the  island,  thus  giving  protection  on  the  north, 
although  less  than  that  on  the  south.  An  ad  lit ional  security  consi.sted  in  tiie 
distance  between  the  shores  of  tlie  island  and  those  of  the  main-land,  because  it 
is  so  great  as  to  be  practically  beyond  the  range  of  any  primitive  weapon  of  otl'ense. 
"  T'  :  largest  shell-hefip  is  located  on  th"  c-istern  jioint  of  the  lower  half  of 
the  island.  Its  present  shape  is  that  of  a  triangle,  conforming  to  tlie  natural 
contour  of  the  ground,  and  being  eleven  hundred  and  twenty-tive  feet  long  by 
two  hundred  feet  at  its  western  and  three  feet  at  its  eastern  extremity.  Originally 
it  was  much  larger,  for  within  the  last  forty  years  a  •  (  "ip  seventy  feet  in  width, 
and  extending  the  whole  length  of  the  deposit,  has  been  carrii-d  aw;iy  on  the 
north  side  by  the  constant  erosion  of  the  river.  How  much  more  than  this  has 
been  torn  olf  cannot  now  be  determined.  At  the  present  time  the  slidl-licap  is 
under  cultivation,  excepting  ii  very  narrow  rimil-w:iy  along  its  noi'tlieni  I'l-iidc. 
The  plough  has  turned  <>nt  the  shells  of  (|r>  i'nio  iind  the  l)ones  of  the  (K-cr 
(Ceri'Ks  rirffinianita),  .-ind  tiie  surface  is  almost  covered  with  these  remains. 
Among  the  bones  the  lov/cr  jaw  of  the  deer  predominates.  Hones  of  other  ni.ini- 
mals  'icc'iir;  .mIsk  nf  bir  is,  but  "lot  in  .iltiind.-mce.  Tiiese  osseous  reni;iins  ;ire 
generally  in  a  very  good  state  of  prescrvtition.  Chips  of  chert  arc  scattered 
over  the  ground,  and  niiiy  lie  picked  u])  almost  everywhere. 

"Under  the  road-w;iy  (whore  the  shells  Iiave  not  becM!  dislurlied  by  the  plough) 
the  vegetable  mouh'  covering  the  ileposit  v.iries  from  six  to  thirty  inches  in 
depth.  The  deposit  averages  six  inches  in  thirkness,  and  is  cumpnsed  of  a  com- 
pact layer  of  r''«/o-sliells.  cemented,  ;is  it  wen>,  with  a  sediment  of  sand  and 
vegetal)le  niKiild.  On  ex|tnsure  Ihe  sh.ir|i  edges  nf  liie  sIk-IIs  rapidly  crumble. 
Some  of  thi'in  are  slightly  (■.-ijeineo'.  jtmv  ing  tiiat  they  had  been  pla-'cd  on  coals, 
either  for  being  eooki-d.  or  fur  tV.cilitating  tlie  extnietion  of  the  nu'at.  Oth»>rs 
are  liroken.  in  conseipienee  of  a  foreibh*  sepiinition  of  th(!  v.-ilves.  and  many 
again,  which  lie.ir  an  such  in.uks.  |iripli;ilily  wen>  opened  by  piacini;  them  in  li"t 
water.     Intermingled  witii  these  shells  are  found  the  Imnes  of  various  animals, 

I  there  also  ueeur  anicnig  them   vestiL'es  of  ilre-pl.ices.     The  aburiginid  relics 


am 


here  found  consist  of  armw  ;itid  spear-li< 


•f  chert  ■ind  henistoiie.  stoni*  axe; 


pci 


sties,  tubes. 


pipi 


circular  stones,  l)e;ie  ne(>dles.  bodkins, , and  beads,  nrn;iments 


of  shell  and  c.innel-coal,  and  fragroents  of  potte'vv.     There  is  an  abundant  yield 
of  such  arti<:les. 

"The  shell-heap  next   in  si/.i   is  located  on  the  upper  li.ilf  of  Ihe  ishiiid,  and 
faces  the  Virginia  sh«fe.     It  covers  an  area  of  about  half  an  acre.     When  first 


i 


I 


AUTIl'ICIAL  SUKLL-DKPOSITS. 


241 


noticed,  it  was  enclosed  by  a  nearly  s(|uarc  wall  composed  of  surface-material. 
This  deposit  does  not  afford  as  fine  an  exposure  as  the  one  first  described,  because 
it  has  been  l(>nij;or  under  cultivation,  and  the  shelis  have  mostly  crumbled  into 
dust.  The  yield  of  this  deposit  is  in  variety  the  same  as  that  of  the  other,  but 
less  abundant. 

"  The  three  remaining  refuse-heaps  are  very  small,  but  jtresent  the  same 
general  features  as  (lie  last  t»no. 

"Witliin  lliose  deposits  and  in  close  jiroxiniify  to  them  have  been  found 
many  human  skeletons.  .Some  of  the  skulls  do  not  show  the  flattening  of  the 
occiput  so  characteristic  of  the  red  race. 

"The  island,  at  the  time  of  its  discovery,  was  overgrown  with  forest-trees, 
hiding  .  -liell-Iieaps  as  well  as  the  rest  of  the  land.  When  JJlennerhassett 
first  beg.ui  to  cut  down  the  wood,  he  found  anti(piities  in  the  form  of  pottery,  but 
probably  was  not  aware  of  the  e.Kistetice  of  shell -deposits." 

Ohio. — .\s  early  as  18l*i*,  Mr.  C.-deb  Atwater  noticed  the  existence  of  heai)s 
of  cast-away  fluxiatile  shells,  intermingled  with  Ixmes,  and  inclo.sing  iire-places, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Muskingum  River,  opposite  Marietta.  He  regards  them 
as  very  old.* 

TeuncHsrc. — Dr.  I),  ft.  Briufoii,  while  attached  to  the  Army  of  the  Cumber- 
land during  the  late  civil  war,  noticed  the  prevalence  of  shell-heaps  ;dong  the 
Tennessee  Ki\er  ;intl  its  atlliicnts.  "  They  , -ire  very  fre(|uent  at  and  aljo^ctlie 
^Muscle  Slioals,  and  are  eomposed  .ilniost  e.\cliisively  of  the  shells  of  the  fresh- 
water muscle.  Clo.-'e  lo  the  famous  Xick-a-j.-ick  Cave  is  the  railway-station  of 
Shell-Mound,  so  called  from  an  uncommonly  large  deposit  of  slu'lls,  pi'obal)ly 
left  i)y  tin.  Chcroki'fs.  who  so  long  used  this  spot  as  one  of  their  lie!i(l(|uarters.  It 
was  taken  by  our  troops  as  a  military  post,  and  i-mb.-mknnMits  were  thrown  up 
around  the  sunniiit  of  the  niound.  The  excavations  niaiii'  for  this  purpose  ;iiiun- 
dantly  proved  its  wholly  artitirial  origin.  In  .-dl  instances  I  found  the  shell- 
heaps  i-lose  to  the  water-courses,  on  the  rich  alluvial  linltom-lands.  The  nioHusks 
had  evidently  been  opened  by  placing  them  on  lire,  'i'he  Tennessee  muscle  is 
margaritit'erous.  .iinl  there  is  no  doubt  but  that  it  was  iVoni  this  species  that  the 
early  trilies  olitaineil  the  liuards  of  pt'arls  which  the  historians  of  l)e  Soto's 
cxiiedilion  estim.ited  by  Imshels,  ;ind  wliich  were  so  much  prized  as  ornaments. "f 

I  learned  from  Dr.  Drinton  that  the  mussels  i  '"  the  Tennessee  River  were 
occasionally  eatiMi  "  as  a  change  "  by  the  soldiers  of  the  .above-named  army-corps, 
and  pfononnceil  no  i)ad  article  of  diet. 

lowd. — .\cciimulations  of  t'resh-water  sholi-s  were  observed  during  five  vears 


M 

Pi- 

fell 


•  ArcliiriiliiHiii  AiiiprKiiiia ;   Vol    I,  Wori'citpr,  MaMin'hiii-ottii,  IK2'2;  \>.  'i'i'i. 

f  Itrinliiii  :    .\rlili.  i:il  Slii'll-lK'|»isil..  in  tliii  Uiiiled  Sliili'S  ;  Sniitli^iiiiiiiii  l!i'i."il  Inr  iKiiii  j  y.  H57. 
1!  .'U 


'1 


w 

i 

\\, 

y, 

1 

t     ' 

n 

■ 

h 


I  'I 


I  t 


n .  i 


.'I  :  .    . 


m 


242 


rKEiirsTOKir  kisimno. 


(I)cgiiiiiiiig  in  ISCiS)  by  Dr.  C.  A.  Wliito,  now  of  llio  Unitoil  States  Natioiiiil 
Miisouin,  aloiit,'  tin-  Mississippi  !Ui(l  its  tributaries  in  Minnesota.  Iowa,  Illinois, 
MiJ*souri,  antl  Indiana.  '"In  general  cliaraeter."  lie  states,  "  tliese  fresh-w.iter 
shell-heaps  resemble  those  of  ni.irine  eoasts.  but  they  are  usually  not  so  exteiisi\ c. 
They  vary  in  extent  from  a  f(>\v  bushels  of  shells  to  nceumulations  from  fifty  to 
a  humired  yards  long,  four  or  five  yards  broad,  and  from  a  few  iiiehes  to  a  yard 
or  two  in  thiekness.  They  are  usually  located  upon  the  immediate  bank  of  the 
river,  sometimes  a  litth;  i)elow,  and  sometimes  above  the  reaeh  of  the  highest 
floods." 

The  throe  nmst  interesting  shell-heaps  were  found  by  him  n(>ar  the  villages 
of  Ki>osau(|ua.  Sabnla,  and  IJrllevue,  in  low.i ;  the  first  upon  the  bank  of  the 
Des  Moines  Kiver,  and  the  other  two  upon  that  of  the  Mississippi.  The  shells 
constituting  these  In-aps  represented  fourteen  species  of  Uiiio  ami  one  of  I'aliiiUnn, 
all  still  inhaltiting  the  neighboring  water.  Annmg  them  occurred  rrni.iins  of 
the  c;it-fish  and  sheep's-he.'id,  snapping  and  soft-shelleil  turtle,  wild  goos(',  l>uf- 


fal 


leer.     The  Jirtefacts  consisted  of  flint  fltikes  ;nid  .arrow 


(•.  and  common  deer.  Ihe  ;irtel;icts  consisied  oi  nini  lltiKes  ;nid  arrow-heads, 
one  green.stone  a.\e  (found  at  Keosau<|ua),  and  fragim'ids  of  a  co.-nx'  kind  of 
pottery. 

Hoth  at  Sabula  and   r»ellevut>  Dr.  White  noticed  in  the  ground  small  pits. 


■<howinir  the  action  of  tire,  and  now  filled  with  shells  and  1 


Mines. 


Tl 


ill 


le  e;irtli  iiiK 


evidently  been  lieateil  by  building  a  tire  in  Ihe  pits;  the  nmlhisks  ,Mnd  other  food 
were  tlien  placed  in  them,  then  c>  cred,  .and  the  contents  .allowed  to  cook  by  the 
ret.iined  heat." 

Concerning  the   age  of   ihesi-  he.iiis.  Dr.  White  thinks   "tli.at   the  entire 


ab.se nee  of  all  articles  of  civili/eil   m.anufact  ire,  even  those 


hat  sa>a"t>s  most 


eayrerlv  .secure,  seems  to  be  verv  irood  eviden-e  that  thev  are  (d<ler  th.'in  the  il.iti 


.f  tl 


u-  dlsco\-erv, 


lie  also  found  oak  an<l  elm-trees  from  two  to  two  and  a  half 


feet  ill  di.ameti'r  growing  in  the  si>il  that   li.id  ;iccumul!ited  upon  the  shell-hc.ap 


DM 


d  he  ascril)es  to  IIk'  hitter  ;in  a-'e  of  not  less  than  two  huinlred  ve.ir- 


«f .  V 


I  s     w  ■ 


'In' 

m ' 


'r  5" 


(rriiri/ifi. — Tlie  slicll-depiisil  oil  S;iiiit  Simon's  Isliitid.  liriefly  but  gr.'iphicilly 
di'scribcd  by  Sir  Cli.irlc.^  I.yell.f  m.iy  serve  as  a  lyp<'  of  .artiticial  .acciiimilatiniis 
of  iii.iriiie  shells  in  (Jeoi'gia.  ( 'oiiceniiiig  di'posits  uf  flm 'atile  shells,  ( 'olomd 
('liarles  ( '.  .Idiies  reniiirks  that  they  .are  found  upon  the  banks  of  most  of  the 
rivers  in  'ieorgia.     lie  further  .says: — 


•  Wtntii:  Artilli'iiil  StiollUtmiiiinf  Kri'.»li-\Vulrr  MolliiskK ;  I'mcccditi);*  cpf  tlip  Aiiii'ricHii  Asa.n'iiiliiifi  for  tlio 
Ailvarin.nii'iii  »{  Sii'in.' j  Twciily-Midnd  S.s>i..ii,  lifl.l  iil  I'.irtlHii.l.  Miiiin',  Aiiiju't,  l»7;i ;  Sidctii,  1H7I;  \i.  l:t:t, 
I'tc. — A  sliiirt  nnlifo  rrltitin^  to  tin'  miin*  snl'j.'i't  luitl  prcvion-Iy  ii]i|H'nrr(i  in  tlu!  "Aiiii-ricim  NutunilUt ''  (Vol. 
Ill,  1S7(I,  |i.  '■'D.  iinil  iilmi  iin  iirticli'  "f  wiiliT  rnn.,-.',  "  KJn.kkininu.iMirii;*  di-  rAim'riiiiic  ilii  .N'cnl,"  in  llii' 
('iiin|ili'-ri'iiiln  i'(  I'n'  l''irtli  .Scs.i.iti  nf  llio  InliTnall.'n  '  CniKrini.  .1'  I'nlii.-t.irii:  A«tlii.i|iMl",iy  iinil  Ari  !ijui<l<i^y, 
lluUI  at  liolo)riiii  in  1H7I  l  UoloKrnt,  IH7:i,  |>   .17'.),  dr.  i. 

f  .Sco  |i.  '2\H  of  tills  volume. 


^ 


i 


AUTII'ICIAL  SIIKLL-DKrOSITS. 


24a 


"Ah  an  illiiHtration  of  their  fivqucnry  and  extent we  may  instance 

those  on  (ho  rif^ht  l)ank  of  the  Savannah  River,  above  the  city  of  Augusta.  Only 
one  need  be  speciHeally  mentioned,  and  tiiis  will  !«>  found  in  Columbia  County, 
near  the  confluenec  uf  the  (Jreat  Kiokee  Creek  and  the  Savannah  River.  Here, 
opposite  a  suceessidn  of  rapid.s  in  the  river — a  locality  which  would  havealVordod 
marked  facilitie.s  for  .successful  iishiiig  in  the  manner  adopted  by  the  Indian.s  of 
this  region — upon  a  bold  biulV  is  an  iiccumulation  of  fresh-water  shells  covering 
the  surface  of  lln'  ground  t<>  .1  d(>pth  v.iryiiig  from  two  to  four  feet,  and  extending 
ne.irly  one  JMUidred  yards  in  length,  and  more  than  a  t|uartoi  of  that  distance  in 
width.  Intermingled  with  them  may  still  b(>  found  the  bones  of  large  fishes, 
deer,  turkeys,  raccoons,  bears,  bison,  turtles,  srpiirrels,  rabliits,  and  other  aninuils 
and  l)irds,  jind  ;dso  fragments  of  pottery,  arrow  and  spear-jioints,  soapstone  net- 
sinkers,''-  crushing-stones,  .axes,  chisels,  rude  mortars  and  other  implements,  and 
viirious  ornaments  of  day  .and  so.ipstone.  Here,  then,  was  one  of  the  favorite 
c.imping-grounds  of  tlie  Indi:ins.  Hither  they  resorted  for  centuries,  feeding 
upon  lish,  muss(>Is,  and  game.  This  is  but  one  of  m.iny  extensive  refuse-heaps 
of  a  similar  charficter  which  have  attracted  the  notice  of  the  writer  along  tlie 
biinks  of  fresh-water  rivers  not  oidy  in  (ieorgia,  but  also  in  Florida,  Carolina, 
Alabama,  and  Tennessee.  In  these  relic-beds  no  two  parts  of  the  same  shell 
are,  as  a  general  rule,  found  in  juxtaposition.  Tiie  hinge  is  broken,  and  the 
Vidves  of  tlie  shell,  after  having  lurn  artitici.ally  torn  asunder,  seem  to  have  been 
carelessly  cast  aside  and  allowed  to  accumulate  ;('  the  very  doors  vf  the  lodges, 
where,  mixed  with  the  dcltria  of  the  encampment,  in  the  course  of  time  they 
became  heaped  up  to  such  .an  extent  as  to  form  the.M'  large  shell-banks.-)- 

Cast  .shells,  both  m;irine  and  tluviatile,  were  also  used  in  the  construction  of 
burial-mounds  by  the  aborigines  of  (ieorgia.  "Shrji-niounds,''  says  Colonel 
Jones,  "  formed  the  common  graves  of  the  Indi.-ins  occupying  the  coast.  They 
abound  upon  idl  the  si'a-isl.inds,  and  are  thickly  congreg.-ited  upon  tlii'  outer 
bluIVs  and  :iIoiiu-  the  Imnks  of  s;ilt-water  strcuiis.  The  admixture  of  shells  im- 
p.irtcil  a  |ierm,inency  to  many  sni.-dl  mounds  wliicli,  otherwise,  would  long  since 
have  l)een  entirely  oliliter.ited.  Most  of  them  contain  more  than  one  skeleton, 
tile  bones  being  genenilly  ili>|-osed  in  .1  horizonl.il  position.  In  a  few  instances 
the  de.ad  were  inlnimcd  in  .-i  sitting  posture.  Only  occasionally  do  the  human 
bones  found  in  these  tumuli  indicate  the  action  of  Itiv. The  drift- 
shells — collected  by  the  iK'lion  of  the  tides  into  ridges  so  common  along  the  coast-* 
were  .also  employed  in  the  construction  of  these  tumuli. "j. 

Floriihi. — The  fresh -w.iter  shell-heaps  abounding  along  th(>  b.anks  of  tho 
Saint  John's  River  have  been  specially  studied  since  1800  by  the  late  Professor 

•  .Noliriil  i.n  ]..  li:."). 

f  .Intic-:  Aiili'|iiiii(>a  uf  tbo  Southern  liidiam)  \>.  4H:|,oto, 

I  Ibid.;  |>.  IDS,  otc. 


i- 


''M 


: 


:3 


•  .'-41 


1  ^'\ 


u 


'1 


t 


■'i  i 


I' 


?i  1'* 


244 


ritKlllSTOKir    KISIIIN(i. 


Jiffrios  Wyiimn,  and  the  results  of  Iuh  iiivestiurations  arc  eontaiiied  in  a  liaiul- 
suiue  meiimir  imlilislicd  hy  tlie  I'eabody  Aeademy  of  Sfieiice.  at  Saloiii.  Massa- 
flmsctts.  It  is  lliiis  far  tlic  must  eoiis|iiciioiis  treatise  uii  sliell-lieaps  issued  in 
this  c'oiiiilry.  I'nifessnr  WyniaiTs  tield  of  inveslii;atioii  cxteiuled  a  eonsideral)l(! 
distance  along  liie  river,  from  Forrester's  I'oinl.  some  miles  al»ove  I'alatiia,  lo 
the  Salt  liakes;  hut  In.'  f(tnnd  the  deposits  most  abundant  l)et\veen  Lakes  (ieorife 
and  lianiey.  He  is  of  opinion  that  tiiese  heaps  were  the  dwellinix-plaees  of  tiio 
first  iniialiitants  of  the  rei,'ion  thronu'h  which  tlie  Saint  John's  [{iver  tlows.'^' 

••'I'lie  shell-dep(»sits  on  tie-  river,"  he  says,  "■•ire  entirely  ditt'erent  .as  to  their 
t'liaraeteristics  from  the  mounds  of  tlie  sea-coasl.  The  last  extend  around  the 
shores  of  tin-  wlmle  peninsula  of  Floritla,  and  in  certain  places,  as  io  Turtle 
Mound,  Cliarlotte  llarijor,  and  Cedar  Keys,  are  of  j,'iu;intic  proportions,  'j'liey 
,ire  composed  exelusively  of  marine  species,  mostly  of  oysters  on  the  Atlantic, 
hut  on  the  (fulf  cojist  of  sovera!  species  heloufxinj^  to  dilVerent  yenera,  as  Ostrea, 
lif/xicdii,  Sfroiiilnis,  Fdnciohirirt,  f'trdiiiiii,  etc. 

•■  The  mounds  of  the  river,  on  the  contrary,  consist  exclusi\  e|y  of  fresh-wtder 
species,  viz.:  Atiijiitlliirin  ilrprcKsa^  Say,  J'ulitiliii'i  niiilfiliiioifu.  Say,  and  Initio 
Hiic/i/ii/i.  \a'!i.  The  i'.-duilina  forms  hy  far  the  l.arp'st  portion  of  every  mound, 
and  with  .a  tew  Ifnios  tiie  wlnde  of  some.  I'lither  of  the  .-diovc-mcntioned 
species,  however,  inste;id  of  hcimj;  piomiscuously  mingled  with  the  rest,  as  is 
jjener.ally  the  case,  may  he  t'ound  forniimi  considerahle  deposits  \t\  themselves, 
without  tiie  ailmixturr  of  tlic  ilher.-,  a.>  if  at  certain  limes  they  h.id  heen  exclu- 
sivtdy  used  for  food.     At  Ohl  Town  we  li.ive  seen   hiru'e  deposits  of  Ainpuil.iria' 


aloni*  in  one  part,  am 


I  of  I 


nios  111  am 


>tl 


ler.     Other  sh. 


■Ih 


;ts 


.M 


elan  la-  and 


Mel 


1C( 


are  occ.isioiially  found,  Init  are  too  sm.-ill  and  too  fewtojuatify  the  supposition 


that  tl 


leir  iireseiice  w; 


other  than  accidental 


••As  far  as  known  to  the  writer,  the  fresh-water  shell-mounds  on  other  rivers 
of  the  Uniteil  States,  understandiiiL,'  liy  ihe  word  shell-mound  a  dwellimr-pliice, 


consist  .almost  exclusively  of  l' 

il' 


nios 


Thosi'  of  th<'  Saint   John's  an-  therefore 

th 


peculiar,  and  are  tiie  only,  or  ci'rtainly  the  chiel.  instances  in  which  tlie  Ampul- 
liiria'  ami  I'aludiiue  Just  mentioned  have  iiecome  to  so  larf^e  an  extent  .articles  of 
food.     There  is  not  a  siiiufle  mound  on  the  Saint  John's  ciuiiposed  exclusively  of 

Unios. 

"The  most  of  the  mounds  .'ire  in  the  form  of  lom;  ridLfcs  p.arallel  to  the 
shore,  thom;h  a  t'ew  ;ire  nearly  circular.  The  limits  of  ;ill  are  sh.arply  <lelined, 
and  at  .a  few  t'eel  from  the  h.ise  shells  i-e;ise  to  he  t'oiiiid.  Risini;  somewh;it 
iibruplly  from  their  foiindatious,  they  are  mostly  surmounted  with  a  nearly  levid 
area.""!'  '""'  lar;.?erones  sometimes  cow  r  se\cral  acres,  and  rise  to  the  heij^ht  of 
fifteen,  twi'iilv.  or  twenly-tive  leet. 


Wvnmii:   Kr.'.-li  Wiil.r  Sli.'ll   M..nihl- 


lli"  Si«im  .l.iliii'n  Itivir,  Kl.iridii :   K.iiiilli  Mcim.ir  .1' llii-  I'.abfJv 


Acuilu 


r.|  S.i..ri.' 


Sail' 


Mil 


1H7 


).  ;i. 


\  Il'i.l   i  p|i   '.IiiimI  10. 


♦'Sff' 


AUTIKICIAL   8IIKLI.-DKIH)S1TS. 


846 


Professor  Wyman  oxainiiiod  in  ;i  fnrty-eiiilit  sliclllioaps,  wliicli.  of  cuiirsc, 
cannot  In-  sini^ly  n't'crrcd  to  in  tliis  place.  'I'lic  slidU  coinposinL:'  tiii'ni  iiM\(» 
already  liern  mentioned;  tlie  list  of  nianinials,  hirds.  anipliil>ians.  ancl  llslies. 
represented  in  the  iieaps  liy  liroUen  bones,  teeth,  shells,  etc.,  comprises  (he  lu-ar, 
raccoon,  hare,  deer,  otter,  opossum,  turkey,  several  undetermined  species  of 
birds,  the  alliiiator,  four  species  of  turtles,  the  cat-tish,  <;iir-pike,  whitintr,  and 
another  species  of  lish  not  determined.  Professor  Wyman  also  met  with  Ixmes 
and  teeth  of  e.xtinct  mamm.als  (mastodon,  elephant,  etc.);  hut  their  remains  had 
undergone  chan<j;es,  from  which  he  concluded  that  these  ■•inimals  h.id  not  lieen 
coidemporaueous  with  the  people  who  left  the  mounds.  These  accumulations 
also  contain  '•human  hones,  broken  up  in  the  same  manner  as  the  hones  of  edible 
animals,  .and  believed  to  lie  the  remains  of  cannibal  feasts."  As  may  be 
imai;ined,  tire-]>l.iccs  were  noticed. 

Stone  implements  occurred  rarely  in  the  mounds  themselves,  ami  they  are 
classed  l)y  the  !iuthor  of  the  memoir  as  fl.ikes  or  chi|>s,  hammer-stones,  arrow- 
heads, jind  worked  pieces  resemblinir  somewhat  the  implements  of  the  Saint- 
Acheul  type.  These  artefacts  gener.ally  present  ;i  very  rinle  appear.ince.  Better 
implemeids.  however,  occur  in  some  abund.ince  on  the  surface  and  in  the  luMgh- 
borhood  of  the  heaps,  and  are  thought  to  h.ive  originated  with  the  Creeks  .and 
other  Indian  trilx's,  whii-li.  <'oniinu  from  South  <";irolina  and  Oi-orgiii,  overriin 
K.ast  Florida  more  than  a  ciMitury  .ago,  and,  having  conipicred  the  natives  of  the 
country,  formed  .alierward  the  .Seminole  nation.  Implements  of  bone,  mostly 
piercers,  were  of  more  tVe(|uent  occurrence  in  the  heaps  th.an  stone  artefacts,  and 
there  were  likewise  found  boiies  ;ind  |>;irts  of  anthrs,  to  be  made  into  implements, 
as  shown  i)y  the  marks  of  s.awing  on  them.  Aol  nnfreipie?it  were  chisels  and 
gouges  made  of  the  shell  of  iSfroiii/tim  i/i;/fis,  I'lft'iila  itcrrcrsa,  .and   I'l/nild  rttrhu. 


Drink 


de  of  till"  tirst- 


\\:\.  which 


lilth 


.rinking-vessels  made  ol  , 

below  the  surfice  of  the  shell-heaps,  .are  not  considered  as  coeval  with  them,  but 
of  later  origin.  The  author  .also  mentions  .among  the  obje(;ts  obt.ained  by  him 
(luring  his  explor.ition  shells  of  the  Pi/nilu  airiffi.  wrought  in  a  cerlain  m.inner 
for  a  jiurpose  not  known  |<>  hini.  They  are  .apparently  the  cluli-he.ads  described 
l»y  me  a  ye.ir  .after  the  .ip]ie.ai"ance  of  his  nu'iiioir.'^'  and  m,iy  have  replaced  to  a 
certain  extent  the  greovi'd  stone  .axes,  none  of  which  were  found  by  Professor 
Wyman  in  or  upon  the  shell-he.aps.  Ornaments  were  .almost  entirely  wanting, 
anil  not  ;i  single  ]iipe  came  to  light.  No  objects  of  copper,  gold,  silver,  or  other 
met.al  were  discovered  by  him.  Knigments  of  a  rude  kind  of  pt^ttery  occurred 
in  the  later  l>ut  not  in  the  old(<st  shell-he.aps. 

Th(!  author  concludes  his  interesting  memoir  with  .a  resume,  emliodied  in 

*  Till!  Art'liipiiliigii'iil  Culli'i'lion  of  tln>  I7iiitcil  Slnti-n  Nutinniil  MiistMiin  ;  No.  287  of  Sniitlifoninii   Contriliii- 
lion»  to   Kli"Wl«ili4o;   Wii^liiiiutcui,   1870;  p.  tUl.— Tln'  iniidilli'd  slii'lN,  I 


Ml 

■1:1 


I- 

SV-:| 


'■4 

1 


i'4 


■^4 


iiiwt*vt?r,  iin*  iiins 


,tiv  111. 


nT  I't/ritlii  ftf 


M6 


rui:irisr(»uic  I'isiiinu. 


tlio  present  nbstrnct,  excepting  the  liiHt  tlireo  parngrnpliH,  wliieli   I  give  in  hia 
own  words : — 

"  Tiiough  tlie  iilisnliite  ngeof  the  mounds  ennnot  be  (h'tennined,  n  niiniminn 
iige  of  .sev(>ral  hundred  years  lias  licen  approximately  aseert.iined.  jnslifyiiig  llie 
eunclusiun  that  some  i it'  them  were  essentially  linishi'd  two  or  three  conturies 
before  the  arrival  of  the  white  man,  as  shown  by  the  nge  of  the  trees  growing 
upon  them.  ()th(>r,  but  not  exaet.  signs  of  age  are  to  be  found  in  the  ehanges  of 
tiie  channel  sinci'  the  mounds  were  l)uilt,  the  greater  or  less  destruction  of  the 
mounds  by  the  river,  the  growth  of  swiiui|is  and  the  consolidation  of  the  shells 
th""Ugh  the  agency  of  ])ercolated  w.ifer  charged  with  lime. 

"Only  a  single  skull  of  tin-  iuiilders  has  been  found;  this  difters  from  the 
skulls  of  the  burial  mounds  in  being  huiger,  with  the  ridges  ,-ind  processes  more 
pronounced.  There  are  bones  from  other  parts  of  the  body  from  two  individuals, 
in  both  of  which  there  wna  the  flattening  of  the  tibia.  A  second  collection  of 
human  bones  was  fmind  embedded  in  saiulstone,  under  a  slielldicip  at  Hock 
Island,  liake  Monroe.  Only  a  part  of  the  skull  was  fouiul  ;  the  liliia-  witc  llat- 
tened,  but  no  other  i)eculiarilies  were  oliservcd. 

"Whether  the  builders  of  lli(>  mounds  were  the  same  peopl(>  as  Iho-e  found 
there  liy  the  Spaniards  and  the  rreiuli  is  uncertain.  The  .ilisence  of  pipes  in  all 
and  of  ]iotfery  in  some  of  the  mounds,  and  the  extri'Uie  I'.irity  of  orn.-imeiils.  are 
consistent  with  the  conclusion  tli;it  they  were  ii  different  people.  Tn  tlio.<e  nmy 
be  a(Med  the  negative  fact  that  no  iiulications  have  been  Ibuml  that  they  pr.ictised 


n'MMCU 


Itun 


:> '  'a 


Iti 


!-  ■  3  •    ■ 


The  coasts  of  Florida,  as  has  lieeii  stated,  ;ire  lined  with  \ast  acciininlalions 
of  marine!  shells  c.ist  away  by  tin-  former  population  of  th.'  peninsula.  I  will 
make  special  mention  of  those  locited  on  and  ne;ir  T.imp.i  i>fiy.  on  the  (iidf 
Coast,  which  have  ln-en  ex;imined  and  descriiied  by  .Mr.  S.  T.  W.alker.  connected 
with  the  United  States  Commission  of  Fish  iind  Fisheries. 

"The  materials  of  which  the  sliell-he.-ips  .-ire  composed."  he  remarks,  "Mre 
indicated  by  the  name  api)lied  to  them,  shells  constituting  by  Inr  the  lar-cr 
portion  of  tin;  mass,  differing  only  in  the  species  composing  lliein  ;  and  here  I 
will  st;ite  that,  iifter  diligent  search,  I  have  never  discovered  a  shell  in  these 
heaps  belonging  to  a  specie's  that  is  not  common  in  Tampa  l>ay  to-day.  The 
kinds  of  .shell  that  predominate  jire  those  which  .'ire  most  .abundant  in  the  im- 
mediate vicinity.  Thus,  if  the  mound  lie  located  near  oyster-li;irs.  ;is  on  b.iyous. 
or  near  the  mouths  of  creeks  or  rivers,  we  Iind  tluil  shell  constitnling  the  mass 
of  the  structure.  If  on  or  ne.ar  saiid-fbils,  we  tind  conelis,  cl.ims.  scidlo]is.  etc., 
predominating.     Intermingled  with  the  shell,  but  forming  only  a  small  part  of 

*  W>'imiii :  Krcsli-Wtttor  Sholl  MouiiJa;  pp.  80,  87. 


AKTIKiriAI,  SHKI,r,-l>RPOStT3. 


247 


tlio  iniiHM,  nro  cra1)s'  daws,  and  tlio  ])onos  of  tin'  fiirtlc,  sliark,  driiin-ri.-'li,  (Iimt, 
ami  S('a-I)ir(l.>*,  ncriirriiij,'  as  iiaiiicil.  tlic  Ihhh-s  of  tin-  turtle  luiiiL:  iii"st  pit  iilifiil. 
Uniki'ii  |inttcry  <'f  a  vt-rv  tliick,  licavy  pattern,  willmut  (irnanu'iit,  is  scattered 
nlioiit  tlie  sites  of  former  lirt-s.  Stone  ornaments  and  ai'row-lieads  are  sometimes 
found  on  the  surface,  l)Ut  never,  to  my  itnowiedye.  in  tlie  interior  of  tliese 
mounds."'"' 

Very  large  slioll-licapa  were  seen  1»y  Mr.  Walker  at  Shaw's  Point,  on  tlie 
month  of  ^fanatee  River.  Tiiey  extend  five  hundred  and  sixty-four  feet  ajonj.' 
the  shore,  and  are  from  tiftoen  to  twenty  feet  in  altitude  at  the  hiv:hest  points. 
The  sea  having  encroached  on  one  side  of  a  heap,  a  perpendicular  section  was 
presented,  onahling  ^fr.  W.-dker  to  distinLiuish  the  old  jin-places,  which  were 
gradindly  brought  to  a  higher  level,  proportionate  to  the  increase  of  the  hciip. 
A  representation  of  this  section,  accompanying  his  report,  shows  this  very 
plainly.!- 

Not  the  least  interesting  c'lservntions  made  l>y  Mr.  Walker  are  those  rela- 
ting to  the  gradual  progress  in  the  manufacture  of  pottery  found  in  the  shell- 
hoajts  of  Florida.  He  ))resents  a  diagnim  (reproduced  on  the  following  ])age), 
showing  !i  section  of  a  shell-iieap  .'it  ('cd.ir  Keys,  which  he  thinks  ii  lair  repre- 
sentation of  the  interior  of  Kloridiiin  shell-deposits  in  gcnend,  if  the  unusually 
thick  hivi'rof  soil  near  the  nnddle  of  the  mass  is  excepted.  This  .'section  w;is 
jii'odnced  hy  cutting  tlirough  the  mound  in  opening  .1  street.  I''ragments  of 
pottery  ;ire  pretty  uniformly  distrilmted  throughout  the  heap  from  the  bottom  to 
the  top;  liut  ,111  entire  ves.xel.  to  Mr.  Walker's  knowledge,  h.is  never  been  found 
in  any  of  the  shell-heaps  of  Florid.i.  Tin  three  .stages  marking  the  progre.xs 
in  the  ceramic  art  .are  thus  characterized  i)y  Mr.  Walker: — 

"In  all  the  large  shell-heaps  examined  hitherto  I  l.ive  invariably  fouml 
pottery  in  the  lowest  stnitum  of  shell,  and.  in  many  inst.-inces,  in  the  soil  bene.ath 
the  foundations,  which  I  regard  .as  coiK-hisivc  e\  ideiice  thtit  the  .aborigines  were 
nccpiainted  with  the  ;irt  of  t'aliric.iting  e.-irthenware  pots  long  before  they  begun 
the.se  vast  accumid.ations  of  siiell.     The  ;irt.  Iiowcmt,  w.is  in   its  rudest  st.nte. 

The  fr.-iLrments  are  thick,  heavy,  .and  co.irse.  tin niposing  cl.ay  often  contiiining 

a  mixtiiri-  of  co.-irse  sand  or  sm.all  pelibles.  The  utensils  were  of  l.-irge  size,  ;is 
shown  by  tin-  curves  of  the  t'r.ignn'iits,  and  rinlely  faslijoned.  ami  lhe\  were 
destitute  of  ;dl  iittempt  .'it  orn;nin'nt.  The  rims  were  plain,  ,nnl  were  iml  thick- 
ened or  re-ent'orced  to  increase  their  strength,  'i'liis  styh'  is  t'ounil  generally  for 
alxuit  three  or  four  feet  in  in'ii;ht,  ami  m.ay  be  said  to  represent  the  first  st.age. 
Above  this  a  gratlunl  change  is  perceptiiile,  the  two  styles  overlap|iing,  so  that 
it  is  ditlicult  to  .sav  where  one  begins  and  the  other  ends. 


»  WalKi'r:   l!i'|)iivl  on  tlii- Slirtl-II™|H  .if  'riiiii|itt  Hiiv,  Klciriilii;  SrnitlKi.niiiii  Ki'|Mirl  fur  \>*''.' ;  |i.  IIS. 
t  Ibiil.;  |i.  410,  etc. 


i 


m,W'      ' 

m 
m 


i'.     ''M 


t»   .  '■ 


tv'  I    I 

1^ .     I 


it 
k 


[I« 


t : 


(I  ■ 


(1 


t! .; 


In !  V-  •  . 


848 


I'HKIIISTOUIC    KISIIINO. 


•KflTinN  or  Bnrtl.'iiKAi'  at 
tkhaii  KieV" 

Six  inch r  niixl. ni  liiiil. 


(LntiT  »tii)(>'i. 

Klnotliin  ["itlrTy,  bi'iitilil'iilly  »t 
imiiK'iili'il.  Nciiily  itiiiili'  iiuii!' • 
incMli  III'  liiinc,  hIicII,  •■tc.  Axi'i", 
iirrcnv  iiiiil  !i|ii'iir  licii  l»  nf  Btmii"; 
ul>ii  -loiiK  lii-iiil"  mill  iiliji.'eta  nr 
iloiic  itHi-il  ill  CHiiii"'- 

TlllVO  ll'l't. 


Twi>   I'l'Ot  of   coil  cotitiiiiiiiiK   II 
few  rriii(iniiat>  of  |iottury. 


(MicMli'  Kiiii^o). 

Bi'ttor  imtliTV,  riiili'iy  iirim- 
iiii>ntc<cl,  I'riiiiilivn  ini|ili>in<'iii- 
of  liotii^  mill  hIii'II, 

Four  fi'et. 


"Till'  sccniid  Mlaiic  li(i\vi'\cr,  as  we  iiscond,  soim 
bocoim-M  pliiiiilv  ni'irkcil.  The  m.iIIm  i>\'  I  Ik-  iilcMisilH 
bccitinc  IliiiiiKT.  The  rims  nrc  tiininl  niilwnnl  ami 
Hliirlitly  lliicki'iicd.  Dots  ami  s(rai<jflit  lines  arc  cut 
iiitii  llic  sides  (if  till'  vessel  l»y  way  >>(  nriiameiit,  aiul 
till'  tliicKeiK'd  rims  are  snmetiiiu's  '  |)iiielied  '  like  |iie- 
crust  with  the  liiiu:ers.  Diiriiii:'  this  stn;re  the  savaj,'(> 
nrtist  tirst  Ix'uraii  to  mould  his  wares  in  rush-liaskets, 
wliieli  were  sulise(|Ui'ntl_v  lnirni'd  away,  leaving;  the 
vessel  curiously  <'heeked  as  thouLrh  it  had  been  j)r<'sse(l, 
wliile  wet.  with  coarse  clolh.  The  use  ol'  sand  or 
gravel  is  totally  aliaiidttiied  diiriiii.'  this  staire,  and  the 
quality  of  the  jxittery  is  in  every  way  improM'd.  Im- 
plements of  shell  iind  bone  are  sometimes  found  ;  but 
tlioy  are  generally  few  in  number  and  rude  in  man- 
ufacture. 

"This  briiii^s  us  to  a  portioji  of  the  shell-heap 
correspoiidini;-  in  position  with  the  two-feet  strjitnm 
of  soil  shown  in  the  diagram,  and  th.-il  str:iluiii  marks 
the  tr;iiisitioii-perio(l  between  tlie  middle  .•iiid  modern 
styles  of  Indian  pottery.  Immediately  below  this 
layer  of  soil  we  tiiid  the  curved  line  introduced  ill 
oriiiiiueiital  designs  on  the  utensils,  and  a  few  irag- 
monts  of  the  riin.s  of  pots  show  that  ears  begiin  to  b(( 
attached  to  tlieiii  for  the  convenience  of  sus|ieiision, 
und  that  the  thickness  of  tlu^  ware  was  reduced  by 
the  emi>loyment  of  better  in;u. 'rials.  Immediiitely 
over  the  stratum  of  soil  all  the  frjmiiienis  show  im- 
provement on  those  lielow.  New  patterns  .ire  intro- 
duced. ;iiiil  we  licL-'iii  to  Iind  fr.iLrmciits  of  dishes, 
bowls,  cups,  ns  well  as  those  of  jars  and  pots,  many  of  them  of  ele^jMiit  design 
and  of  a  superior  <|uality  of  w.ire.  Stmie  axes,  arrow-hcids.  Imne  and  shell  im- 
plements are  of  fri'ipient  occurrence. 

"As  we  ;ippro;icli  the  top,  mark- of  iiiiprov emeiit  tire  numerous.  .Ml  liie 
larger  pots  are  iiiriiishcd  with  numerous  ears,  through  which  string.*  might  lie 
run  for  suspension.  Vessels  , 'ire  sometimes  furnished  with  h.indles,  and  .•ill  Ihe 
timr  w.'ires  iire  rlabor.itely  orn;imoiiliil  with  zig/.ag-lines.  ciii-vr>.  dots.  aini.  in 
rare  cases,  with  tigiires  of  men  .•iiid  animals.     The  finest  w.ares  are   inv.irialiiv 


(GiirliiT  iitu);i'). 

Kuili',  liiiivy  |iotti:ry,  di'»liliili>  i 
of  oriiiuiii'iit. 

ThriM!  fort. 


II 


1  ,f     i  • 


^^r- 


AIlTrFICrAL  flllKLL-DEPOSITS 


MO 


fniiiid  oil  nr  jK'jir  llic  siirl'acc,  mid  aiimnt,'  thoni  we  llnd  llio  first  iiftiMiipt  of  the 
ab()ri;,'in(>M  a(  coloriiij^  tlii'ir  wni-U." 

Mr.  Wnlkf-r  tries  to  dotpnnino  tlio  tiino  noodod  for  tlic  ncciumilatioii  of  tlio 
difTcrcnt  strata,  and  (ittiiltiitcs.  as  [he  result  of  Iiis  (•.■ilciilatioiis.  an  au'e  of  oiio 
fluui.sand  years  to  tlieolde.st  sliell-lieai»s.  Vi-t.  lie  is  far  fr<iiii  iiiakiiif;  any  positive 
ns.sertioii.  "There  are  so  many  i)ossiliilitits  to  l»e  eiieouiitered,  "  lie  says,  "that 
the  f|uostion  of  a;;e  is  lost  aiiionf,'  them.  The  j^rowth  of  a  sliell-liea|)  de|)en<le(l, 
of  I'our.se,  ii|)(iii  the  number  of  peophf  livintr  in  the  \  ieinity,  th{>  eirciiiiistanec 
whether  their  residence  was  coiitiiiiioiis  or  occasional,  the  ahmuhmco  or  scarcity 
of  shell-lish,  and  many  other  accidents  too  niiiiK'roMs  to  mention.  Layers  of  soil 
in  difVereiit  parts  of  the  same  heap  show  that  portions  of  the  inn.*<s  eenscd  to 
prow  for  loni,'  periods  of  time,  while  tliii'k  strata  of  clean  shell  indicate  the  rapid 
and  continuous  growth  of  other  portions.  Future  investigations  may  throw 
more  light  on  this  sul)jeet,  at  pro.sent  involved  in  doulit  and  mystery.""- 

Alabaiiin. — Among  other  shell-heaps  on  the  co.asts  of  theCJiilf  of  Mexico, 
1  will  only  refer  to  tlio.su  on  the  Moliile  River,  Alabama,  ile.scriiied  iiy  Messrs. 
A.  S,  (Jiiiiies  and  K.  M.  <'iiniiiiighani. 

They  alludi!  to  the  great  number  of  such  (h'posits  on  the  banks  of  that 
river,  especi.'illy  upon  Simpson  l.-^land,  wliich  forms  the  delta  between  the  nioutlis 
of  the  Mobile  and  Teiis.is  Rivers.  "Many  of  them  are  the  sites  of  market- 
gardens,  and  the  shells  from  those  most  accessible  to  the  water  have  been  utilized 
ill  paving  the  stock-yards  of  the  railroads,  and  llie  groniids  around  the  cotlou 
warehouses  in  Mobile,  'i'lie  one  chiefly  examined  is  about  nineteen  miles  jibovo 
Mobile,  on  tli(>  laiul  of  the  Mobile  jind  Ohio  Railroad,  and  two  hundred  feet 
from  the  water's  edge.  Tlie  heaps  are  composed  almost  enlirely  of  cl.'im-shells, 
although  a  few  specimens  of  Area  incoiiffrxii,  Ncritiun,  Melanin,  and  Fnsus  rin- 
ercuH  are  met  witli."t 

There  w(>re  iii.  "  found  portions  of  fourteen  lium.in  skeletons,  pointed  bono 
implements,  tlioiisiiids  of  fragments  of  pottery,  ami  even  live  entire  vessels, 
now  ill  the  JN'iitioii.il  Museum. 


m 

f 

;t,';  ■ 


■    i 

4 


■if 


.  I- 

'■'I?' 


California  and  Orr/jon. — .Mr.  Paul  .Schumacher's  rejiorts  on  explor.itioiis  of 
shell-heaps  iind  village-sites  on  the  coasts  of  ('alifornia  and  Oregon,  and  on  the 
Santa  13arb;u',i  lsl,inds;j:  ,ire  known  to  all  wliotaJM'  an  interest  in  Xortli  American 
arcliieology.  In  view  of  the  many  fn-ts  presented  by  the  exphu'er,  it  would  bo 
a  rather  l;il)orious  task  to  give  ii  resume  of  his  results.  Fortunately,  however, 
Mr.  Schumacher  himself  has  publisiied  in  (lerinan  a  short  article — "  OUserva- 

»  Wiilkcr:  Till'  .\l...riniiics  ..f  KLuidii ;  Smitlisi.iiiuii  H<'|i.irt  r..r  1881 ;  p.  077,  «tc. 

f  (iiiiiii's  mill  ('iiiiiiiiigliHin  :  Shi'll-lii'ii|is  i>n  .Muliili)  Itivir ;  ,Sinitli«>iiiiin  Ut'port  f(ir  1877 ;  |i.  ^90. 

X  Hp(!  p.  110,  nolo. 

l{82 


'!4 

.  i 


■-■     •  ■'■^™^n.r^»i'3i»!.jiraBKia?' 


simautLitU 


2.'(» 


I'Ki.iiisronic  I'lsiiiNo. 


If  1 


'¥ 


lions  on  the  IJiiiiud  Alxn-iiiiiial  Villii;j;(>s  oii  the  V.-icilic  Cn.-ist  i>f  Xor'.li  Aiiicr- 
u-a"'-'- — wliit'li  I'liUy  iiiiswcrs  tliat  |>ur|>(isc,  and  is  liciv  rcpnidiici'd  ii>  an  una- 
l)riil,i,'('d,  tlioutrli  sdint'wiiat  I'lw,  translation  : — 

"  Tlu"  sli('ll-li('a|)s  (in  tliis  coast  nia''k  flio  sitos  of  lornicr  villaj^cs  of  tlio 
alioriuincs.  In  sonu'  cases,  lni\V(>vcr,  tlic  acciiniidations  of  sliclls  were  caused 
liy  occasional  visits  to  places  wliere  cdilije  niollnslis  arc  found  in  lari:(' (piantities. 
in  sncli  feiniiorarv  cani|iin!.'-irronnd~,  wliicli.  as  a  rnle,  an-  nnfa\oral>lv  situated 
tor  pernianenl  settlenicnts.  tlie  inollnsks  were  extracted  from  tlie  sliclls  in  order 
to  lie  trans]iorte(l  witii  greater  'acility  to  tlie  distant  villaL'e.  IJy  this  proce-s, 
ami  liv  the  iniiiMiii'rahle  me;. is  taken,  for  centni'ies.  on  the  sjiot  dnrinir  such 
visits,  shell-heels,  often  of  ,ast  extent,  were  formed.  W'e  notice  in  these  tem- 
porary  cam|iinLr-pIaccs  no  indications  of  the  former  existence  of  huts  ;  there  are 
no  tlini  Hakes — iiothiiii.'  tli;it  hetokeiis  the  maiiufact.ire  of  wea)ioiis  and  domestic 
utensil,-.;  ,nid  ura\cs,  likewise.  , are  waiitini.'.  All  we  timl  .ne  small  licajis  of 
colihle-.-tones.  almut  the  size  of  ;i  hand,  and  heariiii:  <li'  tinci  marks  of  the  action 
of  lire;  ami.  .•icconi|iaiiyinir  these,  charcoal  and  ;is!is — addilional  proofs  tli;it 
tiiey  represent  old  tiri'-places.     'I'lie  .-hells  in   thoe  teiiipor.'iry  i;impinL;-i;rounil« 

ai"alw;i\S  tllo-e  nf  nii'llusks  occilii'illLr  in  Ihe  ncii;hliorllo<'d.  W'e  see.  fur  in- 
stiinco.  U|  .11  the  downs  which  extend  tor  ;i  disl.-inie  of  twii\e  mile-  hclwcen 
I'oint  S.in  laiis  and  I'oint  Sal  (Soijtliern  raliforiiia  I  >e\eral  of  suih  shcll-jpids 
coMipo-ed  .alnio-t  exi'lusiv  ely  of  ,M  species  of  /./'c//(«.  w  hile  lhi\  contain  hut  a 
sm.ill  nunilM  r  it'  till'  !'( //v.s //((/vv //'//•/</.  and  'illifr  edil'ie  kind>;  Ikchs  ,,f  sni.all 
l.iiid-.inim.iN  and  tl-lies  ;,  proporlion.ally  \ery  r;ire  At  I'oint  Sal.  on  the  othrr 
h.'ind.  where  Wi'  oli.-er\cd  I  lie  remains  of  ;i  perm;inel,i  seldcnMiit  there  ••lie  foil  I  111 
not  only  the  shells  of  ;ill  lllollusks  wilidi  prosper  oil  the  K'cks  of  the  ncii;lilior- 
iiiL.' sea,  .Mi//ilii.'<  ciilifoniiaiiiis  ]ired..minant  aiiioirj  tlieiu,  Imt  alsu  iho-c  of  mmIi 
as  occur  oil  the  s.Miid-hanks  ne.ar  the  teiiipni'.iry  c;impinjjr-j.'rountls.  toirethcr  with 
all  .alii.i.d.ince  of  the  lioiics  of  various  liin<l  and  se;i-aiiinials.  It  w.iiiM  he  ditli- 
ciill  to  determine  whether  Mich  ]il.ices  were  considered  as  neiitr.'il.  or  whcthir  the 
niollusks  tin-re  caiit^hl  riacln  d  the  inhaliil.ant-  oj'  the  inlerinr  in  the  w.ay  of 
e\i'ii;int:o  I'or  ot  hn- products ;  imt  ihirecni  he  iioddulit  th.it  tiny  ulpt.ained  theiii. 
fur  we  di-co\ered  llieir  reimiiiis  t'arlher  nurth  mi  the  S.ml.i  .Miria  l{i\er.t 

•' The  \  i.w,  .'eliielillles  expressed,  lll.ll   I  he  ,shell-h.;ip>  were  luiill   lip    h\    the 

al"'i'i;:ines  for  liiri.il-purposi  s.  ;ind  wcrc>  tjradii.'illy  incre;i~rd  l.\  m..|iii;ir\  feasts, 

etc..  i-  W  liili-.  (  n  the  ciiiilr.irv  .  it  i-  p|n\  nl  Im  \  end  di'lllil  that  tlii\  ilidic;ile  the 
place-  of  alicicn;  sel  lellielits,  and  ale  the  k  ilclieli-refll-e  he.iped  lip  dlirilje  Iniiu' 
period-,  and.  In 'tin  i.  that  tlie\  inclose  era\e-  unly  in  ca>e>  wln-n   the  ^jioiind   is 


■ 


•  Si  hiiiniK  li- r      III  "Imi  lit'iii|;i>ii   III  ili'ii   M  rriilli'iii'ii    ImrliTii  iliT   I' n  iiiwiiliiHT  iiii  ili  r  |  iuIIIm  In  n    Ku-li-  in 
NiTilnMi.'ril.ii ;   Miltliiilui  i,'iii  il.T  Aiillirn|.Hl..i'iMlMin  Oconllri'liiin  in  Wlfiii  V"i.  VI,  IHJii,  ]•.  '.(H?  tfW, 
I  Niirllic'tii  I'li'iiiilui".  Ill' Siiiiiu  lliirliiiin  < ' 'iinty. 


AKTIIICIAI,   SIIKLL- DEPOSITS. 


251 


rocky,  and  roistcd  tlir  iniiiiilivc  iin|il('iiiriils  of  tin'  nntivos.  W'c  fiiid  imt  only 
llic  wliolc  mass  of  (lie  kiokUr"iiinii(liliiii;s  intfrmiiiLrltMl  w  illi  fraLniicnts  of  ilnmcslic 
iilciisils.  iiii|il('mciits,  ami  \voa|ioiis,  Imt  also  discover  on  tlic  snifacc.  as  ex  idciicrs 
of  iicrniaiR'iit  scllK'iiicnt.s.  round  depressions,  j:enerally  still  surrounded  liy  a 
circular  onil)niiki!ient.  wliieli  mark  tlie  sputs  wliere  tlu'  Iiuls  formerly  -tiMMl.  .\s 
fiirtlier  evidences  we  may  lueutiou  tlie  \viiikiiiLr-|iIaees.  uliere  ai'i'nw  dieads, 
kiiixi'S.  etc..  were  made,  as  is  slinwn  liy  tlie  iiresi-nce  of  flakes  of  clialcodony. 
Jasper,  Hint,  (p'aiiz.  -.'lisidian,  and  similar  kinds  of  stone,  as  well  as  i)y  tlie  tVe- 
ipunl  occurrence  of  liroken  and  lialf-liiiislied  arrow-jieads,  and  of  rouL'Iidiew  n 
discs,  alioiit  as  lar,L:c  as  a  liand.  in  wliii-li  shape  tlmse  niini'ral-siilislaiices.  wliicli 
<l(»  not  oceur  on  tlie  islands,  and  are  .also  mostly  wantini:-  alonj;  tlie  coast,  were 
importi'd  l>y  way  of  liarter.  Finally,  tliere  are  round  stones,  upon  wliicli.  hy 
means  of  hammer-stones  of  liTdor  suhstance,  wcajions  and  ])iercinir-tiHils  were 
liroujjfht  into  n  rudimentary  shape,  to  he  linished  afterward  with  a  Imiie  imide- 
meiit. 


'I'iie  tr.-ices  of  a   \illai;-e  of   the  iilHiriiriiies.  especially   wl 


leii   (leciirrin'j   in 


.:'!'assy  or  sidiil   ui'ound,  remind   the  ohser\er  <>(  -a  prnup  nf  cnhirLied   niole-li 
-iiiii<    ill.  lull    lia\iiii:  a  raised  i-ireuiiil'ereiice  or  emliaiikiiMiii . 


ho  diLiui'iL:'   nili 


one  III    Ihe-e  ca\  Itles  I'l'M 


als  the  sulplerraiiean  pail  of:,  hiil.  wliich  naclieil  .iliwiit 
four  fei'l  hi'liiw  the  siirl'ace.  The  IliHir  is  i-i((i'_'iii/aMe  hy  ;i  h.-ii'iler  Layer,  in  the 
mid-t  iif  wliieli  we  find  llie  lli'e-plaee  ami  charcii.il  ,111(1  jishi's.  The  sides  nf  till' 
iilll  r-.ilili'lillles  eail  sliil  lie  lr,ir"il  liy  ihr  |ircse|ice  i>['  s|i|it  luiards  nillliiliu:'  Ili'Vi- 
/■iiii.illy,  .'Hid  liy  \c'rlie;il  pi'.-ls.     Thiiii-li  till'  iiiider-i:riiiiii 


i.'irl    I-    iii.idiil.'iti'i'.il 


most  eases — almiit  tell  feet   sipiare — we  find,  nevertheless,  tli,il  the  pit  .as  imw 
I'll  (r.-irely  deeper   th.lll    twnor  three   feet,  though  ofli'n    very  sleepi   pre>i|ils    a 


roiiii 


!is|i   c.i\  \\\ .  ow  iiiLi    lo   ll 


le  rirciila 


I'  form  n|'  the  elilii.lliiuilelil   :inil    the  ,'ietii 


if  ihe  elrm(iil>  in  the  |ir<>"e>s  (if  lilliii'j;  ,i  deiiri'.--ii.ii 


111  JHii-e  -roiiin 


I.       I  II  Ore-. Ill 


we  fiiiiiid  eNc.'plicui.illy  se\  ei';il  sites  of  hill,-.  in(dos"d  hy  ;i  (pi.'idiiiater.il  |iroJect inn 
of  ,',irtli  :  sinh,  liowe\ei'.  dn'ilitless  date  from  the  period  df  white  iiiimiur.ilioii. 
,'iiii|  I"' !■'",, a-  it  were,  llh'  t I'.ni-it ion  iV.iiii  Indian  to  tr.ippers'  lulls,  such  , as  we 
ha,-  ;'i.i,  ed  ,1111. MIL,  Ihe  pT'-iiii  Kl.iiii.illi  In.li.ins.  .\s  a  pr<iiif  iherenf  «.■  lind 
in  tlie.se  cjises  the  w.M.d  shaped  w  il'i  the  axe,  while  in  ihe  old  sites  of  huts  il  is 
■  plil*  .'ind  ch.-irrid  at  the  ends.  The  siihterr^'.nean  p.iil  of  ,i  hut  is  pretty  iiiiieh 
the  s.ime  .'doim-  the  V  inde  cn.i^l.  ,ind  i.'-  only  excpti.inally  of  .i  loiiml  form  ;  luil 
in  till'  iniirr  .irr.niLienieiil  dillrrcii.-es  ;ire  nli-rr\  .ihie. 

'•  III  e\r,i\  .-itil,;:.  fi.r  illslaljie,  -e\el;il  silis  ..f  hnts  in    the  deserfi'd  chief  set- 

tli'iiieiit  nf  Ihe  Tii-iii-lo-ni.  (Ill  th>'  rii^lit  hank  <>(  Un-iie  Kiver,  alimil  the  miles 
(li-l,inl  from  its  mouth  lOreumil,  wc  fmind  the  licarth-caxity  placed  nii  one  <>( 
the  sides,  and   ah(i\e   it    a   draft-pass.'mc  wdrkii!    iVnm   liehiw    ihc  i  iidi.inkiiient. 


*  Willi  wi'ilgcK  111'  elk  liiirii,  wliuli  m'liir  iinitf  rrcniiciilly  him. mi;  tin' ili'bril. 


[irTTf 


«;, 


U' 


¥ 


I" 


I  i 


W:\ 


it» 


PRKHISTOHIC    riSIIINd. 


upw.-inl  In  til.'  surfiKv  (Tij.-.  ;j(5I).     At   Clirtl-c-sliin.  near  tlir  i tli  nf  I'ist..! 

Kivcr  (lilv.'wis.'  ill  ()rct;.iii).  we  alsti  IhuihI  tin-  li<'arlli  nii  mi.-  .-i.jr.  Init  witlicnil  a 
tlfal't-iiassau'i'.  At  .itluT  places  in  Orc-uii  tin-  (ir,.  wns  Kr|i(  in  ih,-  ccntr''  ..i'  the 
••artli-liiif.  ami  we  iiwulc  tlu-  siiiiu'  oltsiTvalioii  on  llic  ('aliliirniHii  niast,  .souih  nf 
San  FranciHco. 


Hlirfkrii 


Fin.  Ufll. — Huctioii  of  the  uiulor-yroiiiiil  |i:irt  (if  II  lull,     <)r((joil. 

"Thp  Miiporstnictuiv  of  the  Imt  <lt)iil>tless  cnrri'xpMmlcd  to  tho  form  of  tlio 
ciiiliankiih-iit  :  lioiim'  rircular,  ami  prnlialijy  tiM-iiiinatiiiu  niiiirally.  On  tin- 
Islaiiil  of  Han  Nidiolas.  in  tin-  Santa  l»arl>ara  Clianin'l."'  \vi'  foiiml  in  tlir  iniii-r 
ol'  niir  r\p|(iratiiiM'~  in  llif  interest  ft' tlir  SiiiitliMiiii.in   in-titntii'ii  lli.il  tlic  iVanic- 

wni'K  111'  tlio   linl>   rnnsi>le(l  of  eolossal    u  lialf-rilis,   wliieli    wiit   -n   pin i    tliat. 

ovviiiL'  to  llieir  iiirvatiire.  tin-  siiperstrintiiio  assiiineil  a  <i.iiiiiLil  I'orni.  ami  llins 
bore  some  reseiiililaiii'i'  to  a  liee-lii\r  It  wa*  only  (iii  tlie  i-^lam|s  lliat  wf  soiiio- 
tiiiies  saw  \vliali'-l)ir||('s  uscil  in-ti'ail  ot'  wood  in  lln'  eoiistrin  liMii  o|'  the  jmls. 

"  Tlierc  arc  iiiiiiiei-Miis  imiiealion-  tlial  iiiiu'Ii  ot'  tin'  \\<>yU  >>{'  llic  tinner 
inlialiitaiit-'  w.i-  perlnmied  in  tin-  open  air      'rim-  we  liml  all  plaei-  « In  re  a.Tow- 

lieail>.  Ix'ad-^.  ll~li-l k-,  mortars,  el  e.,  were  made,  loe;iteii  liet  Willi  tlie  -iile-  .it'  the 

lints.  .\riiis.  kiii\i-,  drills,  ,iiid  utlier  olijeets  of  the  flinty  iiiateri.d,  wliieli.  as 
.>l.iled.  Ii.'id  til  lie  ai'i|iiired  liv  iiii |  "I'tat ii  II,  were  iiiHiiiifaetniei!  ill  all  periiiain  lit 
seltleinelits  ;  and  so  were  tlie  lilinieroiis  lilortafs  ami  pestles,  wliiell  emisist  either 
ol'  saiidsldiie  iif  Itasalt.  In  these  latter  arlet'aels  not  only  ilie  nnilerial  varien 
aeeordillir  to  loe.alities.  lint  \\e  ,i|so  liudre  dill'erelit  deiri'ees  i  if  skill  III  t  heir  lll.lkc  ; 
while  tliiit  point'  t'rojii  dill'erent  pl.aees  v.iry  Inil  little,  if  maih' uf  ei|nally  _'ood 
ni;iliri,il.  In  some  distriets  the  mortars  are  i.|'  masterly  wnrkin.inship,  lie,iiiti- 
I'nlly  I'ormed,  and  ot'leii  richly  deeorated  with  inlaid  [liere-  of  -hell,  or  even  with 
well-e.xeeuteil  r.iiseil  seiilptiiri' ;   Init  in  ollnr  localities,  uliere  llii'  .-tone-enlter  was 

*  ,'^1111  Nil  <>lu«  I'luiiit  IS  u  ilmvrl,  liki' .'^iiii  .Mi^iii'l  mill  .Sun  Cli'iiii'iiti'  l>liiliil<,  T'l  iiniliini.;  l!irivi<  tin  ri' liut  it 
llltln  Knio  mill  u  I'i'U'  li>w  |iliiril«  |ivrliliiir  In  llii'  ciiiiiil ;  llii>  ><iil  >'<»mUU  nf  mitiilttiini'  nliil  liiitil(i>  uf  •mul,  Nn  nllinr 
liiU  ilr;ri.wii..il,  lliirir..ri-.  I>  iilitiiiiiiitili'.  Wiilir  i-  I'.iiiiul  m,  „n  ''•,■  i-rri'ii  inliiiiil*,  lli"iiitli  -liMrliii;!)-  .ill  «iMiii-  "f 
llii'iii  ,ShiiIii  I|ii-ii  Ir  Krti>>\ ,  lull  liiia  lui  lri'i><.  iiii  Siiiilii  I'riix  I'lniiil  iiii'iiiilnlii'Vvillnw*  mul  ■rriil>  "uk-  timu  in 
minii'  -I'ni^,  mill  ilicri'  i*  rinii  tin  laiidiiii;  ii  >niull  llr  um'il  |  itIuij i  llii'  ••iiillii>riinii'>  I  iiiiiiiinl  i.toWIIi  "I  lliiil  kiml 
nn  till'  ri.n-i  S.iiiiit  ('nlnlinii  anil  Hiinlii  Cruz  iirr  tli.'  llm  •!  i-liinil<  in  lln'  i  tmnni'l  ;  lln  I'Tiiiit  i«  likiwiT  l"li  rnlily 
will  tfr"wii  .lilli  >i  ruli-.'iik  iiml  iniiiiiiluiii'Uilluw  IHiill  tin  iIkIiI  laliinil'  Ahmiii'ii  iiinl  Snnln  lliirluirn  iiri  riH'k* 
mill  williMiii  wiitiT- •Snnln  Triii'.  nl'ini' liu«  II  It' <'k  uIiiIiimi  iIh' ,>tlii'r'>  mitir  in  r,'iiiiil  in  K|,riii|{>  Tli"  i  iiniuli- la 
iliiliKlilful,  .  "ro  ei|ir<'iiill\  llmt  '>r  Siinlu  I'liliilinu.  Tlii'  i-lmnl-  nri'  iint  inlinlm  il,  mul  niiri'i^'  iitilixiHl  ibT 
iuttii'Tiii>iii,4 


i 


I 


Altril'ICIAI,   SllKM.-liKl'oslTS, 


2r,'i 


less  pracfisi'd  in  liis  trade,  llicsc  cilijccts  arc  cliimHV,  (if  uiwlpj^'aiit  j-Iiaiii-,  ami 
fxliiltit  a  siialliiw  cavity.  Shell  iieads  and  (itlier  oriiainents  ut'  slioll  were  .ilniii- 
lianlly  made  on  the  islands,  ;iiul  |irnl»,ildy  served  as  articles  uf  Ir.ide.  The  fmr 
I'ookiny-ves.sels  df  potstnnc,  u.-ually  ;,'inluilar,  ;uid  wniiiL'liI  with  irreat  >kill, 
a|i|>ear  tn  have  heen  ini[)cirtarit  ulijects  ut'  iitirter.  The  iii,iti';-ial  »\'  which  they 
are  (•(niiju'sed  li.is  thus  tar  nut  heen  discovered  in  sifu  on  this  coast,  thouirii  there 
are  indications  that  it  occurs  in  Southern  <  alilornia.  The  pots,  i-ut  out  of  a  solid 
piece,  Miiisl  have  passed  into  coninieri'e  in  a  tinished  .-late;  for,  heiiiu-  nsu.illy 
\ery  c.ipacious,  the  raw  nial'Ti.il  of  the  larger  ones  cannot,  have  weii,'iied  less 
than  several  hundn-d  pound.>;  an>t  they  present,  nioi'eo\<'r,  so  much  .siniilarily 
in  slmpe  and  e.vecntioii,  that  their  distriiiution  \'v<>\n  our  cetnreof  nuinuf.icture 
.-ippe.'irs  IiiLrlily  prol.,ili|e.  TIhtc  is  hope  that  the  ipiarry  of  ihe  alMiriL;ini's  will 
he  discovereil :  ,ii|(l  il'  tiiat  happens,  and  in  coMllriiialion  of  our  snppoiition.  a 
iii.inufacturinir-pl.ice  has  theri-  exi>ted,  we  sh.all  i,Min  an  interestiUL.'  insiLriit  into 
the  nielhods  employed  i>y  the  natives  of  this  coast  in  one  of  iiicir  mecliani<al 
iirtH.* 

".\s  (he  implements  used  in  diu'irili.u'  the  ureMml  eoii-i>le(  at  lie-i  milv  of 
stone,  il  foiJi'W-  llial  ,1  rocky  cotidilion  of  the  Lrroiind  iiindered  ihe  hiyinu'  oiii  of 
a  V  illiiL'e,  and  lliiMvfore  r'e(piirei|  Hh'  deposition  uf  ,i  sir.itnm  o|'  ,i  more  viehliuM 
sn!isi,ii(ce.  whii'JMva--  presmiid  in  tlie  s.md,  e\ei'\  \\  here  ph  ntifiM  on  tiie  co,i-t. 
If.  ihi'i'el'ore,  ,1  n.-ilnrai,  e.isilx -wurK,  ,]  -round  was  w.anlin--  in  .1  lociljly  otheru  ise 
f,i\oralil\  -itnated  f'-r  a  ^;etl|emenl,  il  liec.ime  neeess.ary  'o  coxorlic'  surl'Mco  wiih 
a  layer  of  s.and.  corie- ponding-  to  tin- exteiil  of  ih,.  \ill,iueand  the  depiji  nf  the 
lints,  rpiiu  this  the  l.ilter  wen'  Imilt.  and  lh<'  kitehi'n-i'efu'^i'  lie.'.ni  to  areumu- 
l.iti',  ;rradn.Mlly  formim.' wli.il  ai'e  now  shelMie.ip-.  In  tlin-  pri'p.ired  \  ill  i-v-sites 
we  find  till-  ur.ixes  .ilways  in  ihe  .irlilicia!  s.aiid-ii.ink,  or — what  is  the  )*;[u\v — ihe 
slndl-hi'aps.  If,  Iiowcmt,  the  soil  is  sandy,  or  oiherwisi.  nf  a  yieldinu'  eh  .,ii-|e|-. 
We  lia\e  |o  loipj,  [,,!•  Iho  Mr.l\es  outside  of  the  ;ire,i  of  lln'  \  iljaue.  Tliey  consi-l 
in  the  .-oiiili.Tii   pari   "f  < '.ilifi.rni.i  ol'  a  lonnnunal  e\ca\  .iliipii,  .iImuii    ii\o  fret 

•  leep,  ill   wllleh   I  he  skeletons  .He    phired    in    ll.irrow    folnparl  nielil '.   jonil'd    eilhor 

of  -l;il»s  of  limestone  (common  on  ihi- co.i-t )  or  of  w  hale-lMnies.  They  nciier.illy 
are  deposited  in  layer-,  one  almxi'  ilic  other,  lyiiiu  on  the  ii.ick,  .and  lia\iiiL''  ihe 
knees  dr.i«  II  lip  Hill  llii-  po-iti,.ii  is  ,,tt,.|i  ili-liirl"'d  liy  the  repc  iinl  opcnin.^' 
of  the  ^ra\es.  In  order  t'l  eo|He\  .III  idea  of  ihc  jimiled  sp.ice  allowed  |m  the 
defuiii't  C.iliforni.in,  we  will  sl.ale  lli.il  a  lenielery  e\lendiiiL:' o\  er  .m  are.i  of  -i\ 
hiiiidreil  .-(|uare  t'eei  inclosed  m.-irly  four  hundi'ed  -keleions.  In  (ireucn  the  Inil 
of  ,1  dciil  iiatixew.is  ii-ei!  ,1-  his  trrave.  jit'ler  it  li.nl  Imiii  lairiied  down;  luii 
internieiit  in  -in::!!'  i.'r,i\es  ,also  took  pl.iee." 


i 


'I 


•  Mr.  S.JiiiiimiliiT  diM'Hvcriil  iiricrwriicj  |i<il<l<iiii'-<|ii!irri<'4  iiikI  |''>t  !'ai  tiriii  .ni  Sniila  ('iituliiiii  l-l:iiii|  lli 
iiri'iiUlil  o  r'<iiliiiiiril  ill  III"  "  Kli'Vinlli  Aiiiiiiul  lli'|Hir(  of  IIim  Tni-tri  «  nl'  Ihii  t'l'iiliocly  Mii-i'iiiii  uf  Aiiiirjrai 
Ar.liaitiliicy  nii.l  Klliii..li'«y,  '  1H7H  ;  |.  '^M,  .1.. 


!  ! 


y-^TTCiijjim 


364 


I'llKIIISTOHU;    hMSHINO. 


.1!    ' 


'  t 
I* 


V  -■■ 


I  am  iiiidcr  ohIiL'alii'iis  In  Majur  .1.  W.  I'liwcll  for  tli(>  fullowing  iiDticoof 
sli('ll-lii'a|».s  ill  tlu'  vicinity  ul'  San  Krani-isco.  wliicli  were  cxaiiiimMl  iiy  liiiii : — 

"Tin-  slidiTs  iif  San  I'rancisco.  San  I'aliin,  ami  Suisun  llay.-^,  in  ralilnrnia 
wort'  I'oi'nii'rly  ncciiiiicd  l)y  a  (rilx'  i<v  a  ininilit-r  n!'  (rilics  of  Imlians,  wlin,  ti»  a 
lai'!.'"'  <'\l(iit,  siili>istc(i  upnn  .•<Ii(H-li>li.  wliifh  alound  in  tin'  adjacrni  wators. 
'I'lif  >ii(>n'-lini*  fnlliiwinu'  all  nt"  tlicir  indrnlations  iiin>t  itc  s'-xcral  hundred  miles 
in  IcHLrlli.  Ill  till' ni'ii.;ldp.iiini,'  liills  ar.'  many  licaiitilul  .•^jirim.'s.  and  »vIu"it\<t 
siicli  a  sprini,'  or  any  small  |Mind  ol'  iVcsli  water  is  toiind,  a  mammntli  sliell-hea|>, 
<ir  sometimes  a  uroup  of  tliem.  ean  now  he  seen,  so  (Imt  altoMctlier  many  tlmn- 
xamls  of  tliem  still  exist,  iind  are  iiow  lield  to  lie  \aliialde  sources  of  fertiliziii!:- 
m.iteri.il.  <  tiie  ot'  tlie  mounds  examined  l>y  myself— not  llie  j.iru'e'.t  tlial  1  lia\e 
si'i  II  liy  ;iny  nie.ins — w.i-  three  hundred  yards  in  lenu'tli  and  eiirhly  yards  in 
width,  ami  a  shaft  sunk  (IiroiiLdi  the  shells  (o  the  \irL,'in  earth  helow  was  sixty- 
two  feet  in  depth.  In  the  heap  were  found,  hesides  the  shell-;,  many  hones  of 
iii;iinm;ils.  iiird>.  I'rpt ile>.  ;i(id  lishes.  showing'  that  the  peojde  had  .1  '.'ri'at  \;irietv 
(if  .'iniiii.'il  food.  .ViiinM.;  the  iiiaiiv  iiiijd^'ments  fi.iiihi  wiM'e  -;!oni>  inori;ii'-  and 
pestles,  doiihtless  Used,  .as  the  Indians  of  that  country  iiow  use  tlhin,  ciiietly  l'..r 
^.'lindiiiL'  ,iei-riis.  and  perhaps  .iNo  oth'-r  -^eed-  to  Miine  i  xteiil.  Tin'  .ailjaceiit  hills 
lire  coNcnd  with  the  oaks  of  ilie  I'.icitic  Co.i-^t.  which   furnish  a  ^irejil  aiiundance 

ol'   .icol'IIS." 

Mr.  I'll!  iiiiui'ii.  m<  that  llie  most  coiimioii  mo|lii-|>.-;  in  tim-i'  w, iters  , ire 
Sr/ii:(it/itl  riis  .\ii//allii,  i'i<\\¥..  T<'jiis  .ifuDiinrtl.  i'<<\lV..  Mt/roiiu/  misiitii.  {'u\ty..  ;ind 
Silj-iiliiuillK  urit/lis.  ^in\l\l\.  As  less  iVe'lUi'llI  lie  llli'iit  ji 'lied  I'hUiiii  fiiniiilfii:'..  Wtiod, 
( /tifit/i  lliiiit/11.1.  Wood.  l'iiri>iirii  s'fr'n'olii.  \,il.,  Crjifiliirhihiii  Slilhri,  .Midd..  .nid 
I'l'i/t/iiiloii  iiniriflttfii.'i,  ('n\\y.  All  liie  specio  here  named,  he  thiidis,  wero  I'ulen 
I'V  tin   ;il"'rii.;iiies. 

Sliell-liejips  near  Cape  Meiidoeino,  TTiimholdt  ("onnly,  <' diiVrnia.  were 
explored,  in  the  inlere^t  of  the  National  Mu.-enm.  hy  .Mr  .ioini  .1.  .McLean,  of 
Ihe  I'lliled  States  .'^i'.^nal  (  Mlice.  ,iiid  until  l.ili  I',  -taliojud  i(  C'ljie  .Mendocino. 
lie  loiiiiiniiiiiati  d.  in  (  d  ImImt,  I^S.'J,  ihe  follow  \\i:.-:  i|i-ciiptioii   .•'  these  depu-iis  : — 

■'.Viii'iil  ,1  iiiilc  ~iiiilh  of  ;i  ^iii.ill  ciicl^  which  .iiipii'r   into  ihe   IViciilc  .and 

IVmIii   w  hi.h   ih''  (  '.Ipe  Melidocili.i  li-hl  -holi  .1    c.iii   he  pl.lilliy  -ei-n.  their  ;il'e  ,1  l.-ii'iri' 

nuiiilM'r  ..f  .ilioi-iM^inal  -helllicip-.  Their  -it"  cover-  an  .area  exlendinu  .ihoul 
one-4piai'lei'  of  ;i  mile  norih  and  south  helween  sand  Iiiimv  p.irallel  to  the  ocean 
hoach.  and  .ahoiit  lil'ly  \  .irds  in  avei-.-i'.'e  width.  l'"oii\ -Iwo  di~tiiicl  h  ap".  ;jreal 
and  -mall,  .ire  s.allered  alroal  vNilliin  this  limiled  -p.ice.     'I'liei-e  is  no  ii  mil.irity 

ill  iheii    di-lrihlltion,  .'is  they   SMVi'  foriiivd  ;i"  il   happened    to  suit   li  ; lUeinelice 

of   the  -hell-lish  e;itin'_'   Illdiilll-' 

"Nine  of  these   hiiips  lm\e  heeii    Itiiill    up   in  a  conical   form  h\  suci-cHsive 


Mil  II  KIM,  >iii:i,!.-i>i;i'(>sn'.-4. 


255 


layrs  nf  -ln'll-,  Ixnics.  ,\\u\  cli.'irci'il  (imiIicM'.     N'mn*  vm-i  •*i.\\ti\\or  la'aps  arc  scat- 
tcrcil  aruiuitl  L'ciicrally,  jirMl<iii;,'c.!  nr  rtalti'iicl  niit  iindcr  llic  Ice  of  tli iiti:;iiniir( 


»H 


lul-duiics. 


N'lt   more  tliaii  a  ilozcti  vavictifM  of  *<!icli-<  appear  in   tlic  remains.     Very 


ItH'cjo  Hpccinicns  of  mussel-sliell-'   seem   to  preilominalc       N'  \t    in    pnim 


(|iU'ncy  arc  the  ccnnn 


loll    c!|lll    .ill'l    CIM-K|C.>|lC 


Til 


iiiuiicii  >ca-.-ii.iil  Ireipioiitly 


occu 


IS.  A  conical  slicil  is  ,t|so(|uiie  numerously  reprcseiitcl.  .\  iinivahc  willi 
.spiral  ciirt'c,  \rr\  ihicU  iihl  si'iiii-transpareiil,  comes  next  in  aliuinline.'.  The 
lattiT  is  ;.feiu'rally  lin-kcn  at  tlie  si'l",  the  aperture  t' ifiiiiiii.' a  liole  tliroiiLrh  the 
centre  at  ri^lit  aiii,'lc.>  wiih  it-  iiioiith.  This  mntilation  is  noticed  in  nearly  .ill 
of  the  spir.d-ciirved  -Iitjls.  ami  was  prolwddy  made  (,;y  the  pnrp'i-i' of  ■.•vtiMciinu' 
the  iiiolhisk  ;  l»iit  the  siiells  may  liave  hail  a  sidiscpieiit  ii-e  for  ornamental  pm- 
poscs  liy  slri'iiii/iij  ihem  torrcther.  A  '.'j'v.A  many  fraLjments  of  the  ahalone-shell 
{llnlfofi.t)  are  also  found.  Tlie  mussel  and  snail-shell>,  e>pe,  j  dly  the  former, 
are  vir\  iiia<  h  hroken  ii;'.  and  e\eeediii;.dv  iVia'de  ulien  foiiinl  \'.  iioh-. 


Nameroiis  portion-  of  w'laie-sktdetons  an-  met  willi,  the  jau-lioin's  of 


one 


fully  (iftccM  feet  iiiuh,  foruiinu:  »ii  arc'n  lo  the  entrance  of  the  Ocean  llou^i'  llnt.l. 
It  wa.s  carried  from  the  shcll-ln'ips  to  its  present  position  There  are  no  speci- 
ni'ciis  ,.f  pottery  fonai!  in  or  in  the  vicinitv  t'\'  the  sliclMn'aps. 

';Thi.s  locality  was  not  only  resorti'd  to  for  captiiriiiLr  and  con>iimiii'_'  the  d.dly 
fodil,  liiit  wa-i  also  a  workshop  of  (he  ahoriuines.  where  their  implement-^  of  u.ir 
mid  the  cha-e  witc  iiiaiiiifai  tnreil  as  n,imer(>ii>  tlinf  chips  and  impi  rfect  a'-vkw 
and  spe.ir  heads  pinvi'.  \\  i'liin  lie-  rnl'iis  of  a  iiiih  tlie-e  -pi'cimeii-.  ;iri'  in  lie 
found,  more  lii,",ii  a  llioiisaiid  of  tiiem  h:i\iiiir  liecii  pi. 'kid  up  li»  the  writer. 
Iiiisiness  and  pleasure  must  lia\c  Iieeii  coiidiiiied  in  no  >mail  de;.'ici- !>y  tliesc 
ancient  coa-liwcjlci-.  'I'hon^.ind- of  indiaas  niu-t  have  helpid  to  add  to  the 
lieiudit  of  till-  imin.  use  m,i>^  ol'  di'liris  throiiuii  iii.inv  .seller  ii  ions. 


•Sc\.r.p|  of  the  moine!-  were  carefullv  I'V.amiii'd.     ,\  '.nncji  w.i. 


(.iiu'  across 


the  ap.iA    and    then  aiiil  h' r  at    ri'.dit    aiii:les  w  ith    the  tir-l    ctiltii".'.     The  l.-ii'iri'st 
lie  i|i  till:-  csptiueii  show  I'd  ,, .  on.liin  ition  of  diells,  lioiics  of  anini.d--,  .and  eh.iri'ed 

(inilief  |o  llic  dep'll  of    four   fr.l.         The  -he|K  allil    lioli.-    |'.!|    in   pieci  .,   llpMll    iiei|l'_' 

exposed   to  till'  air.     Otl;er   ui'iuiid^   -liowed  a  .-imilac  c'liuliinal ioii  of  material, 
<lilVeriie_     ii.htly  in  ihe  depth  i<f  the  l.iver>. 

'•  There    ire  11"  shelK  ot' ,1  liy  de»criplion   found  .don:;  Ihe  iie.ii  h   jof  llxe  mill'- 

s  ailhw.ii'il  .i\\<'.   ihrec   mih'    norths  .irl.  e\ci-piinu:'  tli  i-e  on  and   in    (he  m.iuiuN. 


( '.iri't'iil  exHainilioii  o|"  t  h 


I'    I'l  M'IsS    I  '     I    I'  I 


-!i'     Ihe  hci'.-  a! 


]n\\    tide  oll'y    ~ho\\  -   "lie 

kii'.d  ol'  <ii  il-lish,  n,imel\ .  till' co'iie.d  -h.iped  iiniv.ihe. 

I'lie  tliiil  chippiin,'^  and  .11 1'w  and  -peirdieid-*  ,ire  net  e.eiiii.ed  lo  the 
iiiiiaediale  \  iciidly  of  the  hcips,  l«ul  iaa\  lie  t'oiiiel  at  loiiiieroiis  places  (or  (i\  e 
liiil.'s  alo>i-  the  Ipc.icli  ill  a  soiillierly  ilirictioii,  e-pe.i,i||\  nii  ihi'  slelterr  ,|  -iil,'  ,,f 
a  ".aiid-dmu' or  liJiitV      li  would  •^•■•\\\   ihal    tic  I  iidi.in  ^.it    down  lo  iii.iiiiii'.ietnre 


m 


I 


\:-'       \ 


266 


1M(KIII8TUI(1(;    I'lSIIINO. 


Hi 


J^i* 


I  I 


liis  iiiiplcim-iits  wlicrcvcr  tlu  in.itorial  wiis  most  convciiiciit  aixl  abmidaiit. 
Nimi-  111"  tin*  lar;;;«i'  im|ilciMrnlM,  such  as  axes,  li'iimiiors,  pestlos,  or  mortars  liiivo 
bcfii  t'tniiid.  cxccpliiiu  one,  a  wcallicr-woni  axe  nt"  soft  stone.  Tlio  latter  was 
fniiml  near  the  numth  ol'  the  en  ek." 

'I'h"  colieetion  of  stone  olijeets  sent  to  tlie  National  Museum  liy  Mr.  .MeLean 
eom|irises  chips,  tlakes.  rmle  inipleiuents,  liroUen  leal'-shapeil  implements, 
scrapi'rs,  ami  arrow-lieads,  of  j.'reen,  lirown  and  vellow  isli  jasper,  and  otlior  hII- 
ieious  material.  Tiie  shells  taken  from  llie.se  heaps  were  identitied  liy  .Mr.  Dall 
as  thosi-  of  Mt/fihts  ci/lifuniiinii's,  I'lii'inint  iTi^/mfa,  I'lirjuirn  sn.rinilti.  Acniitu 
fulfil.  .Iciiiiin  sjitrffi'iii,  Arniiiii  iiiitra.  Tapnt  sfiiiniiird.  I'lii)liix  (■ii/i/'onilcd,  Fissii- 
vi'lln  ii!<ii<fi(i.  f'/iri/soilminm  ilinis.  Iliilioti^  riijii<<i iia,  ClilorosfoDnt  f'litu'hruh',  C/tlorvn- 
foiini  /■rniniiiiiii.  .in  1  /li/i.r  TowiiKniilitiii'i.  'I'heri'  wei'e  further  found  plati's  of 
Crijitliiihitiiii  Stcllfvi  and  of  ;in  undetermined  specjcr,  x>^  Cliilmt.  a  lVa;.:nieiit  of  an 
£chhiiis-A\\'\\.  and  -onu'  teeth  of  canine  animals. 

Aliishii. —  In  descriliinu' a  nundiei' of  hone  dastdieads,  ohtained  li\  .Mr.  W  . 
II.  Dall  from  shelMicaps  on  the  .Aleutian  islands,  I  hrielly  indic;ii(.'  in  .  .(ird- 
ance  uiili  liis  staleniii.t.-.  the  i:enci-,il  clL-iractci'  nf  ihn-r  deposits,  ami  pn-cuiod 
also  some  of  ihe  eonelusinn>  therefrom  derived  l)_v  him." 

It  will  lie  renn-mhered  that  he  found  the  shelMieaps  on  I  he  islauil- lo  consist 

of  ilii successive  di'po-iits.  which,  he  thinks,  ni;irk  dilVcreiit  st;ii,'es  in  the  devei- 

o|)iu<'iil  of  the  pnpulation  lliat  li.ni  f'li'nifd    ihiiii       'i'l ,ii'!ic'st  i>v  /iffuni/  jh  liml 

is  eharaeleri/.ed  liy  tin- icliinus-l;iyrr.  wi.icli,  r(--tinu  on  ihe  n,;tur;d  .-nil,  consi>ir- 
almost    exidnsivi'ly   nf    the   l>rc«ken.   or   mllicr   pul\i'ri/ed,   t<-;.-   ..•■  !   spines  .if 

Fxliiiiim  /Jroliiir/iitiisis,  .\ir.i>-^  .  tlic  only  ^| ie^  of  its  kind   found    in    th.il  reirnm, 

and  oaten  raw  liy  the  present  Ahiiis  This  layer  i- ^pariiejly  iMleniii\eil  w  jtli 
shells  of  still  li\  inu  nmllusk-.  anionu  whicli  the-e  of  Mmliit/n  ruh/i/ri".  i'Memini;, 
Mi/fihis  riliilis,  liin..  /'(/»•;""'''  fini't.  M.-irlyn.  unl  I'lir/iiirit  ihrriiintHtm^ii.  Midd.. 
nniy  he  meniinned  ;i>  I'lini.'  nie-t  tVi'<pieiii.  This  lied.  \.ir\inLr  Irniii  i«ii  tn  three 
feet  in  ihickne-i-,  i-untained  n'nther  Imhics  of  \erlelir;ile>,  hut  ^uine  ti-h-linues, 
ami  ihe-ie  ill  \  ery  rare  in»l,iiice«  Tliere  were  mi  trac^  ,i|'  ih..  i|,>c  ,,|'  I'n-c  i.i.sei-x  - 
aide,  ;ind  le-  implement-  "f  we.ap^in-^  el'  Imiie  m-  -inne  occurred,  eveepiini;  rude 
liammer--l'ine>  w  iili    indeni.itinii- .ui    the   iiroad   side-.     The.»e -iin^M  -   -er\  ed  tor 

er.'M'kiiej   th iiim   and    -helK.      .No   I'em  lin--   lie.-ii'iiiL;  un    iLaviiruirniii   •iirred. 

ihoiii^h  Mr.  I>,dl  thiiii*-  that  r.il'i>  m'  rude  iimie-  ..|  -ime  kiiid  ttm>\  have  iieeii 
in  ll-^e.  The  people  wh'  |e|l  this  l.iyel.  ihe  explnrer  ei ill jectMisyt-*,  li\ed  in  an 
evtreliiejy   I'lW    -ta-je  ot'    liUllilll   i|e\  clopuielil ,  and   he  thillk>  thex    Wefi    .eldieted   (ii 

eaiinilialisiii,  thon<,di    he   h.is   l>iiiiid    im  coulinnatory  i-\  idence  nf  this   pradiie  in 

(he    dep"-it         lie    is    iiielineil    t.i    .issiull    ll'i    ler  s    thill    a    th and    \ear>    l-i    the 

acriimul  iti'1,1  of  the  stratum. 


•  .Si«.  |..  Ill  nf  lliis  w.irlt. 


AIMI!  |(  lAIi    SlIDM.-lilWOSirS. 


UptKi  tlii.s  fcliiinis-laycr  i">.II.,ws  unc  cKiniiuscil  of  lisli-ljiiiif.«i,  iiitcriniNod  with 
hIicIIn  of  iiinlliisks,  few  liinMioiics,  iiinl  traces  n)' ccliiiuis-slirlls  and  s|iiiic?<.  Tlit' 
«'liii-f  mass  nf  lliis  \t,'d,  liuwcvcr,  consisls  of  tisli-lMincs.  ci.iiiparti'il  to  siifli  a 
dcuTfi' lliat  Itar  and  |>ii-k-axi' were  rcciiiircd  in  niakintr  cxt'aAalitins.  It  rliarac- 
tci'izi's  what  .Mr.   Uall  calls  llic  /;',sA/«//-y»y/o(/.     Tlic  lliickncss  nf  (liis  >tratiini 


varies  iVoni  inic  to  three  feet  in  dill'crenl  linalities.     Tiic  fi- 


ii-reniain 


t'nund  in  it 


(nmslly  heads  and  \  criclir.e)  represent  tun  kinds  uf  .-alnnin,  ijic  end.  liaiiliut, 
and  M'veral  species  el'  JtcrriiijLrs.  seiilpiiis,  and  llinindi'rs.  .\nn'MM  t||,.  .1  it <  tacts 
niav  lie  nnMilioniMJ  smne  mt-sinkers  in  tin'  shapi'  nf  pililihs  nniclu'd  on  nppd.-ite 
sides.  'Cliesc.  however,  appi'ar.  accordinu'  |o  Mr.  I>all,  "  on  thi'  nppernmst  ^iir- 
t'ai-r  oj'  the  erhinii-davrr.  imlicatini;  that  to  the  priinitix  c  hand -nets  or  .-coop-nets, 
uitii  wim  li  the  rchinns-caters  niiurht  haNcseenred  their  t'ooil.  hail  hicn  added  the 
laru'cr,  more  i'l;ilioral<',  and  more  eH'cctivc  seini'."'^'  Then-  are  ne'iitioned.  as 
ocrnrrinu'  t"  the  llsli-lionc  layer,  sonn-what  rude  knives  of  the  kinil  denominated 
"  lish-kni\es."  >toiie  dart-hejids.  ami.  in  the  upper  portion  of  the  .siralnm.  har- 
pooit-lh'ad- o!  lii>Me.  Ii  is  ihoii^ht  proluMe  that  >kin-lio.its  came  into  use  dnrinu 
this  pi-riod.  Mr.  I»all  is  c.iret'nl  to  note  lln'  proirress  whieli  the  pi'esence  of  the 
alio\e-named  oiijects  implies;  yet  he  lay-  .-ome  stress  on  the  .ili>en<'e  of  charcoal 
in    ihe  de|posit.  anil  of  those  pecniiar  sidin.   |,iiiip>   in    which  lish-oil   could    have 


heeM  Inirmd  .1-  t'ml.     The  fi-h,  he  t'liidi 


were  eateli    |';|\\.  wlllell.  to   -oMle  e\|(|it. 


still  is  the  eustiim  of  the  .Mints.      'I'l  e  people  o|' lid.-  pi'iiod  are  >nppo>ed  to  have 
li\ed  in  iiiils  of  mats  or  skins,  leav  in.r  im  traces  lichind  them. 

The  /iDiifiiiif-fiiriin/.  liiially.  is  repi'cseitled  l.y  (he  uppermost  or  mamniaiiaii 
layer.  " 'I'ln- sii.irp  line  of  deiiniti"n  l"'t\\e,  n  the  eihiiin--layer  .-md  the  li-li-l»ini' 
layer.  whi<'h  siiuye-lcd  an  iiih-iirsioii  of  tisheriuen  upon  the  .  ehinophimi,  is  not. 
p.iralleleil  in  the  line  liciween  ihi- ami  the  mamm.diaii -traltiui  lln' distinction 
i-  I'eailiK  iHjirki'd  in  -in  .aciiial  -eeiioii  o|' ,1  -hell-licap  Inil  the  npjieriiiost  portion 
of  the  lt-li-lioiii'  lii'il  c.ailain-  -mhic  mamn  ilian  iinin  ..  .nel  liie  ni.iiiini.di.an  ImiI 
throiiirhonl.  Iml  particularly  at  it^  l»a-e,  contains  .1  I'.iir  prop-Hiioii  of  lish-hoin-. 
In  fact,  the  chaiiL'e  is  what  we  miuht  e.\pci-t  in  the  prov^re^-  ■•(  a  race  stimulated 
liy  new  1  mention  or  .•ipplieation  ■•!' means  w  hich  pl.iceil  new  ,  \  :iliial>le,  and  eai^eiiy- 


h."t     .Mr.    Dall    tound   tl 


Cll.       ) 


K'    iii.'immalian    1.     er 


aecepteil  power-  w  il  hill  their  na 
witryiw^  li-oiu  two  oi-  ihne  to  ciiiht  or  ten  feet  in  thickness,  ami  the  1  xlent  mi 
liie  depo.-its  of  Ihi-  pi  nod  denotes  a  considerahle  increase  of  the  popuhition. 
••  If  we  allow  ,1  Ihoiisaml  ye.irs  for  (he  duration  of  the  littoral  period,  or  depo- 
sition  of  tl ehiiiiis-layer   (and    i    am   di-posed    I"   do  soi.  then    I    think   ili.ii 

lifteeii   hundred  or  two  thoii-:ind  years  is  not  an  excessive  e-tim:ite  jiir  die  dura- 
tion 111'  the  ti>^hinu-    ind  hiiiitine-|ierioii«."i; 


•  tliill  ■  Oil  r-ii.  .•,  ■-i.ii  in  till-  Sh.  II  ll.-«|i«  of  thr  .%lfUtiim  Inlinil- ;  ]i.  fill. 
t  lliid.;  y.  «•.'. 

♦  ll.iil  ;  p.  7;;. 


Hi;: 


■.•:il 


II  :i:i 


H 


■Jt 


!. 


■i  ■ 


,  T  ■    '.1 


1>G8 


ntr.iiisToitic  risiiiNo. 


Mr.  Diill  ufivcs  a  loiii^  lint  (if  tlic  iiiMiiniinls  itnd  hinis  repr«'r<nilc(l  l»y  (lirir 
ivinaiiis  ill  llic  iImti' f*lrata  into  wliicli  lie  diviilcs  tlic  il('|iii.si(  nt'  tlic  hiiiiliiiLi;- 
prrinil.  AinniiH;  tiinii  an- various  |iliociii(- ami  ri'lat'caii  animals,  and  nianv  kinds 
of  liii(i>,  >iic!i  as  |)utrnis,  ijiills,  auks,  several  speries  of  ciders  and  oilier  ducks, 
etc.  ••  |{e;iiaiii>i  of  liouses  o|'  llie  lialt'-iiiidcrtrrouiid  Ivj"".  at"(ci'\vard  so  universal, 
a|i|)car  only  in  tlie  middle  stratum,  sliowin;;  tliat  not  until  tlieii  liad  tlie  jiopula- 
tion  so  multiplied  and  mutual  contideiice  sullieienlly  matured,  lor  tlie  nio|-(; 
;ineient,  leiiip'Tarv.  alMiM'-L:rounil  houses  to  \h"/\\\  to  lie  .supplanted  liy  more  siili- 
slantial  and  eomlortalile  .-tnietiires."' 

Durin;:  this  period  some  eookiim  ^va-<  ilone  in  the  open  air,  as  e\  ideiieed  liy 
tli<'  di-eo\er\'  of  stone  hearths  still  lieariiiu  the  mark- of  lire.  A  [xvt's\\  improve- 
ment is  pereei\alile  in  the  .ii'lieles  la^liioiK'd  liy  till'  h.'iiid  o|'  m.'in,  .ami  even 
allempis  at  ornamentation   ,ire   not  vv.intinu'.     There  wen'   I'ound   in   this  depo>il 

lalieediead'-  ol'  stone  and  lioiie.  or  iiolh  eiiliiliini'd.  Iiolie  har| lldieail>Y  o|'   hetter 

make  tlinii  those  diseovenil  in  the  li-h-lioiie  Layer,  wedu't's,  skili-drei^.sers,  , '11111 
awls.  ,'ill  of  lioiie,  stone  li-^h-kiiiN cs,  dish-sh.iped  l.imps  of  sloiie.  and  pt'rfor.ateil 
artiele- of  lioiie  or  ivory  liehiiiiriiii.'  to  k.'iyaks.  .ind  doiirned  to  ni.d\e  paddles  and 
d.irl-i  li-l  to  liieiii.  Tlie»e  la^t-n.'inii'd  accessories  to  lio:it>  oci'urred  in  the  upper 
pari  of  tlie  m.niim.'ili.'in  l.iyer.  in  whieh  uci-e  al>o  |'oiiii>l   lione  li.iiidh'>  for  dishes 

or  lia>ke|s,  lioiie  s| IIS.  ,'ind  other  article-  -imil.ir  to  those  ii>ed    liy  the  present 

Aleuts. 

.Mr.  |).iir>  meiiic.ir  i-  iindouliicdly  of  ;ri'e.it  interest;  vet  >oiiie  of  his  coii- 
cln-ioii-  iia\e  ijol  pa--  d  nil  lialleiiued  I  uoidd  lie  t;uilty  of  .m  oiiiis.-ioii  if  I 
failed  lo  :illiii|e  lo  ilic  di\ el uiuii' views  e.\pivs.-ed  liy  .Mr.  I\.in  I'elrolV.  him-rlf 
for  -•■\eral  ye.ir-  .111  explorer  in  those  rcLrioiis. 

.Mr.  I'etrolV  .'iLrn'c.s  will,  .Mr.  D.ill  that  the  theory  of  an  .\siatie  inHn\  of 
popiil.iiiMii  (i\  er  I  he  .Mniti.iii  ch.iin  of  i-l.'inds  i-  eiitin'ly  nnleiialile.  and  ih.il  they 

Uel'i'   I pled    from   thee.l-t,    htll    he  do.'-;   Hot    ihlllk    that    tlli"   lllilfratioli    look    pl.icc 

liefol'i'    llie    iliM'li|i..||  nf   till'    k .1  \  .1  k .  I'oll-idi'ri ll'.;    ih.lt    there    i.s    l|o    tillllier    oil    the 

inlands,  exceptiii'j-  drill-uoi„|,  whirli   he  coiisiiler-  entirely  until  for  the  maiiiif.ic- 

tlire    of    calloi's.    Ill'    e\  ell     f"!'    llie    e.in-lrilcl  ion    iif    |'afl>.       "Tile    .l-.-IIln  pt  ioll,"    he 

says,  "thai  ll iiiic-l  iiih.iliil.int  -  of  I  hr  .\li  iiliaii  i>l.'iiiils  \xere  w  ii  hoiil  ,i  k.ivak 

or  lioal  of  -oiiie  kind  is  liased  upon  ri'^''arehe.'«  in  the  -helMieap-*  of  ,'iliaiidoni  d 
\  ill.i'je--ile'<  oil  tlio-e  is|.'iiid.->:  liiit  a  k.iy.ik  with  a  \\  h.de-lione  nr  e\ en  ;i  uooileii 
fr.'ime  v\  iili'Mii    it-   modern  oriiaMienis  nf  ixory  .md   lione.  eonl, lined   no  m.-iterial 

th.lt  W  I  Ml  hi  «  ilh-t.-llld  dee,i\  ,ilid  lillal  ,il  i-ofpt  ion .  'riie  -k  ill-co\  elile^.  when  worn 
out  .'Mid  unlit  tor  ii.-e  a-  siieh.  w.is,  iio  iImmIiI.  ihiii  ;is  now,  cut  up  into  -traps  ;ind 
p.'itelie.-.  or  .ser\cd  as  I'ood    ill    time  of  famine,  w  liile  the  Irani iild   Ik' iilili/ed 

■   lliill     On  Siii'i'i'«»iiiii,  I'll'.;   y.'.t. 

;  I  r. !.  r  l'>  Kt^-«.  -i'.'l,  •iir>.  •2H:\.  ■.'HI,  -.':!.'>,  V:|M,  ^i'la,  -Jll,  uu'l  l.'r>,  m  |in  ■iiillhij  Ih.nr  iliirt  In  .i<|.  H"iii  \U-  ll-li- 
III  IM.'  mill  hiiiiiiniiilinti  ItiviTi, 


AllTIKK  lAI.   Slli;i,I,-I)KI>OSn'S. 


259 


ill  iii.iiiv  ways  that  woiilil  Icavo  no  trace  Ixliiml.  'I'lic  iiim'  alisciitt'  iVmii  llio 
liiwcr  strata  lit"  slii'll-lit'ai)s  of  aiiytliiiiu'  pointiiiLj  i'<  tin'  cxistfiic*' <if'  tlio  knynk 
I'aii  scarcely  lu'  cmisiilereil  as  proof  CDiiclusiNe  of' its  iinn-i'.xisteiice.  My  personal 
oliservatioiiH  liave  led  me  to  lielie\e  tliat  llie  remains  of  former  villn;;es  ami 
«|\velliiij,'s  foiiml  on  tiie  Aleutian  Island.^  and  tlie  continental  coast  of  Alaska  are 
not  of  the  anti(|iiily  ascrilied  to  them,  ^^'llel•e\l■r  I  had  llie  opportunity  to 
olisi'i've  sui'li  localities  at  Ion;,'  intei\als  of  tinu',  I  \vas  astonislied  at  the  rapidity 
with  which  nature  e\tin;.'uished  the  traces  of  man  liy  a  u'rowth  of  spha^rniiiii  and 
olhi'r  \eLretalioii,  Lrivin:;  to  llie  >ite  of  the  villa^'e  aliamloiied  lnit  a  few  years 
every  appearaii f  '_M'eat  antiipiily. 


The  ali>eiice  of  >|one  ami    Imiiic   imiilfmiMiI-  of  more  delicate  constrncti 


on 


from  llie  lower  strata  of  the  shell-iu'aps  can  easily  he  attrilmtrd  to  the  same 
cause  thai  explains  the  ahseiice  of  iron  implements  from  the  Upper  layers  that, 
mn.^t  lia\e  ai'ciiiiiulalcd  wilhin  lii>toric  limes.  Such  articles  were  the  product  of 
much  l.ilior.  and  cnii--ci|Uciitly  too  precious  to  he  lo>t.  At  e\ery  -uccessixo 
rcmo\al  from  one  dwelling-place  P.  another  all  >uch  prodi,cts  of  their  ini^eiiuity 
were  carefully  collected  and  removed  liy  the  ancient  Aleuts,  just  as  it  is  doiio 
now  with  reuiard  to  ii'oii  h\  the  nati\e>  of  liie  present  day. 

"III  the  setlleme|ll>  reliicil.'  from  the  Iradimr-celltres  the  people  of  Innilit 
stock  live  to-day  as  they  did  proliaMy  cenluric's  at;o,  iu  a  manner  not  at  all 
inconsi,>|eiit  with  tlu'  I'eiiiains  fouml  in  the  lower  slral;i  of  shell-lie;ip<.  I'Incii  tho 
preseiici- of  stoiie  and  hoiie  ari'ow  and  ^pear-lleads  is  no  true  iudii'ation  of  au'e,  a3 
they  are  manul'actiircd  at  ihe  proeiil  day,  a-  I  had  an  opportunity  to  witness 
frecpiiiill\  diiriu'.'  m\  Iraxels  in  remote  rcLiious. 

••The  time  reipiireil  for  the  lormatiiui  of  a  so-called  layer  of  '  kitchen-refiis(>  * 
found  miller  the  .-iles  of  Aleutian  or  liinuit  ilwi'llinus  I  am  also  inclined  to  think 
h'-^s  ih.iii  iiiclic.ileil  liy  .Mr.  |),iir<  calculation-.  .Xnyliodv  who  ha-  watched  ji 
heal  I  liy  1 II II  nil  t'aiiiily  in  the  process  of  ma  kin  ir  a  iikmI  on  the  lu>cioiis  echinus  or 
.«e,i-urc|iiii,  uoiild  iialiirally  ima^'ine  that  iu  the  cour-e  of  a  month  they  mi'j;lit 
pile  up  a  u'i'e.ii  cpi.inlily  of  "piiioii-  (h'liri-.  1  loth  ha mh  are  Kepi  lui-y  coii\c\  iim 
tlie  -e.i  rriiil  to  (he  cip.icioii-  nnuilli:  uilli  .i  -Killful  idiiiliined  actien  of  li'eth 
,'iiid  loiiuiie  llie  -hell  is  cr.icked.  llie  rich  cuitenl-  i'\t r.icleil,  and  the  lornier  falls 
ralllii'.;'  lo  the  ■ground  in  .i  c.  iiitiiiii>iu>  .-hower  of  fra'jmenls  iinlil  the  meal  is  con- 
cluded. A  f.imily  of  tliree  or  four  .idiill-,  and  pi'rliaps  an  eipial  numlier  of  chil- 
dren, will  leave  lieliind  them  .1  sliell-monuiiieiit  of  their  voracity  .i  fool  or  eiLrhteeii 
inches  in  hei-hi  after  a  -in.de  me.il.  In  I.MMliiie-  in  I'rince  W'ilJi.im  .•>oniid  I 
h  hi  .III  o|iporiiiirHy  1"  examine  ihe  cimp-siles  of  sea-o||er  hiinlers  i>ii  the  coast 
coiiii-iious  to  their  liiiiilinu:'-:roiinds.  Here  ihev  live  .ilmosi  excln~.i\ely  upon 
echinii-i,  cl.inis,  and  mu--eN,  w  liich  are  consumed  raw.  in  order  to  ;i\oid  huildiiiL,' 


lire-    ind    makiiiL' 


\  lelni 


'Uloke.  .iliil    ihereliv   dri\  ill-     llie    -eli-ili\e    >e;i-o|ter  iVoliI    llie 

er  -M'h  cireiim-taiices  diirimr  a  sin|L,do 


l\.       The    hiMp-  of    refu>e  cre.lteil    mid 


■■i'i 


'>.: 


■11 


•1 


:^ 


■4 


•  Ml 

•..4 


i. 

■' 

$ 

'«",. 
=!■■■ 

a: 


I' 


■* 


2(K) 


rmiiisToitK    I  isiiiNn. 


soasoii  wcri-  truly  a»foiii««liiii),'  in  .si/t'.     Tlirv  will  siiri'ly  inislcjul  tlir  iiigoiiiouH 
calculator  »\'  liir  antitiuitics  nf  sliclMicapH  a  lli(»ur<ainl  years  Iii-iht."'" 


*Potri>fl°:    Till'  l.itiiii  nf  iliK  ImiiiiiI  Tnl'"*  "II  th"  Aliiakit  Cciiiat;   AiiK'riiiiti  Nitlnriili-I.  IH83i  p.  ATI,  eic. 

Mr  Dull,  KltiT  Imvini;  rcml  nt  my  niiiicil  lln'  iirociiliiii;  otirnrix  fnnii  lii»  vvMik  imil  fi.im  Mr  I'llr.'irn  iirlirl", 
cniiiinunicnli'il  ti>  iii»  Ui"  r<<ll<<win),'  uliiti'iin'iit',  wlilili  I  tiil>i>  |ili>u<uri'  In  niiiKint;  kii>>wii : 

><  KtidwinK  lit  (ho  tiiiK'  Mr  IViri'lTi  nrtiiln  wiia  |iiililiilip>l  thul  lii'  hiul  ii>>  |>riiriiriil  lini<wl('il)(o  i>r  ulii'll  lii-n|><, 
Mini  tlinl  hi>  liilil  lii'ViT  ri'4iil>'il  or  ruiiiniiiiMl  for  uiiv  li'iii;tli  <>r  lilii"  in  tin'  AliMiliun  IkIuikI-,  iiikI,  t'iirtli<'rini<r(<,  lliiil- 
iiii;  llir  r.'iitcnt*  '•(  111!'  iirliili'  In  I'.ni-i.t  ihiiny  "I'  "pini'iH  rntlicr  lliiiii  riiil»,  I  iIkI  imt  iliiin  ii  wurili  iIp'  ixli'iiilrd 

<Mn'<iil''riili'>ii  ni'iii-iiry  In  ccirri'it  it«  nii"i I'litinin  iiml  iTn'rt      llnwiviT,  n*  tin'  liilliT  ii|i|"'iir  likvly  tn  |m««  iiit" 

scri'iiu  lltiTiiliir",  1  liiivi' iiviiilcil  iiiyiiir,  liy  iIim  kiml  |H'riiii««i'Mi  mI'  |)i  Itiiii,  "i"  llii'  iinvcnt  ii|i|iMrlii"ily  i.l'  ri'rii- 
fyln);  i>n<'  nr  two  nf  tlii'iii.  KuriTrlni;  to  my  wnrk  nii  tli"  Ali'Utiiui  iiIii<IMii'm|i<,  Mr.  IVlri'lV  iikitIIh'*  l»  iiik  llin 
ni»iim|>l it'll  '  Ihiit  lliu  ciirlii'i't  inhiiliilnnt*  W'-ni  wltliniit  ii  kynk  nr  In'iit  nf  ii"nii!  kind,'  I'lc.  On  |>iii;ii  M  •<(  my 
I'lipir  I  '•tiiti'  'tlicy  mil«t  liiivii  liinl  riiflii  nr  r>iil»  ciinopn  nf  khiiio  kind,  lilit  u<>  Irnri'  nf  tlii'lii  i*  li'fl  '  IIk  I'lnnidi'ri 
drift  W""d  iinlll  fur  niiikinui'iinnrn  nr  rvi'ii  nil'n ;  Iml  I  liiivi'  iiiyiic'ir»i'uii  tin'  |iri'«inl  Ali'iil*  r.in»iriiilini{  llin  iViiiin'i 
"i  lliiir  iHiHM'H  I'f  it.  Ill  fm'l,  nriirly  nil  tin'  Ii.ihI>  und  iiinm"'  innl  iiimli'  I'l'  I'lirk)  "f  Nnrllii'm  Alii'kii  iir"  ihihIh 
"T  drill-wnnd,  Imtli  oil  (lin  Yukon  iind  tlii'  I'liHt  Tlii"  liiipi'i'iK  Im'i'iiii-i'  III"  drift-woiiil  ronn  s  from  iIk'  ^hiIIi 
iii-lirn  roiii>t  or  llii'  lii'itds  iif  rivi'rn  In  tin'  •ciiitliwnnl,  iiiid  n  of  liir^ir  »i/.i'  lliiin  tlii'  ivonil  t;r..»iiii;  innnr  llin 
iinrtlii'rn  miui. 

"  Mr.  I'l'lrolf  lii'lii'Vi'-  lliiit  till'  ri'iiiuiin  nf  villnni*  nii  tin'  Aliiitiiiii  liil.iiid-  und  tin  loniiii'iiliil  i"iiil  iin'  imt 
I'f  llii'  iitilii|iiity  1 1  liiivi')  iiM'rllx'd  to  tlinm.  Ili>  i>|>oiikH  of  lim  ii«tnni«limvnt  nt  llii'  rHpidily  u  illi  wliii  li  i<|diiii;n<im 
'mill  olli.'r  vi'iji'tiitinn  '  i'XtinKUi»lii'd  tin'  Iriu'i'*  of  mini.  Thin  nmy  liu  true  for  tlio  I'oiiliiii'iliil  rmul,  wlicro  lif  Inn 
ri"'idi'<l.  iind  III  wliii'li  I  did  not  ri'lVr ;  il  in  irrtiiiiily  iiiitriin  I'nr  tliii  Ali'iitiuii  ■"land*,  wlii'm  il  i«  ii  iiiiillir  of  no- 
tnrii'ly  lliiil  llii'  ri'iimin"  of  villiit,'(«  iiliiitnloni'd  lu'fnri'  tin'   llii-<i«M  iidvi'iit  iiri'  dintin^iiiidiiiliiii  iil  llif  [.riji'iil  diiy  ii» 


fill 


r  114  tl ye  I'Hii   ri'in  II  ;  rvrn   iln'  [luth;!  forincrly  ii^i'd   l>y  tin'  iiilitil'iliiiiN  ri'timii)   liriirly  fir 


I'll!  vi>){i'liiti"n, 


und  ovir  ilin  villii(;r-''it< »  -|i|iiiuiiiiiii  i«  iiliiinat  iinklmnii,  u*  lln'y  iir"  iniirly  nil  i'otii|iiiriilivi'ly  lii'^'li  iiiid  Inliiiil'ly 
\v>  II  ilniiiii'd.  A«  to  llii'ir  iitilii|>iily,  I  aliiti'  (I.  i'.,  )>.  I'i'.'l  lliiit  '  I'Vi'ii  llm  inosl  Inx  liy|inllii'«ii>  will  imt  inrniil  ii>  |o 
iilti'iii|il  liny  rniii|>iiliitinn  I  f  till'  li'iii;lli  of  tiini' '  wliiili  It  Iiiim  tiikcn  to  form  lliii  liiyir*  IndirHtiiii;  villiii;i< Kilm 
(llnli-lionr  und  mumiiiiiliiiti  liiyrrn),  llnm^li  I  liuvr  >linwn  tlnil,  Kivi'ii  nrtniii  ktuli'd  mid  not  Inlii'iintly  im|iridiuldii 
(■••nditionn,  llin  ciirlliot  (u('lilnui>)  lityiT  niiijlit  Imvu  liccii  fnriin>d  within  I'ortiiin  i'nm|iuliilili'  liinitii.  All  iH-ymnl 
i>  nnly  iiti  u>ium|>ti  III.'     Mr.  I'l'tMirn  o|>iiiiiiii  tliiit  shnll  mid  liom'-lniiix  I'l^lit  or  ti'ii  fint 


llila  t  di'-lillrtlv  ■'tlltc 


tllirk 

III'. '  Il 


lii'x  '  mil 


't  III 


niiniiiliilrd  Within  hi-torii'  tiiin"  '  It  i»  ii"t  n ««iirv  to  i-lmniiliri/o,  if  hv 


if  liy  '  hi-l. 


n    mi'iiiiK  >inri'  till'  Kii'-iiiii  iidvinl  in   171'.'      If  hi'  iiii'mi«  tlin  limit*  nf  writliii  lii-lorv  of  iln 


ili/i'd 


nrld,  I  li'ivo  lintvln'ri'  rhiiiiM'il  iinytlniii;  i'i|uiil  In  li>iii,'Ili  tn  thul  piriod.      1 1  mili't  hn  riiin'iiihi'n  d  thul  within  llfly 


flir  Ihi'ir   llr'l   i'k|'|nrutioii   ihi'  Alnil- 


ndurrd   I'V  di-i 


ti»t',  iim*'«in'ri' 


i'l  'Inrviilioii  to  iihiiiit  llii'ir 


l>ri>>i>nl  I'l'i'iilulion,  not  niori'  lliuii  Ilini'  ihoiirHnd  >oiiU,  ulm  , ii|,y  ulli".;i'lln'r  li'«<  llinn  u  d'> 

latl,  thuii  I'xi'lrd  on  u  »lii^'li'  Imy  of  I'nnliinlika  lolund  |<ri'v|oiiiily. 


ill 


»(!'• 


I" 


Il  uoiild  hardly  Ix'  worth  whili>  In  i-oiiiiniin  ti'ilioii«  i'»|ilunnlion»  for  tin'  hi'iii'lll  of  riiiih'r'  wlin  nri'  »ii|i|>n«i'd 

iirh,  aftnr  rtiidyiiiu  with  lari!  tin'  fHrIa  rnlli'i'iid  in  iiiv  artii'ln  on  lhi> 


to  l,ii,,\v  ^,•hn'lllin'' 


anilii 


«>■ 


If 


Ali-iilitin  rlii'll  ln'it)ih,  ^liitll  llijil  a  morn  iiatiiifn 


III  K'lnn  lit  i'\|'liiiiulion  for  tlniii,  I  «liull  imt  rri;ri't  il. 


.«1 


EXTUACTS   |-M{(»M   VAKKU'S  NVUITINCJS 


SIXTI'IKNTII.  SKVKNTKKNTII.  KKIIITKKNTII,  AND  MNKTKKNTII  CKNTIJUIKS, 


IN     Wlllill     IlKrKIIKM'K     !'•     MAI'K     T<l 


AlKHlKilNAL  l'ISlllN(i    IN   NOillll   AM  Kill  (A.* 


Kifi'th  {//(Ills):   /{rsr/iiYlliiiilif  ilinl  \i/fiir-(ii:ir/iir/ifr  rail  (li'mihiiiil ;  iilnrnctzt  Viih 
Itr.J.  (I    Kniiiilz  :    llfrlin,   1763. — 'rr.iiislatinn  :   "In   1i>liiiii.'  tin' (in'rnliiiiilrr.- 


iisi 


ii'ciii  liiinks,  Mini  in   tin'ir  .ilisi-nci'  Inmks   in.nlr  nf  Ihr  Iiit,i-I-Ii 


MIC  111'    till'   III 


III 


('iilicil  iiiii'.  'I'lirir  li>i|iiii'_'-liiii-«  nrr  thin  iiinl  iiarrnw  slrijis  nt'  \vIi,iIi'Impih>  laiknl 
tiiu'i'tlnT  at  llif  rinls.  W'itli  sm'li  lini'^  lln-v  will  ilraw  n|i  a  liiiinlnil  li^li  In  uin- 
wliirli  niir  |ii'o|iIi' laki'  w  illi  llirir  liriii|Mn    liiirs.      IJnt  fur  ratdiiiiL;'   lialilnil    llirv 


ii-i'  liiirs  niai 


I.'  nf 


''cal-.-'kin.  ami  also  mii'  lii'in|ii>ii  lii 


I  I'auv 


I  .-III  I 


f'riiilf:  { /)inl'l):  T/lr  //istari/  nfd  riinlnnil  :  iiirlinliiii/  nil  Aciiiniil  iif  tlir  Mis^iinil 
rnrrird  III!  In/  f/ir  Iniful  lln  f/irni  in  f/inf  ('iniii/n/ :  /.dihIihi.  IS20:\' — "A  t'rw  uriin' 
cniimiiiii  salnmn    iiaxr  linn  .-I'di    in  rfitaiii    plafcs  (uf  ( irccnlainh,  Init    tlnx  I'ali 


LTcallv  slimt  iif  1 1 


•r  N 


nr\\a\  am 


I  nil 


iiT  ftiiintrii's  in  -i/r 


Till'  ( ircciilainli i'; 


fali'li  llicsc  tislii's  iimliT  till'  slmirs  willi  tlicir  hainl-.  m  .-liiki-  lln  ni  willi  a  ihmiii, 


III     llillli'  iif    ll'nll. 


At    I 


II'  ,<('a>iin  wlii'ii    till'  -aliiiiiii  .i-i'i'IhI    iVniii    lin'M'a  iiitn  lln' 


rivi'i's.  till'  iiali\i's  liiiilil  a  wi'ar  nf  >lnnr.-  ai-ms-  tin'  iimnll:  nt'  tin'  r-trram  al  lii\ 
watrr;  hVit  IIu'sc  ||i.'  Il-h  |ia-*>  willi  llic  lidi'.  ami  an'  Irll  in  llir  -liallnw-  ii\  lli 
t'!ISIlili'4  clili.  — 


Th 


ilinarv    Incitl  ni   tin'  ( ii'i'i'iilamliT^   i-   tin'   Aininidrsi  I.  m-  (o'ri'iilaml 


>^»\\\i>i\\.  Siihiiii  (Iniii/diiillciis.      Till'  N'l'w  I'liiimll.iml  iinii  'ill  lln'^i'  ti^ln"^  ('a| 


I'llllS. 


Till 


'■ti'in  i-  I'lir  Ir.'in  riiili.i>|\  iii|;  nil  curlj  iiikI  Lil.'t  imUi-.'<  ..T  ll-liint;,  n^.  praili  •■■1  I'V  tln'  Nc.rlli  Aim.ti.  uii 


Indiiiii''  uml  liiiiiiit«.     Th |'l<'iii  lili'ruliin'  ln'itriiii;  "ii  llic  imlivi'i  nl'  lln'  ii'rtlii'rii  hall'  "I'  Aimri'  ii  Miii{ht  liiivn 

I'imlilicl  nil-  1. 1  III,  i-i'ii.u  III"  Kivi'ii  iimliTiul  t'l  iir.iii»i'li'riililii  i'«li'iil ;  hill  il  ii  il'iihu'iil  wIh'IIht  iii.ti'  i'\lniil<  wmihl 
liaV"  luhli'il  iiiiicli  I'l  till' riiail'T'K  inf.. riiiiiil  111,  Kv''ii  in  lli.i-o  h'Ti'  im'siiit'il  il.'riilicii  i«  nil  wiinlini;.  1  liiivn 
iirraimi'il  lliii  I'xiriii'lt  ;;i'.i.;rii|ilil''allv,  li"  jiniiiii,;  Willi   (Iri'uiiliiiiil  itii'l  imiliiig  with  AliKkii,  T'lllnwiii);  ilm  |i||iii 


1'|m{,|,',| 


III   IIIV  lll'i'illltl 


I  .'I'  N.irlh  Al 


^hi'll-hi'lllis 


t  Till'  llrnl  I'lliil'iii  111'  iliK  (Il  riiiiiii  iTiijiiial  "f  tliii  wnrk  wn»  iiuhliihiil  iit  Hiirhy  ( PniMiuii  Siixniiy^  in   IT'l'i, 


Hiiil  it  will  I'lT  till'  llriil  tiiiii'  traii'-hili'il  iiiln  Kn^^li.h  in  tin'  lulli 
hul  Cnini. 


niiiK'.Mai'       Till'  aiitliiir'n  iiaiiii' wnn  nut  Criintz, 


(2(11) 


h"! 


•; 


%, 


^{^> 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


IIM  mil  2.5 


IM    11112,2 


illllM 

ill  4  0 


2.C 


1.8 


1.25      1.4       1 6 

6"     

► 

c^l 


% 


e- 


<s> 


% 


/A 


/ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


1 


I 


w.- 


W.r 


i/i 


f/> 


n 


A 


\ 


6^ 


liH 


262 


PREHISTORIC   FISHING. 


^i.  ■'!-,; 


Uu 


Thoy  are  about 'half  a  foot  long. They  flo  not  spawn  till  May  and  June, 

at  which  time  the  Greciilander.s  lade  out  whole  boat-loads  of  them  with  hoop 
sieves  strung  with  sinoAvs :  they  dry  tlicin  on  the  rocks  in  the  open  air,  and  store 
them  up  in  leathern  sacks,  or  cast-off  clothes,  for  their  winter  provision. 

"The  most  common  food  of  the  Greeiilanders,  next  to  the  Capclin,  is  the 
Lasher  Bullhead,  or  Ulke,  Scorjihis  Cottns,  Lin.  This  fish  may  be  found  at  any 
season  of  the  year  in  all  the  inlets  of  the  coast  in  deep  water,  and  is  caught  most 
plentifully  in  winter,  by  poor  women  and  children,  with  a  line  of  whalebone  or 
feathers  thirty  or  forty  fathoms  long.  A  blue  stone  is  fastened  to  the  end  of  this 
line  to  sink  it,  and  a  white  bone,  or  a  glass  bead,  or  a  bit  of  red  cloth  serves  as 
a  bait  for  the  hook. 

"  The  common  flouiuler  is  seen  on  these  coasts,  but  seldom  taken.  But  at 
certain  seasons  the  CJreenlanders  catch  groat  numbers  of  the  Holibut,  Flcuro- 
necfes  Ht/pof/Iossits,  with  large  fish-hooks  fastened  to  whale-bone  or  seal-gut  thongs, 
from  a  hundred  to  a  hundred  and  twenty  fathoms  in  length;  the  largest  are  a 
yard  and  an  half  or  two  yards  in  length,  about  half  as  broad,  and  a  full  span 
thick ;  they  weigh  from  a  hundred  to  two  hundred  pounds  and  upwards." 
(Vol.  I,  page  88,  etc.). 

"Of  the  whale-fishery  of  the  CJreenlauders,  it  is  to  be  observed  that  the 
proper  whale  and  Narwhal  are  only  caught  in  the  north  ;  the  Cachalot  and  smaller 
s])ecies  in  the  south  also.  Their  method  of  taking  the  Greenland  whale  is  as 
foUows  :  all  the  natives  who  engage  in  the  pursuit  i)ut  on  their  best  clothes  ;  for, 
according  to  a  saying  of  their  sorcerers,  if  any  one  of  the  company  wore  a  dirty 
dress,  especially  one  contaminated  by  a  ciead  body,  the  whale  would  fly  their 
approach,  and  even  though  killed  would  sink  to  the  bottom.  The  woinen  are 
forced  to  accompany  the  expedition,  partly  in  order  to  row,  partly  to  mend  the 
n\en's  clothes  and  boats,  should  they  get  torn  or  damaged.  Tiiey  assail  the  whale 
courageously  in  their  boats  and  kajaks,  darting  numerous  harpoons  into  his 
body.  The  large  seal-skin  bladdcM's  lied  to  these  weapons  ])revent  him  from 
sinking  deep  in  the  water.  As  soon  as  ho  is  tired  out  they  despatcji  him  with 
short  lances.  The  men  then  creep  into  their  fishing  dress,  which  is  composed  of 
seal-skin,  and  has  shoes,  stockings,  gloves  and  cap,  all  in  one  piece.  Thus 
equipped  they  jump  upon  the  whale,  or  even  stand  in  the  water  by  his  side, 
buoyed  up  by  their  swollen  dress.  They  cut  off  the  blubl)er  with  their  uncouth 
knives,  and  though  provided  with  such  ])oor  instruments,  are  very  expert  in 
exti'acting  the  whalelione  from  the  Jaws.  The  former  operation  is  a  scene  of  the 
utmost  confusion.  Men,  women,  and  children,  armed  with  pointed  knives,  tum- 
ble over  each  other's  backs,  every  one  striving  to  be  present  at  the  s])ort,  and  to 
have  a  share  in  the  spoil.  It  is  a  matter  of  wonder  to  a  spectator  liuw  they 
avoid  wounding  each  other  more  frequently.     However,  the  scullle  seldom  ends 


EXTRACTS. 


263 


without  bloodshed.     The  smaller  species  of  whales  they  catch  like  seals,  or  drive 
them  into  bays,  till  they  run  aground."     (Vol.  I,  page  120). 

"They  (the  boats)  are  of  two  kinds,  the  greater  i  nd  smaller.  The  great  or 
women's  boat.  Umiak,  is  commonly  from  si.K  to  eight  or  nine  fathoms  long,  from 
four  to  iivc  feet  broad,  and  three  deep.  It  is  narrowed  to  a  point  at  each  oxtrom- 
ity,  with  a  flat  bottom.  It  is  made  of  slender  laths,  about  three  fingers  broad, 
fastened  down  by  whalebone,  and  covered  with  tanned  seal-skin.  Two  ribs  run 
along  the  sides  parallel  to  the  keel,  meeting  together  at  the  head  and  stern. 
Across  these  three  beams,  thin  spars  are  mortised  in.  Short  posts  are  then  fitted 
to  the  ribs  to  support  the  gunwale  ;  and  as  they  ai'e  liable  to  be  forced  outwards 
by  the  pressure  of  the  transverse  bonclie.s  for  the  rowers,  of  which  there  arc  ten 
or  twelve,  they  are  hooped  in  on  the  outside  by  two  gunwale  ribs.  The  timbers 
are  not  fastened  by  iron  nails,  which  would  soon  rust  and  fret  holes  in  the  skin 
coating,  but  by  wooden  pins  or  whalebone.  The  Grcenlander  performs  his  work 
without  line  or  square,  taking  the  ]u'oporti()ns  by  his  eye,  which  he  does  with 
great  accuracy.  The  only  tools  which  he  em]>loys  for  this  and  every  other  kind 
of  work,  are  a  small  saw,  a  chisel,  which  when  fastened  on  a  wooden  handle 
serves  for  a  hatchet,  a  small  gimlet,  and  a  sharp-pointed  pocket-knife.''-  As  soon 
as  the  skeleton  of  the  boat  is  completed,  the  woman  covers  it  with  thick  seals' 
leather,  still  soft  from  the  dressing,  and  calks  the  interstices  with  old  fat,  so  that 
these  boats  are  much  less  leaky  than  wooden  ones,  the  seams  swelling  in  the 
water.     They  require  however  a  new  coating  almost  every  year. 

"  They  are  rowed  by  the  women,  commonly  by  four  at  a  time,  wiiile  one  man- 
ages the  helm.  It  would  be  scandalous  for  a  man  to  interfere,  except  he  were 
warranted  to  snatch  the  oars  by  a  case  of  e.\ti'eme  danger. 

"The  oars  are  short  with  a  broad  palm  like  a  shovel,  and  they  are  confined 
to  their  places  on  the  gunwale  by  leathern  groo\es.  At  the  head  of  the  boat, 
they  spread  a  sail  of  gutskins  sewed  together,  two  yards  high  and  three  broad. 
Rich  Greenlanders  make  their  sails  of  fine  white  linen  striped  with  red.  But 
they  can  only  sail  with  the  wind,  and  even  then  cannot  kee})  u])  with  an  European 
boat.  They  have  however  this  advantage,  that  they  can  make  way  with  their 
oars  much  faster  in  contrary  winds  or  a  calm.  In  these  boats  they  undertake 
voyages  of  from  four  to  eiglit  hundred  miles  nortli  and  south  along  the  coast, 
with  their  tents  and  all  their  goods,  besides  a  comjdement  of  ten  or  twenty  per- 
sons. T'he  men  however  keep  them  company  in  kajaks.  breaking  the  force  of 
the  waves  when  they  run  high,  and,  in  case  of  necessity,  holding  the  sides  of  the 


*  Thosn,  of  course,  iiro  not  tli«  orii;iiml  Eskimo  tools,  wliieli  worn  llmso  of  a  stono-iige  peoplo.  Yet  tlioy 
worked  nioleoric  iron  into  instnimonts.  Tliu  "  Corniite-renUii  dii  Con^Tos  IntorniUioniil  d'Anthropologio  ot 
d'Arcliuologio  Pr(^''istoriqiies,  0'°"  Session,  Uruxellos,  1872,"  "oonliiins  iin  intcrestinf;  artiolo  by  Professor -I.  S. 
Bteonstrup  on  the  subject.     It  is  entitleU  "  Siir  l'Eni[iloi  ilii  For  Moteorique  piir  les  Esuuimaux  Uu  Grtenliind." 


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264 


PUEHISTOIUC    FISHING. 


boat  in  equilibrium  witli  tlioir  liniuls.     Tlioy  commonly  sail  thirty  miles  a 

day. 

"The  small  man'.s  boat,  or  Knjal\  is  six  yards  long,  and  shaped  like  a 
weaver's  shuttle.  The  middle  is  not  a  loot  and  a  halt  broad,  ind  scarcely  a  foot 
in  depth.  It  is  constructed  of  lon.^-  laths  with  cross  hoops,  secured  by  whalebone, 
and  is  cased  in  seal-skin  leather.  Both  the  ends  of  the  boat  are  capped  with 
bone,  on  account  i  ;  the  friction  to  which  they  are  exposed  amongst  the  rocks. 
In  the  middle  of  the  leathern  covering  of  the  kajak  is  a  rouiul  hole  with  a  ring 
of  ^  jod  or  bono.  In  this  the  Greenlander  squats  down  upon  a  soft  fur,  the  hoop 
or  margin  reaching  up  to  his  hips,  and  tucks  his  water-pelt  or  great  coat  so  tightly 
round  him,  that  no  water  can  penetrate  into  the  boat.  This  water-coat  is  also 
fastened  close  round  his  neck  and  arms,  by  bone  buttons.  The  harpoon-dart  is 
strapped  to  the  kajak  at  his  side.  Before  him  lies  the  line  rolled  up,  and  behind 
him  the  bladder.  He  grasps  with  both  hands  the  middle  of  his  Paiifi/c,  or  oar, 
which  is  made  of  solid  deal  plated  with  metal  at  the  ends,  and  with  bone  along 
jhe  sides,  and  strikes  the  water  quickly  and  evenly,  beating  time.  Thus  equipped, 
he  sets  out  to  hunt  seals  or  sea-fowl,  with  spirits  as  elate  as  the  commander  of 
the  largest  man-of-war."     (Vol.  I,  page  137,  etc.). 

"  There  are  three  mct]u)ds  of  taking  the  seal ;  either  singly  with  the  bladder, 
or  in  company   by  the  clapper  hunt,  or  in  the  winter  on  the  ice. 

'•The  custoniary  method  is  that  in  whicli  the  harpoon  and  bladder  are  em- 
ployed. Tlie  Greenlander  seated  in  his  kajak  with  all  his  accoutrements,  no 
sooner  perceives  a  seal  than  he  approaches,  if  possible,  to  leeward  of  him,  with 
the  sun  on  his  back,  lest  ho  should  be  seen  or  scented  by  tlie  animal.  Concealing 
himself  behind  a  wave,  he  darts  swiftly  but  softly  forward,  till  he  arrives  within 
the  distance  of  live  or  six  fathoms,  taking  care  meanwhile,  that  the  harpoon, 
string,  and  bladder,  lie  in  proper  order,  lie  then  tnkes  the  i)addle  in  his  left 
hand,  and  seizing  the  harpoon  in  his  right,  lances  it  by  the  casting  board  at  the 
seal.  If  the  harpoon  sinks  deeper  than  tlie  barbs,  it  immediately  disengages 
itself  from  the  bone  joint,  and  that  again  i'rom  the  shaft,  while  the  siring  is  wound 
from  its  roller  in  the  kajak.  The  (u'eenlander,  the  moment  he  has  struck  the 
seal,  which  dives  down  with  the  velocity  of  an  arrow,  throws  the  bladder  after 
him  into  the  water.  lie  then  picks  up  the  floating  shaft,  and  restores  it  to  its 
groove  in  the  kajak.  The  liladder,  whicli  displaces  ji  body  of  water  of  more  than 
a  hundred  pounds  weight,  is  frecjuently  dragged  down  by  the  seal ;  but  the 
animal  is  so  wearied  liy  this  encumbrance,  that  he  is  obliged  to  reappear  on  the 
surface  in  about  a  quarter  of  an  hour  to  draw  breatli.  The  Greenlander,  on  per- 
ceiving the  bladder,  rows  up  to  it,  and  as  soon  as  the  seal  makes  his  ajipearance, 
wounds  him  with  the  great  barliless  lance;  and  this  he  repeats  as  often  the  ani- 
mal emerges  above  water,  till  it  is  quite  exhausted.     He  then  despatches  it  with 


EXTRACTS. 


265 


tlic  small  laiico,  and  tics  it  to  tlio  left  side  of  the  kajak,  after  inflating  the  cavity 

under  the  skin,  that  the  body  may  lloat  more  lightly  after  him. This 

solitary  method  of  seal-catching  only  succeeds  with  the  stupid  attarsoak. 

"  Several  in  company  pursue  the  cautious  kassigiak  and  the  attarsoit,  in  what 
is  called  the  Clapper-hunt,  surrounding  and  killing  them  in  great  numlters  at 
certain  seasons.  In  autumn  these  animals  generally  shoal  together  in  the  creeks, 
particularly  into  NepiHet  Sound  in  Baal's  River,  a  narrow  firth  upwards  of  four 
miles  in  length.  Tliere  the  Grcenlanders  cut  off  their  retreat,  and  drive  them 
under  water  by  shouting,  clapping,  and  throwing  stones.  The  seals  not  being 
able  to  remain  long  without  respiration,  are  soon  exhausted,  and  at  last  continue 
so  long  on  the  surface  that  they  may  be  conveniently  surrounded  and  killed  by  the 
A(iUk(ih\  or  missile  dart.  This  hunt  also  aifords  the  Grcenlanders  ample  scope 
for  dis[>laying  their  address.  Their  numceuvres  are  not  unlike  those  of  a  body 
of  hussars.  AVhen  the  seal  emerges,  they  all  rush  upon  him  like  falcons  with 
deafening  cries,  and  on  the  animal's  diving,  which  he  is  (piickly  compelled  to  do, 
the  whole  ])arty  retire  in  an  instant  to  their  posts,  watching  to  see  at  what  spot 
he  will  rise  ne.xt.  This  is  generally  half  a  mile  from  the  former  place.  If  the 
seal  has  the  range  of  a  sheet  of  water  four  or  live  miles  s(|uarc,  he  will  keep  the 
huntsmen  in  play  for  two  hours  before  he  is  totally  exlnuisted.  Should  he  retire 
to  the  land  in  his  distress,  he  is  assailed  with  sticks  and  stones  by  the  women 
and  cliildren.  while  the  men  strike  him  in  the  rear.  This  is  a  very  lucrative  as 
well  as  lively  diversion  to  the  (ireenlanders.  A  single  man  sometimes  receives 
nine  or  ten  seals  for  his  share  in  a  day. 

"  The  third  method  of  seal-catching,  on  the  ice,  is  principally  practised  in 
Disko,  where  the  iirths  are  frozen  over  in  winter.  They  are  taken  in  several 
ways.  The  Greenlander  posts  himself  near  a  breathing  hole  which  the  seal  has 
made,  sitting  upon  a  stool,  with  his  feet  resting  on  another  lower  one,  to  prevent 
the  effects  of  the  cold.  When  a  seal  comes  and  |)uts  its  nose  to  the  hide,  he  im- 
mediately strikes  it  with  his  harpoon ;  then  enlarging  the  opening,  he  draws  out 
his  ])ri/.e  ;ind  kills  it  outright.  At  other  times  he  lies  upon  his  belly  on  a  kind 
of  sledge,  near  one  of  the  holes  at  whicli  the  seals  come  fortii  t"  bask  in  the  sun. 
A  smaller  aperture  is  nnule  not  far  from  the  large  one,  into  which  another  Green- 
lander  puts  a  harpoon  with  a  very  long  shaft.  Tie  that  lies  on  th(>  ice,  watches 
at  the  great  hole  till  he  jierceives  a  seal  coming  towards  tlie  harpoon.  He  then 
makes  a  signal  to  his  companiiin,  who  forcible  drives  down  his  har[)oon  into  the 
seal . 

"  When  the  hunter  descries  a  seal  basking  nenr  his  hole  on  the  ice,  he  crawls 
towards  it  on  his  belly,  waguing  his  head  and  imitating  its  peculiar  grunt.  The 
incautious  animal,  mistaking  him  for  one  of  its  companions,  suffers  him  to 
approach  near  enough  to  throw  his  lance. 

"Again,  when  the  current  has  made  a  large  opening  in  the  ice  in  spring,  the 
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PBEIIISTORIC  FISHING. 


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Grcenlandcrs,  planting  tliomsclves  round  it.  wait  till  the  seals  approach  in  droves 
to  the  brink  for  air,  and  kill  them  with  their  harpoons.  Many  of  these  creatures 
likewise  meet  with  their  death  while  sleeping  and  snoring  in  the  sun."  (Vol. 
I,  page  142,  etc.).''- 

LIoi/(l  {T.  G.  li.):  On  the  Beothucs,  a  Tribe  of  Hed  Indians,  supposed  fo  be 
cxfincf,  iv/iick  fonncrli/  inhabited  NnvfonndJand ;  Journal  of  the  Anthropolotfical 
Institute  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland ;  Vol.  IV,  187 5. ■]•—''  The  Canoe  (IMate  II I ; 
here  Fig.  362)  peculiar  to  these  Indians  comes  next  to  be  considered.  The  prin- 
ciple on  which  the  Red  Indian's  canoe  is  constructed  is  perhaps  nowhere  else  to 
be  met  with.  It  has  in  a  way  no  bottom  at  all,  the  side  beginning  at  the  very 
keel,  and  from  thence  running  up  in  a  straight  line  to  the  edge  or  guuwi'.le.  A 
transverse  section  of  it  at  any  part  whatever  makes  an  acute  angle,  only  tl>at  it 
is  not  sharpened  to  a  perfect  angular  point,  but  is  somewhat  rounded  to  take  in 
the  slight  rod  which  serves  by  way  of  a  keel.  This  rod  is  thickest  in  the  middle 
(being  in  that  part  about  the  size  of  the  handle  of  a  common  hatchet),  tapering 
each  way,  and  terminating  with  the  slender  curved  extremities  of  the  canoe. 
The  form  of  the  keel  will,  then,  it  is  evident,  bo  the  same  with  the  outline  of  the 
longitudinal  section,  which,  when  represented  on  paper,  is  nearly,  if  not  exactly, 
tlie  half  of  an  ellipse,  longitudinally  divided.  Having  thus  drawn  the  keel, 
whose  two  ends  become  also  similar  stems  to  the  canoe,  the  side  may  easily  bo 
cdniplcted  after  this  manner:  perpendicular  to  the  middle  of  the  keel,  and  at 
l\\(i-thirds  the  height  of  its  extremities,  make  a  point;  between  this  central  and 
the  extreme  points,  describe  e.<oh  way  a  catenarian  arch,  with  a  free  curve,  and 
you  will  have  the  form  of  the  side,  as  well  as  a  section  of  the  canoe,  for  their 


i','; 


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is-  S  : 


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Fia.  3G2. — Cauoo  of  tho  Beotliucs,  Newlbiiiullaiid. 


*  Many  ol'llio  di'liiils  lioro  givon  liy  Crnn/.  nro  <'iiritaiiic(]  in  Hnns  Ej;e(l(''s  I'lirlici'  wcrl;  on  Grccnlnnil.  I  Imvo 
lirilVrri'tl  qiiolin;;  I'riini  Cnmz,  liwuiiso  liis  ilesi'ripliniis  aio  mure  (elaborate 

f  The  substam  e  nf  this  nrtiolc  is  taken  from  a  writlon  narrative  of  iiii  cxjicditiiMi  to  the  ilistrii't  inliabitcd  liy 
tbo  Ik'otbui's,  un(l<'rlaken  in  the  vciir  I'dS-  by  ('u|jtain  .lolm  Carlwri;;lit.  His  orii;inal  niantisi'ri|it  was  in  18"r>  in 
the  ]iossossion  of  llie  Protestant  Uishop  of  Nnwfounilhind.  Mr.  Lloyd  obtained  iicrniission  to  transeribo  as  nuieh 
of  the  document  as  served  his  purpose.  He  gives  no  aeeoiint  of  fishing  as  practised  by  the  Beotliucs,  probably 
because  Captain  Cartwright's  manuscript  contains  none  ;  but,  as  I  have  inchuled  in  this  work  descriptions  of 
boats,  I  thought  it  proper  to  insert  here  that  of  the  rcmnrkuble  canoes  in  use  among  tho  natives  of  Newfound- 
land.— The  extract  from  De  Lad  folli>winc  next  refers  to  the  same  subject. 


%m 


II 


KXTRACTS. 


267 


cliiVorciicc  is  so  very  slight  as  not  be  discernible  by  tlie  eye,  wliieli  will  bo  clearly 
comprehended  on  recollecting  that  the  side,  as  I  before  said,  begins  at  the  keel. 
The  coat,  or  shell,  of  the  canoe  is  made  of  the  largest  and  fairest  sheets  of  birch 
bark  that  can  be  procured,  itt,  f(/rni  being  nothing  more  than  two  sides  joined 
together,  where  the  keel  is  to  be  introduced.  It  is  very  easily  sewn  together 
entire.  The  sewing  is  perfectly  neat,  and  jjerformed  with  spruce  roots,  split  to 
the  jiroper  size.  The  portion  along  the  gunwale  is  like  our  neatest  basket-work. 
The  seams  are  jiayed  over  with  a  sort  of  gum,  which  api)ears  to  be  a  ]n'eparation 
of  turpentine,  oil,  and  red  ochre,  which  efl'ectually  resists  all  the  ell'ects  of  the 
water.  The  sides  are  kept  apart,  and  their  proper  distance  preserved,  by  means 
of  a  thwart  of  about  the  thickness  of  two  tingers,  whose  ends  are  looped  on  the 
rising  i)oints  above  mentioned  in  the  middle  of  the  gunwale.  The  extension 
cau:^ed  when  this  thwart  is  introduced  lessens  in  some  desrec  the  length  of  the 
canoe  by  drawing  in  still  more  its  curling  ends  ;  it  also  fixes  the  extreme  breadth 
in  the  middle,  which  is  requisite  in  a  vessel  having  similar  stems,  and  intended 
i-or  advancing  with  either  of  them  foremost,  as  occasion  may  require,  and  by 
bulging  out  their  sides  gives  them  a  i)erceptible  convexity,  much  more  beautiful 
than  their  lirst  form.  The  gunwales  are  made  with  tapering  sticks,  two  on  each 
side,  the  thick  ends  of  which  meet  on  the  rising  points  of  the  main  thwart,  and, 
being  moulded  to  the  shape  of  the  canoe,  their  smaller  ends  terminate  with  those 
of  the  keel  rod  in  the  extremities  of  each  stem.  On  the  outside  of  the  proper 
gunwales,  with  which  they  exactly  correspond,  and  coTinected  with  them  by  a  few 
thongs,  are  also  false  gunwales,  iixed  there  for  the  ]iur[)ose  of  fenders.  The 
inside  is  lined  entirely  with  sticks,  or  ribs,  two  or  lliree  inches  In'oad,  cut  Hat 
and  thin,  and  ])laced  lengthwise,  over  which  again  others  are  crossed,  which, 
being  bent  in  the  middle,  extend  up  each  side  to  the  gunwale,  where  they  are 
secured,  serving  as  timbers.  A  shut  thwart  near  each  end,  to  prevent  the  canoe 
fi'om  twisting  or  being  bulged  more  open  than  proper,  makes  it  complete.  It 
may  readily  be  conceived,  from  its  form  and  light  fabric,  that,  being  ])Ut  into  the 
water,  it  would  lie  flat  on  one  side,  with  the  keel  and  gunwale  both  at  the  surface, 
but,  being  ballasted  with  stones,  it  settles  down  to  a  proper  depth  in  the  water, 
and  then  swims  upright,  when  a  covering  of  sods  and  moss  being  laid  on  the 
stones,  the  Indians  kneel  on  them,  and  manage  the  canoe  with  paddles.  In  fine 
weather  they  sometimes  set  a  sail  on  a  very  slight  mast,  fastened  ti>  the  middle 
thwart,  but  this  is  a  practice  for  which  their  delicate  and  unsteady  barks  are  liy 
no  means  calculated.  A  canoe  about  fourteen  feet  long  is  about  four  feet  wide 
in  the  middle."      (Page  i'(),  etc.). 

De  Lnet  {Joannes):  jVovvs  Orbis  scu  Dcscripfionis  Ind'nv  Orcideiifalia  Lihri 
XVIII;  Lvfiil  Bat.,  7^55.— Translation :  [The  inhabitants  of  Xewf(Uindlaud, 
their  condition  and  manners].     "Their  boats  are  made  of  the  bark  of  trees,  at 


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268 


PKEHISTOUIC   KISIIING. 


most  twenty  feet  long,  about  five  feet  wide,  and  in  the  form  of  a  lialf-moon,  being 
raised  and  curved  at  botli  ends  ;  tliej'  carry  live  persons  at  tiie  most.  By  means 
of  tliese  very  light  vessels  they -jut  the  waves  with  great  velocity,  and  they  carry 
them  on  their  shoulders  in  case  of  need;  for,  having  no  fixed  dwelling-places, 
they  roam  about  lilvc  nomads,  ami  very  often  change  their  abodes,  either  on  the 
spur  of  necessity,  or  when  it  appears  convenient  to  them."     (Page  34).''' 

Do  (Jhamplahi  {Le  Sietir):  Voyages  et  Dcscovveriercs  faifen  en  In  NovveUe 
France,  dejiiiis  Vamu'e  1615.  iiisqiics  d  la  fin  de  Vannce  1618 ;  Paris,  1619;  (Eitvrcs 
do  C7iamj>lain  p  ibliics  par  VAhbe  C.-IL  Lavcrdicre ;  Vol.  IV,  Qiirbec,  1870. — 
Translation:  [Ilurons].  " Tlie  men  make  the  nets  to  capture  fish  in  summer 
as  well  as  in  winter,  when  they  generally  fish,  reaching  their  prey  even  below 
the  ice,  either  with  the  line  or  the  seine. 

"  They  perform  this  kind  of  fishing  by  making  several  holes  in  a  round 
through  the  ice,  that  by  which  they  have  to  draw  up  the  seine  being  some  five 
feet  long  and  three  feet  wide.  At  this  opening  they  begin  to  let  down  their  net, 
which  is  attached  to  a  wooden  pole  from  six  to  seven  feet  long,  and  having 
brought  it  under  the  ice,  they  move  this  pole  witli  the  net  from  hole  to  hole, 
where  it  is  seized  by  a  man  or  two  through  the  holes ;  and  this  they  continue 
until  the  opening  of  five  or  six  feet  is  reached.  This  done,  they  let  go  the  net, 
which  sinks  to  the  bottom  of  the  water  by  means  of  certain  small  stones  attached 
to  the  end;  and  afterward  they  draw  it  up  by  its  two  ends,  and  thus  secure  the 
fish  caught  in  it.  This  is  in  short  the  method  they  employ  in  fishing  during 
winter."     (Page  101). f 

Sagard  Thcodat  {Le  F.  Gabriel):  Ilistoire  du  Canada  et  Voyages  que  les  Frercs 
Mineurs  Itccollects  y  on  faicts  pour  la  Conucrsion  des  Injidclles,  etc.;  Paris,  1636 ; 
Paris  reprint  of  1866. — Translation  :  [Ilurons].  "  From  the  (H)rdago  which  tlic 
women  and  girls  have  prepared,  the  men,  during  winter,  make  nets  and  seines 
for  catching  fish  even  under  the  ice,  by  means  of  holes  cut  in  different  places, 

*  [Incola)  Terra)  Novaj,  corum  hiibitus  &  mures].  "  Uymbns  ipsis  ex  corticibus  arbortini  cciriipositcc,  viyinti 
ut  pluriinum  pedes  longEC,  quinque  luit  circiter  Iiitin  &  sciiiilunio  in  inmluin,  uA  proram  ntquc  puppim  crectic  iitqiio 
incurvic,  quinqiio  lid  suinmum  vectorum  capnccs;  illis  ulpoto  lovissimis  undiis  siimmii  volocitiito  secKiit,  <'H«dem 
qmiiii  opus  fiierit  huineris  j^cstunt;  niim  iiu  stiitis  quidcm  scdibus  so  continent,  scd  vagi  Noniiidiim  instiir  siopius 
httbitiitionc'S  mutant,  prout  illos  aul  necessiliis  eogit,  aut  commoditns  invitat. " 

f  "  Les  bonimcs  font  les  rets  pour  pesclier,  &  prondre  le  poisson  en  esto  coinme  en  byucr,  ipi'iU  jiesehent  ordi- 
nnirement,  &  prcnnent  le  poisson  iusqucs  soubs  la  glace  iV  la  ligne,  ou  i\  la  seine. 

"  Kl  la  fa<,'on  de  ocsto  pcsclie  est  telle,  qu'ils  font  plusieurs  trous  en  rond  sur  la  i;laie,  &  ocluy  par  oi\  \h  doib- 
uont  tirer  la  suino  a  quelqiie  cinq  pi'cds  do  long,  &  trois  [lii'ds  do  large,  puis  eoinni>>n';ent  (.lic)  par  cesto  ouuerture 
a  mettre  leur  Ulet,  lesquels  ils  attaciicnt  i\  vne  porclie  do  buis,  de  six  A  sept  pieds  do  long,  &  la  nu'ttent  dessoiibs  la 
glare,  &  font  courir  ecsto  poreho  do  trou  en  trou,  oi"i  vn  bonunc,  ou  deux,  mottent  les  mains  par  les  trous,  proniint 
la  pi'rclie  ou  est  altaelio  vn  bout  du  lllet,  iusques  a  oe  qu'ils  viennont  ioindre  I'ouuorturo  de  cinq  i\  six  pieds.  Co 
faict,  ils  hiissent  couller  le  rets  au  funds  de  I'eau,  qui  va  bas,  par  le  moyen  do  cerlaines  potites  pierrcs  qu'ils  atta- 
ebent  au  bout,  &  estans  nu  fonds  do  I'eau,  ils  le  retirent  i\  force  do  bras  par  ces  deux  bouts,  &  ainsi  amcnent  le 
poisson  qui  se  trouuo  prins  dedans.     Voila  la  fa9on  en  brof  comme  ils  en  vsont  pour  leur  pescho  en  byuer." 


KXTKACTS. 


269 


]l\ 


proceeding  in  tlie  following  way:  by  heavy  blows  with  an  axo  tlipy  make  a  hole 
of  sufficient  size  in  the  ice  of  a  lake  or  rivor ;  they  make  smaller  ones  at  a  cer- 
tain distance  from  oach  other,  and  by  means  of  a  pole  they  pass  a  string  from 
hole  to  hole  below  the  ice;  this  string,  as  lung  as  tlic  not  to  bo  extended,  rc-u'lies 
to  the  last  hole,  and  by  drawing  it  forward  tlie  whole  net  attached  to  it  is  stretched 
out  in  the  water.  To  examine  the  net,  it  is  drawn  through  tlie  largest  opening, 
and  the  fish  taken  out.  Afterwanl  it  is  only  necessary  to  draw  back  the  string 
for  stretching  the  net  again,  the  iiolc  simply  serving  for  passing  the  string  the 
first  time."     (Vol.  I,  page  245).* 

"We  found  in  the  bellies  of  several  large  fishes  hooks  made  of  a  piece  of 
wood  and  a  bone,  so  i>laced  ax  to  form  a  hook,  and  very  neatly  l)ound  togetlier 
with  hemp ;  but  the  line  being  too  weak  for  drawing  on  board  su(!h  large  tishes, 
the  result  was  the  loss  of  the  labor  of  the  fishermen,  and  of  the  hooks  thrown 
into  the  sea  by  them  ;  for,  in  verity,  there  are  in  this  freali-water  sea  sturgeon, 
assihendos,  trout,  and  i)ike  of  such  monstrous  size,  that  larger  ones  cainiut  be 
seen  anywhere  else,  not  to  sp  ak  of  several  other  kinds  of  lisli  tliere  caught, 
which  are  here  (in  Europe)  unknown."     (Vol.  Ill,  page  588).-|- 

"As  for  the  fishes  found  in  the  rivers  and  lakes  in  the  country  of  our  Ilurons, 
and  particularly  in  the  fresh-water  sea,  the  principal  arc  the  Assiiu^ndo,  of  whicli 
we  have  spoken  elsewhere,  and  trout,  called  Ahouyoche  by  them,  wliich  are 
mostly  of  extraordinary  size,  insomuch  that  I  have  not  seen  there  any  that  were 
not  bigger  than  tlie  largest  we  have  on  this  side;  tlieir  flesh  is  ordinarily  red, 
though  in  some  of  a  yellow  or  orange  color,  yet  of  excellent  taste. 

"The  pike,  called  Soruissan,  which  they  catch  here  also  with  the  sturgeon, 
called  Ilixrahon,  astonish   people,  for  some  are  of  iiiarvehuis  size,  and  inure  ])al- 

atable  tlij;n  any  of  our  species  of  fish. Some  weeks  after  the  season  for 

catching  large  fish,  they  imrsue  the  capture  of  the  Einchataun,  a  kind  sumewliat 


*  "  Pendant  I'llyncr,  (111  fiU't  i|iie  li's  tVninuw  &  lllU'S  "lit  ilispdse,  Ics  1iciinini.'.s  on  fiiiit  ili'S  rots  &  soinos  pour 
|icsclicr  &  jiromlrc  lo  puissnn  iiisrjnos  smis  la  i^laoo,  par  lo  nioyc^n  dos  trolls  (jirils  y  fiint  on  pUi.^iours  on'lri>its,  dmit 
on  voioy  la  niotliodo, 

"  lis  font  a  ;;iiinils  ooiips  do  liaolio  iin  Iron  assoz  grandiOot  dans  la  glaoo  d'liii  lao  on  dc^  la  riniino;  ils  on  font 
d'autros  plus  potits  d'ospauos  on  ospiioos,  &  auoc  dos  pcrclios  ils  ]iassoiil  iino  lisooUi,'  do  Irons  on  Irons  par  dis.-ons  la 
i;Iace  :  costo  (isooUo  anssi  Irtngiio  quo  los  rots  qn'on  vi'iit  tondro,  so  va  arrostor  an  dornior  Iron,  jmr  lotjio-l  on  tiro, 
Aon  ostond  dodaiis  i'oan  toiito  la  rots  ([iii  liiy  est  attaolio.  (^iiand  on  los  vonL  visiti^r,  on  los  rotiri'  jiar  la  ]ilns 
graiido  onnortiiro,  ponr  on  rooiioillir  lo  poissori,  puis  il  no  I'ant  (juc  rotiror  la  fisoollo  pcair  li's  rotondro,  los  porolios 
no  soriians  ijira  passi^r  la  proinioro  fois  la  lisoollo." 

f  "  Nous  troiinasnios  dans  li)  vontro  do  plusiuiirs  grands  pois-ons,  dos  ains  faiots  d'lin  nioroi'an  d(^  bens  aooomn- 
inodo  aiioo  iiu  os,  qui  soriioil  do  oroolict  &  lio  fort  proproinont  aui'o  do  lour  oliannri',  -mis  la  ronlo  trop  foiblo  ponr 
tiror  a  liord  do  si  ijros  poissons,  uuoit  faiot  pcrdro  &  la  pcino  &  li'S  uins  do  ooiix  ipii  lo.  auoiont  iottoz  on  inor,  oar 
voritaldomont  il  y  a  dans  octto  inor  douoo  do3  osturgoons,  assihondos,  truittos  &  l)rooliots,  si  inonstruonsoinont 
i;rands  qii'il  no  s'on  voit  point  aillours  do  j)lu3  gro3,  nou  plus  quo  do  plusiuurs  uutres  ospeces  do  poissons  qu'on  y 
po-i'!io  ,S;  qui  nous  snnt  ioy  inotignus." 


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270 


rMEUISTOKIC   I'lSlllNd. 


rcsombling  our  barbel,  and  about  a  foot  ami  a  half  or  a  little  loss  in  length  :  this 
llsl)  serves  to  give  taste  to  their  sagauiite'"  during  winter. 

"Jn  another  scast)n  they  catch  with  the  seine  a  certain  kind  of  iish,  whi(!h 
seem  to  correspond  to  our  smallest  herrings,  and  which  thev  eat  fresh  or  buc- 

cancd. They  also  catch  several  other  species  of  fish  ;  but  as  they  are 

unknown  to  us,  ami  as  similar  ones  are  not  found  in  our  rivers,  I  make  no  men- 
tion of  tiiem. 

"  Eel  in  the  proper  season  is  an  invaluable  article  to  our  Montagnais.  I 
have  admired  the  extreme  abundance  of  this  fish  in  some  of  the  rivers  of  our 
Canada,  where  every  year  uncountable  hundreds  are  caught.  They  come  just  in 
time,  for,  were  it  not  for  this  succor,  one  would  be  greatly  embarrassed,  more 
especially  in  some  months  of  the  year;  the  savages  and  the  members  of  our 
orders  use  them  as  meat  sent  by  Heaven  for  their  relief  and  solacre.  They  catch 
them  in  two  ways :  with  a  wicker  basket,  or  with  a  harpoon  during  night  by  the 
liglit  of  fire.  They  construct  with  some  ingenuity  wicker  baskets,  long  and  wide, 
and  large  enough  to  hold  five  or  si.\  eels.  When  the  sea  is  low,  they  deposit 
them  on  the  sand  in  a  suitable  remote  place,  securing  them  in  a  mariner  that  the 
tide  cannot  carry  them  olf.  At  both  sides  they  heap  up  stones,  which  extend 
like  a  chain  or  small  wall  on  both  sides,  in  order  that  the  fish,  which  always 
seeks  the  bottom,  in  encountering  this  obstacle,  may  glide  slowly  toward  the 
aperture  of  the  basket  to  which  the  stones  lead.  When  the  sea  has  risen,  it 
covers  the  baskets;  and  after  it  has  subsided  again,  they  are  examined.  Some- 
times hundred  or  two  hundred  eels  are  found  at  one  tide;  sometimes  more,  and 
occasionally  none  at  all,  according  to  wind  and  weather.  \\'hen  the  sea  is 
agitated,  many  arc  caught ;  when  it  is  calm,  few  or  none;  but  then  they  have 
recourse  to  their  harpoons.f 

"  The  savages  cure  fish  in  the  following  mai.ncr  :  they  let  them  drip  a  little, 
and  tlien  cut  off  the  heads  and  tails;  they  open  them  at  the  back,  and  having 
emptied  them,  they  make  incisions,  to  allow  the  smoke  to  penetrate  them  thor- 
oughly ;  the  perches  in  their  huts  are  all  loaded  with  them.  When  they  are  well 
buccaiied,  they  liring  them  together,  and  make  them  into  packages,  each  contain- 
ing about  a  hundred."     (Vol   HI,  page  693,  ctc.).| 


*  Previously  mcnliniiod  in  Siisurd's  wi>rl<.     It  wii3  miiize  iiiircliod  in  tlio  iislios  iind  pinindod,  fur  mukini;  pulse. 

f  This  iicodunt  111'  ct'l-llslilii!,'  mid  tlip  sucd'cdiuE;  di'siTi|ilion  of  tisli-dryin;^  oi>rrcs|iiin(l  alinnst  lilpriilly  with 
lliii.-c  t;i\L'n  liy  l':illiiT  I.i'  .Iium?  in  liis  "  Ki'liition  "  (puWisliwl  in  ItiSo),  from  wliicli  tlio  exlrai't  I'ullowini;  noxl 
is  made.  Ci'mfrnini;  lluM'cl-tnips,  liowi'vcr,  KatliiT  Lc  Jtune  .states  llwy  were  largo  (mkmihIi  to  hold  live  or  six 
Inindrcd  peU  (rajxihlcn  dr  fftiir  r'ntq  el  six  ci^nn  fniijui/ten),  while  Saj^ard  spoaka  only  of  live  or  six  i^ciijmhlfn  tie  cini- 
leiiif  r.iitq  J'  nix  angulUrH). 

I  "  Pour  CO  qui  est  des  poissons  qui  .se  retrnuucnt  dans  Ics  riuiercs  &  laes  au  pais  do  nos  Ilurons,  &  particu- 
lioroniont  n  la  mer  dome,  Ics  prineipaux  sont  I'Assilo'ndo,  diiqiiel  nous  nuons  ]iarlc  aillcurs,  &  des  Trui<'los,  qu'ils 
appellent  Ahouyoche,  Icsquellcs  sont  do  de^inosnree  i;randour  ]ionr  la  phispart,  &  n'y  en  ay  veu  aucuiio  qui  no  soit 
plus  i^rosso  quo  los  plus  j^randcs  quo  ni)us  ayons  jiar  *.ii'(;a :  lour  ehair  est  eotnniunenient  rouge,  sinou  a  quelipi'une8 
qu'oUe  so  voit  iaune  ou  orangoo,  niaia  cxeolloninicnl  lionne. 


KXTUACTH. 


271 


Lc  Tenie  {Le  P.  I'avl):  Uclation  de  cc  qvi  s\'st  pnsHr  en  la  Nomelle  France  nvr 
le  gratnl  F/ci've  de  S.  Lavrens  rn  raniire  1634;*  lieladoiis  dcs  Jesuites,  etc.;  Vol. 
I,  Qiuihec,  1858. — TranHlfition  :  "  Tliis  liarpoon  (for  spoixring  col)  is  an  iiistriiinont 
coiisiHliiiix  of  !i  long  .stick,  of  tlio  thickness  of  tluvo  lingers,  to  the  end  of  which 
they  fasten  an  iron  spike,!"  which  Miey  arm  on  each  sitle  with  a  curved  prong, 
both  coming  nearly  together  at  the  eiul  of  the  iron  point.  In  striking  an  eel  with 
this  harpoon,  they  drive  the  iron  into  it,  and  the  two  prongs,  yielding  to  tho 
force  of  the  thrust,  let  in  the  eel,  after  which  they  contract  again  by  themselves 
(having  opened  merely  by  the  shock  of  tho  stroke),  and  prevent  the  speared  eel 
from  escaping. 

"This  fishing  with  the  liarpoon  is  m"<linarily  done  only  during  the  night: 
two  savages  sit  in  a  canoe,  one  behiinl  who  steers  and  paddles,  and  the  otiii-r 
ahead,  seeking  by  the  light  of  a  bark  torch,  attached  to  the  prow  of  the  craft, 
his  prey  with  the  eyes,  while  gently  moving  along  the  bank  of  this  great  river. 
]'erceiving  an  eel,  ho  darts  his  harjjoon  without  losing  hold  of  it,  pierces  the  ed 
as  stated,  and  then  throws  it  into  his  canoe.  Some  will  catch  three  hundred,  and 
many  more,  in  a  single  night,  but  vci'y  few  at  other  times."     (l*age  -i4).J 

"  Lcs  lirnehot!',  ii)iiirllc/.  Soruis^an,  qu'ils  y  pesclicnt  missi  mice  los  KsturKcons  nomtncz  Ilixrnhiui,  CBtoniiciit 
let  pprscinnc^,  lant  il  s'y  en  vnit  do  incnicilleusi'inont  griiiuls,  &  friiimls  an  il(?iri  ilo  tcmtcs  iins  os|io<'('9  <li'  iinis-oin. 

(Juolijucs  si.'iiiiiaiiu's  apri'H  la  piwlid  dcs  grands  poissiins,  ils  vimt  a  cello  do  rKinc'....ta()n,  riui  c.-t  nii 

poissiin  III!  jiiMi  a|  ipi'iicliant  nux  barljcaiu  par  dei;a,  loni;  d'eiiuiron  uii  ]ilid  &  domy,  on  p"ii  iiioins :  co  p(iis.-i.n  liiir 
sort  pniir  duiuior  unust  A  lour  wifjamilo  pendant  rilyuor. 

"  Kn  autre  saison  ils  y  pestilent  a  la  ceino  lino  ocrlaino  cspece  do  pnl^.Sllns,  qui  seinblcnt  estro  do  niK  liaraiiu^i 

nulls  di'3  plus  putita,  losfiuels  ils  niangent  frais  &  lunicanez.  — lis  peselient  aussi  do  plusiours  mitres  cspcccs 

do  pdi.'soiis,  inais  coinnio  Ils  nous  sunt  inoogniis,  &  qu'il  no  s'en  trouue  point  de  parclls  en  nos  rluierc  s,  ie  n'en  I'als 
piiint  ftussi  do  montiun. 

"  L'anijiillle  en  sa  sulson  est  uno  manno  qui  n'u  point  de  priic  cluv,  mis  Mnntagnais.  I'liy  admire  rextronie 
iibondanei^  de  ee  puisfnn,  en  quolqii'unes  des  riuieres  do  nostre  Canada,  oCi  il  s'en  pcselio  terns  les  iins  vers  rAuti'inuo 
line  iullnilo  do  eeutaines,  qui  vienuent  furt  a  prupus,  ear  n'estciil  eeseemirs  on  so  trouiirriilt  bien  snmient  <'inpe.-elie 
en  qiielrpus  nulls  de  rannee  prinilpali'iiient;  les  Sauiiuyes  &  niis  Uelii;leiix  en  ii^ent  eniiinu!  viaiide  entuiyeo  dil 
t'iel  piiur  leur  siiulaijeiiuMit  &  ednsiilatliui.  Ils  la  peselient  on  deux  faivuis,  auee  line  iiasse,  oil  auec^  un  liarpon,  CO 
qui  se  faiet  la  nuiet  a  la  elarte  dii  fell,  lis  font  des  nnsses  auec  asse/.  d'induslrle,  lonnues  &  ijrnsses,  eapables  do 
e.iiil'iilr  eiiiq  it  six  aiii;uilles  :  la  uior  cslant  biisso,  ils  les  placeiit  siir  lo  sable  i^n  quelcpii!  lli'U  pnqiro  &  rccule,  les 
asseiirenl  en  MUlr  ijiii'  li-s  niareos  no  les  peiiuent  eiuporter  :  aiix  deux  eosle/.  Ils  aiiias-ent  des  pierres,  qu'ils  esteiident 
runiiiie  uni-  cliai'iie  oil  petite  inuraille  de  part  A  d'autre,  afin  que  ee  jmisson  qui  va  tousiours  an  fond  roneontrant 
eit  olislaele,  se  j;llsso  doiuenient  vers  I'onibiuii'lieiire  do  la  nasse  oi'i  l-  eondtlisent  ees  jiierres  :  la  nier  veiiant  a  so 
{jrossir,  eouiire  la  nasse,  puis  si!  rabaissaiit,  on  la  va  visiter:  par  fois  on  y  troiiiin  cent  on  deux  cons  ani-uilles  d'linu 
niarei',  queI'|Uel'ois  plus,  it  d'antres  fois  point  du  tout,  selon  les  vents  &  l(;s  temps,  t^uaiid  la  iiier  e^t  le^itee,  on  eii 
pri'iid  beaiiroiip,  ipiand  lOle  est  calnie,  pen  on  point,  nials  alors  ils  out  rei'ours  a  leur  loirpiui.  — • 

"  Voiey  eoniment  les  Sauiinnes  font  seiebor  do  ees  poissfin-i.  lis  les  laisscnt  uii  p.ii  esgouttor,  puis  leur  ecuip- 
pi'iil  la  teste  A  In  <iiieiie,  ils  les  ouiinmt  par  le  dos,  puis  les  avaiit  vciides  ils  les  tailladeiit,  aliu  qui;  la  fiiuiee  ontro 
|iar  loiil  :  les  pereiios  do  lours  cabunes-cn  sunt  loutos  cliargees.  K.^tuns  bion  boueaiie/.,  ils  les  aeeouplent  &  en  font 
de  gros  paqiiets  euiiiriui  d'line  containo  .a  la  fois." 

*  I'libllslied  at  Paris  in  103"). 

f  Tbii  iron  mentioned  by  Father  Lo  .leuno,  of  course,  was  furnislied  by  wliites.  The  armature  of  this  glu;  in 
its  original  stato  consisted  of  bone  or  horn. 

I  "  Co  barpon  est  vn  instrument  compose  d'vn  long  bnston,  gros  de  trois  doigts,  an  bout  diupiel  ils  attaehent 
vn  for  pointu,  lequcl  ils  nrment  de  part  et  d'autre  do  deux  [letits  bastoiis  reoourbes,  qui  so  viennenl  quasi  ioindro 


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C'harlfvoix  [Father):  Lctterx  to  the  Diitchrns  (ik)  of  LemJif/iiirrrfi,  etc.;  LoU' 
don,  1763. — [Iiidiiuis  of  Ciiniula].  "Tlioso  I'coj)!!'  liiivc  ii  wiukIitI'iiI  Skill  in 
strikiii!;  Fish  in  tlio  Water,  csiH'ciiilly  in  tlio  Torrents.  They  iish  also  with  the 
Wein,  and  they  have  an  odd  Ceremony  het'ore  they  nse  this  Net.  'I'hey  marry  it 
to  two  youn^r  Mnids,  and  dnring  the  Wcddiiij!'  Feast  they  jtlaeo  it  lietween  tho 
two  Brides.  Tlioy  exhort  it  very  nerionsly  to  take  a  great  nniny  Fish,  and  they 
think  to  engage  it  to  do  so  hy  making  great  Presents  to  its  ])retended  Fathers-in 

Law. The  Stnrgeon   here  is  a  Sea  and  a  I'resh  Water  Fish  ;  lor  they 

take  it  upon  the  Coasts  of  Omarla,  and  in  the  great  Lakes  which  eross  the  Hiver 

St.  Laiurnrv. 'I'he  Savages  take  them  in   the   Lakes  in  this  ^Manner: 

Two  Men  are  at  the  two  Ends  of  a  Canoe  ;  he  hehind  steers,  and  tlie  other  stands 
uj),  liolding  a  Dart  in  one  Hand,  to  which  a  long  Cord  is  fastened,  the  other  Fnd 
i.s  tied  to  one  of  the  H.'irs  of  the  Canoe.  As  soon  as  he  sees  the  Stnrgeon  in  hi.s 
Reach,  he  throws  his  Dart,  and  endeavours  to  strike  whore  there  jire  no  Sctdes; 
if  the  Fish  is  wounded  it  flies,  and  draws  the  Canoe  also  pretty  swiftly.  Itnt  after 
having  .^wani  aliout  I'jO  J'aces  it  dies,  then  they  draw  \\\)  the  Cord  and  take  it." 
(Page  8(i,  etc.). 

''The  MivhiUmakhiac^  lived  almo.st  only  hy  Fishing,  and  tliere  is  perha]ia 
no  Place  in  the  ^^'orld  where  there  is  such  i'lenty  of  Fish.  The  most  cumniou 
Fish  in  the  three  I^akes.  ;ind  in  the  Hivers  thiit  tlow  into  them,  are  ill"  Herring, 
the  Carp,  the  (iilt  Fish,  the  Pike,  the  Sturgeon,  the  At^tilcawf^itir.  or  white  l''ish, 
and  al'ove  all,  the  Trout.  They  take  three  Sorts  of  the  last,  anumg  which  some 
!ire  of  a  monstrous  Size,  and  in  such  Kumhers.  that  a  Savage  with  hisSpcji,-  will 
sometimes  strik(>  tifty  in  three  Hours  Time.  ]Jut  the  most  famous  of  iill  i^  the 
White  Fish  :  It  is  about  the  IJigncss  and  Shape  of  a  Mackerel ;  1  know  (f  no 
Kind  of  Fish  that  is  lietter  eating.  The  S;ivjiges  say,  that  it  was  Mivhtilniu  who 
taught  their  Ancestors  (o  tish,  that  he  invented  Nets,  .-iml  Ihid  he  took  the  Notion 
of  them  from  the  Sj)i(ler's  M'eli.  These  I'eojile.  as  yiai  see.  Madam,  do  not  give 
greater  Honour  to  their  (Jod  than  he  deserves,  since  they  are  not  afraid  of  send- 
ing him  to  School  to  a  vile  Insect."     (Pago  l!»-I). 

[Dark  canoes].  "  I  helieve  that  I  have  .already  told  you  that  there  arc  two 
Scu'ts  of  them,  the  one  of  Flm  Dark,  which  are  wider  and  more  clumsily  hnilt, 
but  commonly  bigger.     I  know  none  but  the  Jroijiiuls  who  have  any  of  this  Sort. 


nil  I'out  do  hi  |iiiiiil('  clii  fiT  :  (iimiul  ils  viciini'iit  a  frii|i|ii'r  viii^  iiimuilln  di'  en  liiirpciii,  il.s  roniliniclicnt  diins  ce  fcr, 
lis  diMix  biistcms  iidjoini'ts,  ct'daiis  piir  In  I'lircc  dii  cciup,  (i  liiissiiiis  I'lilrnr  I'liiiijiiilli' ;  puis  sc  rrscrniiis  d'cux 
mc'Sinos,  car  ils  ni'  s'lumrent  qiiu  pur  In  sccunsst'  dn  inup,  ils  oiiipi'iliciil  ipii^  rnii^juiUi'  cinliroclii'i'  lie  r('->(irl('. 

"  Ci'llc  pi'sclie  nil  Imrpdii  ne  fo  I'nit  urdinnirciiH'iil  quo  In  miict :  ils  sc  iiii'lleiit  deux  Snuunycs  dniis  vn  cnrmt, 
I'vn  dcrricii'  ([iii  Ic  i;(iuucrne  et  qui  rnme,  ot  I'nutre  c.-t  deuniit,  Icqucl  n  In  Iniicnr  d'vn  llninlienu  d'lViircc,  ntlndio 
n  In  priiue  de  son  vnissi'uu,  s'en  vn  clicrclinnt  In  pmye  do  scs  yeux,  rodniis  douccni(;nt  sur  le  Ijurd  dc  cc  ijrnnd  flcuuu ; 
nppciccuiint  vno  Anguillc,  il  lanco  son  liarpon  snns  lo  quitter,  la  pcreo  eomme  i'ay  dil,  puis  In  idle  duns  son  eannt; 
il  )•  en  a  tel  qui  en  prendra  trois  cena  en  vno  nuict,  et  bicn  dauantaije,  qiielquefois  fort  pew." 


ililiiC 


KXTRACTS. 


273 


■  t  i 


Tho  others  arc  of  the  Biirk  of  Birch  Trees,  of  a  Width  loss  in  Proportion  tlian 
their  Leiif^th,  and  mudi  better  made :  It  is  these  that  I  am  jj;oing  to  describe, 
because  all  tho  Fvench,  and  almost  all  the  Savages  use  them. 

"They  lay  tho  13iirk,  which  is  very  thick,  on  Hat  and  very  thin  Ribs  made 
of  Cedar:  These  Ribs  arc  confined  their  whole  Lenj^th  by  small  Cross-Bars, 
which  separate  the  Seats  of  tho  Canoe ;  two  main  Pieces  of  the  same  Wood,  to 
which  these  little  Biirs  ar(>  scw'd,  strenjjjthen  the  whole  Machine.  Between  the 
Ribs  and  the  Bark  they  thrust  little  Pieces  of  Cedar,  which  are  thinner  still  than 
the  Ribs,  and  which  help  to  strenj^then  the  Canoe,  the  two  Ends  of  which  rise 
by  Degrees,  nnd  insensibly  (Mid  in  sharp  I'oints  that  turn  inwards.  These  two 
Ends  iire  exactly  !iliKe;  so  that  to  change  their  Course,  and  turn  back,  the 
Canoe-Men  need  only  change  Hands.  lie  who  is  behind  steers  with  his  Oar, 
working  continudlly ;  and  the  greatest  Occupation  of  him  who  is  forward,  is  to 
take  Care  that  the  Canoe  touches  nothing  to  burst  it.  They  sit  or  ivi"  "1  on  the 
Bottom,  and  their  Oars  arc  Paddles  of  live  or  six  Feet  long,  commonly  o!  'l.iple  ; 
but  when  they  go  against  a  Current  that  is  pretty  strong,  they  must  use  a  Pole, 
and  stand  upright.  One  must  have  a  good  deal  of  Prac^tice  to  presc!  "e  a  Bftllance 
in  this  E.vercise,  for  nothing  is  lighter,  and  of  Consequence  oiisier  ■  overset,  than 
these  Canoes;  the  grent'-tof  which,  with  their  Loading,  does  not  draw  uiore 
than  half  a  Fmit  Water. 

"The  B,,il,  of  which  these  Canoes  are  made,  as  well  as  the  Ribs  and  the 
Bars,  are  sew'd  with  the  Roots  of  Fir,  which  ;ire  more  pliable,  and  ilrv  i.iuch 
less  than  the  Ozier.  All  the  Seams  are  gum'd  within  and  without,  but  they  must 
be  viewed  every  Dmv,  to  sec  that  the  Gum  is  not  pooled  ot^'.  Tlw  largest  Canoes 
carry  twelve  ^len,  two  upon  a  Seat;  and  4000  I.  \^'eight.  Of  nil  the  Sav.iges, 
the  most  skilful  Builders  of  Canoes  are  the  Onidoiiaia ;  and  in  genei'al  the  Ah/on- 
quill  Naiions  succeed  herein  better  than  the  I/in-oiiK.  Vew  French  as  yet  can 
make  them  even  t(derably;  but  to  guide  them,  they  are  at  leiist  as  sjife  as  the 
Savages  of  the  Country."     (Pnge  117).* 

llrnri/  (A Icr antler):  Traveh  (/ml  Adrenfiirea  in  Canada  and  the  Indian  Terri- 
torii't^,  between  the  i/ears  1760  and  1776 ;  New  York,  1S09. — "The  white-lish  is 
taken  (at  Michilimakinac)  in  nets  whicli  are  set  under  the  ice.     To  do  this, 

*  Fiitlier  LiiUliiu  giviis  n  similar  nceount  of  tlio  buildiiii;  of  barlj  cuiiocs,  bcstowini;  mucii  priiiso  on  thoso  miiclo 
by  tho  AlgcinUin  niitlcns,  which  ho  culls  the  miislcr-pioccs  of  savii!,'o  iirt,  but  spciikiti!,'  dl-iiiiprovingly  of  tho  Iro- 
quois oniorg. 

"Tho  Iro<iuois,"  lie  snys,  "  niiiko  no  cunocs  of  birch  hiirl<,  but  buy  them  from  otbor  niitions,  or  nuiko  in  their 
steiid  cunocs  of  elm  bark.  These  latter  scnrcoly  serve  for  more  lliun  one  voyage,  as  they  are  less  solid  than  tho 
others,  and  can  easily  ho  replaced  in  case  of  b'ss.  They  consist  of  one  piece,  uud  are  made  with  all  possible  iiuic- 
curuey  und  clumsiness." — Mamrs  ihs  Samai/cn  Amiriquiuns ;  I'aris,  ITli-l;  Vol,  II,  p.  'IK,  etc. 

liy  far  Iho  best  description  of  modern  nianufactiiro  of  bark  canoes  among  tho  Ojibwiiys  is  that  by  J.  O.  K"hl, 
who  devotes  to  the  subject  a  whole  chapter  (or  letter)  in  his  work  entitled  "  Jvitschi-Gami  odcr  Krziihlungen  voi.i 
Obern  See,"  published  at  liremen  in  1H,V,)  (Vol.  I,  p.  i\,  etc.).— This  W"rk  has  been  translated  into  English  by 
L.  WruxuU,  under  tho  title  "  Kitchi  Guiui.     Wanderings  round  Lake  Super:    ■  "  (London,  18(iO). 

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274 


PRiOHISTORIC  FISHING. 


«  >■  <i 


several  holes  are  made  in  the  ice,  each  at  such  distunce  from  that  behind  it,  as 
that  it  may  be  reached,  under  the  ice,  by  the  end  of  a  pole.  A  line,  of  si.xty 
fathoms  in  length,  is  thus  conveyed  from  hole  to  hole,  till  it  is  extended  to  the 
length  desired.  This  done,  the  pole  is  taken  out,  and  with  it  one  end  of  the  line, 
to  which  the  end  is  then  fastened.  The  line  being  now  drawn  back  by  an  assist- 
ant, who  holds  the  opposite  extremity,  the  net  is  brought  under,  and  a  large  stone 
is  made  fast  to  the  sinking-line  at  each  end,  and  let  down  to  the  bottom  ;  and 
tlie  not  is  spread  in  the  water,  by  lighters  on  its  upper  edge,  sinkers  on  its  lower, 
in  the  usual  manner.  The  fish,  running  against  the  net,  entangle  their  gills  in 
the  meshes,  and  are  thus  detained  till  taken  up."     (Page  oo). 

"  These  rapids  (of  Sault  de  Sainte-Marie)  are  beset  with  rocks  of  the  most 
dangerous  description  ;  and  yet  they  are  the  scene  of  a  tishery  in  which  all  their 
dangers  are  braved  and  mastered  with  singular  expcrtiioss.  They  are  full  of 
whito-flsh,  much  larger  and  more  excellent  than  those  of  Michiliiuakinac,  and 
whicli  are  fonnd  here  during  the  greater  part  of  the  season,  weighing,  in  general, 
from  six  pounds  to  fifteen. 

"The  mctliod  of  taking  liem  is  this:  each  canoe  carries  two  men,  one  of 
whom  steers  with  a  paddle,  and  the  other  is  provirhnl  with  a  pole,  ten  feet  in 
length,  and  at  the  end  of  which  is  affixed  a  scoop-net.  The  steersman  sots  the 
canoe  from  the  eddy  of  one  rock  to  that  of  another;  wjiile  the  fisherman  in  the 
prow,  who  sees  through  the  pellucid  element  the  prey  of  which  he  is  in  pursuit, 
dips  his  net,  and  sometimes  brings  up,  at  every  succeeding  dip.  ns  many  as  it 
can  contain.  The  fish  are  often  crowded  together  in  the  water  in  great  numbers  ; 
and  a  skilful  fisherman,  in  autumn,  will  take  five  hundred  in  two  hours. 

"  This  fishery  is  of  great  moment  to  the  surrounding  Indians,  whom  it  sup- 
plies with  a  l.-irge  proportion  t»f  tlieir  winter's  provision  ;  for,  having  taken  the 
fish  in  the  manner  described,  they  cure  them  by  drying  in  the  smoke,  and  lay 
them  up  in  large  quantities."     (Page  08,  etc.). 

Ilcarne  {Samuel):  A  Jour nr//  from  Prince  of  Wales's  Fort  in  Hudson's  Bay, 
to  the  Northern  Ocean.  Undertaken  hij  Order  of  the  Thidson's  liai/  Conipan//,  for 
the  Discover//  of  Co/i/ier  ^f'nes,  a  North  West  Fassat/e,  d-c.  In  the  i/ears  1769, 
1770,  1771,  cf-  1772;  London,  7795.— "  The  track  of  land  inlialiit(<d  l)y  tlie 
Xortlieni  I ndiiins  is  very  extensive,  reaching  from  the  fifty-nint'i  to  tlie  sixty- 
eightli  degree'  of  N^orth  latitude;  and  from  East  to  West  is  upw.ird  of  live  hun- 
dred miles  wide.  It  is  bounded  by  Churchill  River  on  the  South,  tlie  Athajtus- 
cow  Indians'  Country  on  the  West;  the  Dog-riblx^d  and  Copper  Indians'  Country 
on  the  Xortli ,  and  l)y  Hudson's  ]5ay  on  the  East. 

"  TIic  many  lak(vs  and  rivers  with  wlilch  this  ]tarl  of  the  country  abounds, 
thougli  th(\y  do  not  furnish  tlie  nntives  with  water-carriage,  are  yet  of  infinite 
adv!int;ige  to  them;  as  they  afford  great  numbers  of  fish,  both   in  Summer  and 


m 


EXTRACTS. 


275 


Winter.  The  only  species  caught  in  those  parts  are  trout,  tittameg.  (or  tickomeg,) 
tench,  two  sorts  of  barbie,  (called  by  tlie  Southern  Indians  Na-may-pith,)  burbot, 
pike,  and  a  few  perch.  The  four  former  are  caught  in  all  parts  of  this  country, 
as  well  the  woody  as  the  barren ;  but  tlie  three  latter  are  only  caught  to  the 
Westward,  in  such  lakes  and  rivers  as  are  situated  among  the  woods ;  and  though 
some  of  those  rivers  lead  to  the  barren  ground,  yet  the  three  last  mentioned 
species  of  fish  are  seldom  caught  beyond  the  edge  of  the  woods,  not  even  in  the 
Summer  season. 

"  The  only  method  practised  by  those  people  to  catch  fish  cither  in  Winter 
or  Summer,  is  by  angling  and  setting  nets ;  both  of  which  methods  is  attended 
with  much  superstition,  ceremony,  and  unnecessary  trouble ;  but  I  will  endeavour 
to  describe  them  in  as  plain  and  brief  a  manner  as  possible. 

"  When  they  make  a  new  fishing-net,  which  is  always  composed  of  small 
thongs  cut  from  raw  deer-skins,  they  take  a  number  of  birds'  bills  and  feet,  and 
tie  them,  a  little  apart  from  each  other,  to  the  head  and  foot  rope  of  the  net,  and 
at  the  four  corners  generally  fasten  some  of  the  toes  and  jaws  of  the  otters  and 
jackashes.  The  birds'  feet  and  bills  made  choice  of  on  sucli  occasions  are  gen- 
erally those  of  the  laughing  goose,  wavey,  (or  white  goose,)  gulls,  loons,  and 
black-heads  ;  and  unless  some  or  all  of  these  be  fastened  to  the  net,  they  will  not 
attempt  to  put  it  into  the  water,  as  they  firmly  believe  it  would  not  catch  a  single 
fish. 

"A  net  thus  accoutred  is  fit  for  setting  whenever  occasion  requires,  and 
opportunity  oflers ;  but  the  first  fish  of  whatever  species  caught  in  it,  are  not  to 
be  sodden  in  tlie  water,  but  broiled  whole  on  the  fire,  and  the  flesli  carefully  taken 
from  the  bones  without  dislocating  one  joint;  after  which  the  bones  are  laid  on 
the  fire  at  full  length  and  burnt.  A  strict  observance  of  Ihese  rules  is  supposed 
to  be  of  the  utmost  importance  in  promoting  the  future  success  of  the  new  net; 
and  a  neglect  of  them  would  render  it  not  worth  a  farthing. 

"When  they  fish  in  rivers,  or  narrow  channel  tlwit  join  two  lakes  together, 
they  could  frcipientiy,  by  tying  two,  three,  or  more  nets  together,  spread  over  the 
whole  breadth  of  the  channel,  and  intercept  ev(>ry  sizable  iish  that  passed;  but 
instead  of  tlnit,  they  scatter  the  nets  at  a  considerable  distance  from  each  other, 
from  a  superstitious  notion,  that  were  they  kept  close  together,  one  net  would  be 
jealous  of  its  neighbor,  and  by  that  means  not  one  of  them  would  catch  a  single 
fish. 

"  The  methods  used,  and  strictly  observed,  when  angling,  are  equally  absurd 
as  those  I  have  mentioned ;  for  when  they  bait  a  hook,  a  composition  of  four, 
five,  or  six  articles  (all  animal  substances)  by  way  of  charm,  is  concealed  under 
the  b.iit,  which  is  always  sewed  round  the  hook.  In  fact,  the  only  bait  used  by 
those  people  is  in  their  opinion  a  composition  of  charms,  inclosed  within  a  bit  of 
fish-skin,  so  as  in  some  measure  to  resemble  a  small  fish. 


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276 


rREIIISTOKIC  FISHING. 


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itfh: 


"  They  have  also  a  notion  that  fish  of  the  same  species  inhabiting  diflferent 
parts  of  the  country,  are  fond  of  different  things ;  so  that  almost  every  lake  and 
river  they  arrive  at,  obliges  them  to  alter  the  composition  of  the  charm.  The 
same  rule  is  observed  on  broiling  the  first  fruits  of  a  new  hook  that  is  used  for  a 
new  net ;  an  old  hook  that  has  already  been  successful  in  catching  large  fish  is 
esteemed  of  more  value  than  a  handful  of  new  ones  which  have  never  been  tried." 
(Page  326,  etc.). 

Mackenzie  {Alexander):  Voyages  from  llonfreal,  etc.,  to  the  Frozen  and 
Pacific  Oceans;  in  the  years  1789  and  1793;  London,  1801. — [Slave  and  Dogrib 
Indians].  "  Tiiey  always  keep  a  large  quantity  of  the  fibres  of  willow  bark, 
which  they  work  into  thread  on  their  thighs.  Their  nets  arc  from  three  to  forty 
fathoms  in  length,  and  from  thirteen  to  thirty-si.\  meshes  in  depth.  The  short 
deep  ones  they  set  in  the  eddy  current  of  I'ivers,  and  the  long  ones  in  the  lakes. 
They  likewise  make  lines  of  the  sinews  of  the  rein-doer,  and  manufacture  their 

hooks  from  wood,  horn,  or  bone. Their  canoes  are  small,  pointed  at 

both  ends,  flat-bottomed  and  covered  in  the  fore  part.  They  arc  made  of  the 
bark  of  the  birch-tree  and  fir-wood,  but  of  so  slight  a  construction,  that  the  man 
whom  one  of  these  light  vessels  bears  on  the  water,  can,  in  return,  carry  it  over 
land  without  any  difficulty.  It  is  very  seldom  that  more  than  one  person  em- 
barks in  them,  nor  are  they  capable  of  receiving  more  than  two.  The  paddles 
are  six  feet  long,  one  half  of  which  is  occupied  by  a  blade,  of  about  eight  inches 
wide."     (Pages  37,  39). 

[Indians  of  Peace  River  District].  "Their  nets  and  fishing-lines  are  made 
of  willow-b.'U'k  and  nettles  ;  those  made  of  the  latter  are  finer  and  smoother  than 
if  made  witli  luMnpen  thread.     Their  hooks  are  small  bones,  fixed  in  pieces  of 

wood  split  for  tliat  purpose,  and  tied  round  witli  fine  wntape.* They 

have  spruce  bnrk  in  grent  plenty,  with  which  they  make  their  canoes,  an  opera- 
tion that  does  not  require  any  great  portion  of  skill  or  ingenuity,  and  is  managed 
in  the  following  manner: —  The  bark  is  taken  off"  the  tree  the  whole  length  of 
the  intended  canoe,  which  is  commonly  fiViout  eighteen  feet,  and  is  sewed  with 
watape  at  bdtli  ends ;  two  latlis  are  then  laid,  and  fixed  along  the  edge  of  the 
bark  which  forms  the  gunwale;  in  tliese  are  fi.xed  the  bars,  and  against  them 
bear  the  ribs  or  timbers,  that  are  cut  to  the  length  to  which  the  bark  can  bo 
stretched  ;  and.  to  give  additiunnl  strength,  strips  of  wood  are  laid  between  them  ; 
to  make  the  whole  water-tight,  gum  is  abundantly  employed.  Tiiese  vessels 
carry  from  two  to  five  people."     (Page  206,  etc.).f 

*  Wiitliip  :  11  kind  of  tliroiul  rniidc  of  tlii^  sinnll  ronls  of  tliu  siinue-trcc. 

f  III  tlio  course  of  his  nnrriitivc,  .MHclvenzii!  detfribes  other  u|i|>liiuiccfl  for  fishiiij;  (woirs,  tlBh-traps);  but  he 
fails  to  Btuto  by  wbut  tribes  they  were  cmistrueted. 


EXTRACTS. 


277 


Williaius  (Bofjer):  A  Key  into  the  Language  of  America^  or  an  Help  to  the 
Language  of  the  Natives  in  that  Part  of  America  called  New-England ;  London, 
1643.  Reprinted  as  Vol.  I  of  the  "  Collections  of  the  Rhode  Island  Historical 
Societf/;"  Providence,  1827. — "  ^lissuckeke-kequock,  Basse.  The  Indians  (and 
the  English  too)  make  a  daintie  dish  of  tlie  Uppaquontup,  or  head  of  this  Fish ; 
and  well  they  may,  the  braines  and  fat  of  it  being  very  much,  and  sweet  as 
marrow. 

"  Kai'iposh-shaiioog,  Sturgeon.  Obs :  Divers  part  of  the  Countrey  abound 
with  this  Fish;  yet  the  Natives  for  the  goodnesse  and  grcatnesse  of  it,  much 
prize  it,  and  will  neither  furnish  the  English  with  so  many,  nor  so  cheape,  that 
any  great  trade  is  like  to  be  made  of  it,  untill  the  English  themselves  are  fit  to 
follow  the  fishing. 

"  The  Natives  venture  one  or  two  in  a  Canow,  and  with  an  harping  Iron,  or 
such  like  Instrument  sticke  this  fish,  and  so  hale  it  into  their  Canow  ;  sometimes 
they  take  them  by  their  nets,  which  they  make  strong  of  Hemp. 

"Ashop,  their  nets.  Which  they  will  set  thwart  some  little  River  or  Cove 
wherein  they  kill  Basse  (at  the  fall  of  the  water)  with  their  arrows,  or  sharp 
sticks,  especially  if  headed  with  Iron,  gotten  from  the  English,  &c. 

"  Mishcup-paiiog,  Sequanamauquock,  Breame.  Obs  :  Of  this  Fish  there  is 
abundance,  which  the  Natives  drie  in  the  Sunne  and  smoako;  and  some  English 
begin  to  salt,  both  waves  they  keepe  all  the  yeero ;  and  it  is  hoped  it  may  be  as 
well  accepted  as  Cod  at  a  Market,  and  bettor,  if  once  knowne 

"  Potop-pauog,  Whales.  Which  in  some  places  are  often  cast  up ;  I  have 
scene  some  of  them,  but  not  above  si.xtie  foot  long:  The  Natives  cut  them  out  in 
severall  parcells,  and  give  and  send  farre  and  neere  for  an  acceptable  present,  or 
dish. 

"Sickissuog,  Clams.  Obs:  This  is  a  sweet  kind  of  shellfish,  which  all  In- 
dians genei'ally  over  the  Countrey,  Winter  and  Summer  delight  in  ;  and  at  low 
water  the  women  dig  for  them  :  this  fish  and  the  natural!  liquors  of  it,  they  boile, 
and  it  makes  their  broth  and  their  Nasaump  (which  is  a  kind  of  thickened 
broth)  and  their  bread  seasonable  and  savoury,  in  stead  of  Salt :  and  for  tiiat 
the  English  Swine  dig  and  root  these  Clams  wheresoever  they  come,  and  watch 
the  low  watcn*  (as  the  Indian  women  do)  therefore  of  all  the  English  Cattell.  the 
Swine  (as  also  because  of  their  filthy  disposition)  are  most  hatefull  to  all  Natives, 
and  they  call  them  filthy  cut  throats,  &c. 

"  Soqunnock,  Po(piauhock,  A  Horse  fish.*  Obs :  This  the  English  call 
Hens,  a  little  thick  shell  fish  which  the  Indians  wade  deei)e  and  dive  for,  and 
after  they  have  eaten  the  meat  there  (in  those  which  are  good)  tliev  l)rcake  out 
the  shell,  about  lialfe  an  inch  of  a  l)lackc  part  of  it,  of  which  they  make  their 
Suckauhock,  or  blackmoney,  which  is  to  them  pretious. 

*Tholmrd-sholl  cliim  (KtMMs  mcrc«Harin,  I. in.). 


■',1c 


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I 


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278 


PREHISTORIC   FISHING. 


1    ::li 


i  U'  ■ 


"  Mctcafthock,  The  Periwinkle.  Of  which  they  make  their  Wompan  or 
white  money,  of  halfc  the  value  of  their  Siickawhock,  or  blacke  money. 

"The  Natives  take  exceeding  great  paines  in  their  fishing,  especially  in 
watching  their  seasons  by  night ;  so  that  frequently  they  lay  their  naked  bodies 
manv  a  cold  night  on  the  cold  shoare  about  a  fire  of  two  or  three  sticks,  and  oft 
in  the  night  search  their  Nets ;  and  sometimes  goe  in  and  stay  longer  in  frozen 
water."     (Page  102,  etc.).* 

"Obs:  Mishoon,  an  Indian  Boat,  or  Canow  made  of  a  Pine  or  Oake,  or 
Chesnut-tree :  I  have  scene  a  Native  goe  into  the  woods  with  his  hatchet  carrying 
onely  a  Basket  of  Corne  with  him,  and  stones  to  strike  fire  when  ho  had  felled  his 
tree  (being  a  Chcsnut)  he  made  him  a  little  House  or  shed  of  the  bark  of  it,  he 
puts  fire  and  followes  the  burning  of  it  with  fire,  in  the  midst  in  many  i)laccs: 
his  corne  he  boyles  and  hath  the  Brook  by  him,  and  sometinies  angles  for  a  little 
fish  :  but  so  hee  continues  burning  and  hewing  untill  he  hath  within  ten  or  twelve 
dayes  (lying  there  at  his  worke  alone)  finished,  and  (getting  hands.)  laiiclicd  his 
Boate ;  with  which  afterward  hee  ventures  out  to  fish  in  the  Ocean. 

"  Mishoonemese,  A  little  Canow.  Some  of  them  will  not  well  carry  above 
three  or  fourc :  but  some  of  them  twenty,  thirty,  forty  men. 

"Obs:  It  is  wondcrfuU  to  see  how  they  will  venture  in  those  Canoes,  and 
how  (being  oft  over.set  as  I  have  myselfe  been  with  them)  they  will  swim  a  mile, 
yea  two  or  more  safe  to  Land  :  I  having  been  necessitated  to  i)asso  Waters  diverse 
times  with  them,  it  hath  pleased  God  to  make  them  many  times  the  instruments 
of  my  preservation ;  and  when  sometimes  in  great  danger  I  have  (luestioiied 
safety,  they  have  said  to  me :  Feare  not,  if  we  be  overset  I  will  carry  you  safe 
to  Land."     (Page  98,  etc.) . 

{Johnson  ^Captain  Edward]):  A  Ilistor;/  of  New-Eiu/hind.  From  the  EngHah 
planting  in  the  Yeere  1628.  untill  the  Yeere  1652 ;  London,  1654. — "They  are 
very  good  marks-men  with  their  Bowe  and  Arrows.  Their  IJoyes  will  ordi- 
narily shoot  fish  with  their  Arrowes  as  they  swim  in  the  shallow  Rivers,  they 
draw  th('  Arrow  halfe  way  putting  the  point  of  it  into  the  water,  they  let  five  and 
strike  the  fish  through."     (Page  227). 

Otiilby  {John):  America:  being  the  Latest  and  most  Accurat".  Description  of 
New-England,  etc.;  London,  1671. — "  In  the  Trade  of  Fishing  they  are  very 
expert,  being  e.\perienc'd  in  the  knowledge  of  all  Baits  for  several  Fishes,  and 
divers  Seasons ;  being  not  ignoi'ant  likewise  of  the  removal  of  Fishes,  knowing 
when  to  Fish  in  Rivers,  and  when  at  Rocks,  when  in  Bays,  and  when  at  Seas: 
Since  the  English  came  they  are  furnishVl  with  English  Hooks  and  Lines,  for  before 


•  In  tilt'  samp  <lia|iti'r  Uogor  Williaiiia  gives  tlip  Niirrugansett  words  for  llsliiiii;-lino,  liooks  in  gi'niTal,  small 
books,  lurgo  liooks,  buit,  net,  two  kinds  of  ecl-jiots,  etc. 


EXTRACTS. 


279 


they  iiiado  tliciii  of  Hemp,  being  more  curiously  \vrou2;lit,  of  stronger  Materials 
tlian  ours,  and  liook'd  with  Bone-Hooks;  but  laziness  ilrives  them  to  buy,  more 
than  prolit  or  commendations  wins  them  to  make  of  their  own.  Th.'y  make  like- 
wise very  strong  Sturgeon-nets,  with  which  they  catch  Sturgeons  of  twelve,  four- 
teen, and  sixteen,  and  .some  eighteen  Foot  long  in  the  daytime,  and  in  the  night- 
time they  betake  themselves  to  their  Birchen  Caiioos,  in  which  they  carry  a  forty- 
fathom  Ijine,  with  a  sharp-boarded  Dart  fastened  at  the  end  thereof;  then  lighting 
a  Torch  made  of  Birchen  Rinds,  they  wave  it  to  and  again  by  tlieir  Ceaioo  side, 
which  the  Sturgeon  much  delighted  with,  comes  to  them  tumbling  and  playing, 
turning  up  his  white  Belly,  into  which  they  thrust  their  Lance,  his  Back  being 
impenetrable ;  which  done,  they  hale  to  the  Shore  their  strugling  Price.  They 
have  often  recourse  into  the  Rocks  whereupon  the  Sea  beats,  in  warm  Weather, 
to  look  out  for  sleepy  Seals,  whose  Oyl  they  much  esteem,  using  it  for  divers 
tilings.  In  Summer  they  Fish  any  where,  but  in  Winter  in  the  fresh  Water 
onely,  and  Ponds ;  in  frosty  Weather  they  cut  round  Holes  in  the  Ice,  about 
wiiich  they  will  sit  like  so  many  Apes  with  their  naked  Breeches  upon  the  cold 
Ice,  catching  of  Pikes,  Pearches,  Breams,  and  other  sorts  of  fresh-Water  Fish. 

Their  Coi'dage  is  so  even,  soft,  and  smooth,  that  it  looks  more  like 

Silk  than  Hemp.  Their  Sturgeon  Nets  are  not  deep,  nor  above  tliirty  or  forty 
Foot  long,  which  in  ebbing  low  Waters  they  stake  fast  to  the  Ground  where  they 
are  sui'e  tlie  Sturgeon  will  come,  never  looking  more  at  it  till  the  next  low  Water. 
Their  Canooa  are  made  cither  of  Pine-trees,  which  before  they  were  acquainted 
with  English  Tools,  they  burn'd  hollow,  scraping  them  smooth  with  Clam-shells 
and  Oyster-shells,  cutting  their  out-sides  with  Stone  Hatchets.  These  Boats  ai'o 
not  above  a  Foot  and  a  half,  or  two  Foot  wide,  and  twenty  Foot  long.  Tiieir 
other  Cauoos  be  made  of  thin  Bii'ch  Rinds,  close  Ribb'd,  and  on  the  in- side  with 
broad,  thin  Hoops,  like  the  Hoops  of  a  Tub;  these  are  made  very  light,  a  ^lan 
may  carry  one  of  them  a  Mile,  being  made  purposely  to  cany  from  River  to 
River,  and  from  Bay  to  Bay,  to  shorten  L:  :id-passages.  In  these  coclcling  Fly- 
boats,  wherein  an  Eiu/lii^k-mnu  can  scarce  sit  without  a  fearful  tottering,  they  will 
venture  to  Sea,  when  an  Eiujlhh  Shallop  dare  not  bear  a  Knot  of  Sail,  scudding 
over  the  over-grown  Waves  as  fast  as  a  wind-driven  Ship,  being  driven  by  their 
Paddles,  being  much  like  Battle-doors;  if  a  cross  Wave  (whicli  is  seldom)  turn 
her  Keel  up-side  down,  they  by  swiiuining  free  her,  and  scramble  into  her  again." 
(Page  ir)7,  ....).* 


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1 


Josselyii  {Jolin):  An  Account  of  Two  Voi/aciex  fo  New-England ;  London,  1674, 
— "Their  lishing  followes  in  the  spring,  summer  and  fall  of  the  leaf.     I'irst  for 

*  Aftnr  Imving  nuido  llio  prpccdinj;  cxti'Hi't  from  0(j;ill>y's  (luiirto  work,  1  disoovc^rod  that  lio  had  tiiUcn  ttio 
whole  or  it  iilinost  literally  from  CliaiJtcrs  XVI  and  XVII  of  William  AVood's  "New  England's  Prospect" 
(London,  1036).  I  jirefor,  however,  retaining  Ogilby's  text,  the  latter  being  less  barbarous  in  the  spelling  than 
the  original  one,  wliieh  appeurod  thirty-six  years  earlier. 


280 


PREHISTORIC   FISHING. 


:,''/  ■! 


Lobsters,  Clams,  Flouke,  Lumps  or  Podles,  and  Alewives;  afterwards  for  Buss,  Cod, 
Sock,  Blew-Jtsh,  Salmon,  and  Lampres,  &c. 

"  The  Lobsters  tlicy  take  in  largo  Baycs  when  it  is  low  water,  the  wind  still, 
going  out  in  their  Birchen-Canoivs  with  a  staff  two  or  three  yards  long,  made 
small  and  sharpen'd  at  one  end,  and  nick'd  wlih  deep  nicks  to  take  hold.  When 
they  spyc  the  Lobster  crawling  upon  the  Sand  in  two  Fathom  water,  more  or  less, 
they  stick  him  towards  the  head  and  bring  him  ap.  I  have  known  thirty  Lob- 
sters taken  by  an  Indian  lad  in  an  hour  and  a  half,  thus  they  take  Flouke  and 
Lumps ;  Clams  they  dig  out  of  the  Clamhanks  upon  the  flats  and  in  creeks  when 
it  is  low  water,  where  they  are  bedded  sometimes  a  yard  deep  one  upon  another, 
the  beds  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in  length,  and  less,  the  Alewhes  they  take  with  Nets 
like  a  pursenet  put  upon  a  round  hoop'd  stick  with  a  handle  in  fresh  ponds  whore 
they  come  to  spawn.  The  Bass  and  Blew-Jish  they  take  in  harbours,  and  at  the 
mouth  of  barr'd  Rivers  being  in  their  Canoius,  striking  them  with  a  fisgig, 
a  kind  of  dart  or  statf,  to  the  lower  end  whereof  they  fasten  a  sharp  jagged  bone 
(since  they  make  them  of  Iron)  with  a  string  fastened  to  it,  as  soon  as  the  fish  is 
struck  they  pull  away  the  staff,  leaving  the  bony  head  in  the  fishes  body  and 
fasten  the  other  end  of  the  string  to  the  Canow :  Thus  thoy  will  hale  after  them 
to  shore  half  a  dozen  or  half  a  score  great  fishes :  this  way  they  take  Sturgeon ; 
and  in  dark  evenings  when  they  are  upon  the  fishing  ground  near  a  liar  of  Sand 
(where  the  Sturgeon  feeds  upon  small  fishes  [like  Eals]  that  are  called  Lances 
sucking  them  out  of  the  Sands  where  they  lye  hid,  with  their  hollow  Trunks, 
for  other  mouth  they  have  none)  the  Lnlian  lights  a  piece  of  dry  Birch- Hark 
which  breaks  out  into  a  flame  &  holds  it  over  the  side  of  his  Canow,  the  Sturgeon 
seeing  this  glaring  light  mounts  to  the  Surface  of  the  water  where  he  is  slain  and 
taken  with  a  fisgig.  Salmons  and  Lampres  are  catch'd  at  the  falls  of  Rivers." 
(Page  140,  etc.). 

"  Ships  they  have  none,  but  do  prettily  imitate  ours  in  their  Birchen-pinnaces, 
their  Canows  are  made  of  Birch,  they  shape  them  with  flat  Ril)bs  of  white  Cedar, 
and  cover  them  with  large  sheets  of  Birch-bark,  sowing  them  through  with  strong 
threds  of  Sjtruse-Boots  ov  whito  Cedar,  inid  pitch  them  with  a  mixture  of  Turpen- 
tine and  the  hard  rosen  that  is  dryed  with  the  Air  on  the  outside  of  the  IJark  of 
Firr- Trees.  These  will  carry  half  a  dozen  or  three  or  four  men  and  a  consideraltle 
fraight,  in  these  they  swim  to  Sea,  twenty,  nay  forty  miles,  keeping  from  the 
shore  a  league  or  two,  sometimes  to  shorten  their  voyage  when  they  are  to  d()ul)le 
a  Cape  they  will  put  to  shore,  and  two  of  tliem  taking  up  the  Canow  carry  it 
cross  the  Cape  or  neck  of  land  to  the  other  side,  and  to  Sea  again  ;  they  will 
indure  an  incredible  great  Sea,  mounting  upon  the  working  billowes  like  a  piece 
of  Corke;  but  they  require  skilful  hands  to  guide  them  in  rough  weather,  none 
but  the  Lidians  scarce  dare  to  undertake  it."     (Page  144,  etc.). 


EXTRACTS. 


281 


Van  der  Donck  {Adriacn):  A  Description  of  the  New  Netherlands,  etc.; 
{original  printed  at  Amsterdam,  1656);  Collections  of  the  New-York  Historical 
Society,  Second  Series,  Vol.  I,  New- York,  1841. — "To  hunting  and  fishing  the 
Indians  arc  all  extravagantly  inclined,  and  they  have  their  particular  seasons 
for  these  engagements.  In  the  spring  and  part  of  the  summer,  they  practise  lish- 
ing.  When  the  wild  herbage  begins  to  grow  up  in  the  woods,  the  first  hunting 
season  begins,  and  then  many  of  their  young  men  leave  the  fisheries  for  the  pur- 
pose of  hunting  •  but  the  old  and  thoughtful  men  remain  at  the  fisheries  until 
tiie  second  and  principal  hunting  season,  which  they  also  attend,  but  with  snares 
only.  Their  fishing  is  carried  on  in  the  inland  waters,  and  by  those  who  dwell 
near  the  sea,  or  the  sea-islands.  The  latter  have  particular  advantages.  Their 
fishing  is  done  with  seines,  set-nets,  small  fikes,  wears,  and  laying  hooks.  They 
do  not  know  how  to  salt  fish,  or  how  to  cure  fish  properly.  They  sometiuies  dry 
fish  to  preserve  the  same,  but  those  are  half  tainted,  which  they  pound  to  meal 
to  be  used  in  chowder  in  winter."     (Page  209).* 

Kalm  {Peter):  Travels  into  North  America,  etc.;  translated  hy  John  Beinhold 
Forster  ;  London,  1772.— {Now  York,  October,  1748].  "  The  Indians,  who  inhab- 
ited the  coast  before  the  arrival  of  the  Europeans,  have  made  oysters  and  other 
shell  fish  their  chief  food;  and  at  present,  whenever  they  come  to  a  salt  water, 
where  oysters  are  to  be  got,  they  are  very  active  in  catching  them,  and  sell  them 
in  great  quantities  to  other  Indians,  who  live  higher  up  the  country :  for  this 
reason  you  see  immense  numbers  of  oyster  and  muscle  sliells  piled  up  near  such 
plat 's,  where  you  are  certain  that  the  Indians  tormerly  built  their  huts.  This 
circumstance  ought  to  make  us  cautious  in  maintaining,  that  in  all  places  on  the 
sea  shore,  or  higher  up  in  the  country,  where  such  heaps  of  shells  are  to  be  met, 
the  latter  have  lain  the''e  ever  since  the  time  that  those  places  were  overflowed 
by  the  sea. Among  the  nui  ous  sliells  which  are  found  on  the  sea- 
shore, there  are  some,  which  by  the  English  here  ai'e  called  Clams,  and  which 
bear  some  resemblance  to  the  human  ear.  They  have  a  considerable  thickness, 
and  are  chiefly  white,  excepting  the  pointed  end,  which  both  without  and  within 
has  a  blue  colour,  between  purple  and  violet.  They  are  met  with  in  vast  num- 
bers on  the  sea  shore  of  New  York,  Long  Island,  and  other  places.  The  shells 
contain  a  large  animal,  which  is  eaten  both  by  the  Indians  and  Europeans  settled 
here.  A  considerable  commerce  is  carried  on  in  this  article,  with  such  Indians 
as  live  further  up  the  country.  When  these  people  inhabited  the  coast,  they 
were  able  to  catch  their  own  clams,  which  at  that  time  made  a  great  part  of  their 

*Tho  same  volumo  contains  tnmsliited  oxtnicls  from  Joliii  de  Luet's  "  I\  .ciiwe  AVorcliU  "  (Leyden,  1025). 
In  Book  III,  Chnpter  X,  this  iiutlior,  in  giving  Henry  Hudson's  account  of  the  grcit  river  named  after  liim, 
states  that  tho  navigator  had  seen  the  Indians  "catching  in  the  river  all  kinds  of  fresh-water  fish  with  seines, 
nnd  young  salmon  and  sturgeon  "  (p.  300).  This  was  in  1C09.  De  Laet  unquestionably  had  Hudson's  journal 
before  him.     It  is  now  lost,  or,  perhaps,  buried  in  some  Dutch  archive. 

r36 


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^^''■^^^'"'■^^^Bm^'mim^^mmfm'- 


282 


PREHISTORIC   FISHING. 


food ;  but  at  present  this  is  the  business  of  the  Dutch  and  English,  who  live  in 
IjOUij  hiand  and  other  niaritinio  provinces.  As  soon  as  the  shells  are  oaught, 
the  tish  is  taken  out  of  them,  drawn  upon  a  wire,  and  huii<i-  up  in  the  open  air, 
in  order  to  dry  by  the  lieat  of  tlie  sun.  Wlion  this  is  done,  tiie  ilesh  is  put  into 
proper  vessels,  and  carried  to  Albani/  upon  the  river  Ilmhon ;  there  the  Imlhiiis 
buy  them,  and  reckon  them  one  of  their  best  dishes.  Besides  the  Fitrojx'rnis, 
many  of  the  native  Iiiilians  come  annually  down  to  the  sea  shore,  in  order  to 
catch  chuns,  proceeding  with  them  afterwards  in  the  manner  I  have  just  de- 
scribed."    (Vol.  I,  pages  187,  189,  etc.). 

[Raccoon,  New  Jersey,  January,  1749].  "When  the  Indinux  intended  to 
fell  a  thick  strong  tree,  they  could  not  make  use  of  their  hatchets,  but  for  want 
of  proper  instruments,  employed  fire.  They  set  fire  to  a  threat  quantity  of  wood 
at  the  roots  of  the  tree,  and  made  it  fall  by  that  means,  lint  that  the  tire  might 
not  reach  higher  than  they  would  have  it,  they  fastened  some  rags  to  a  pole, 
dipped  them  into  water,  and  kept  continually  washing  tiic  tree,  a  little  above  the 
fire.  Whenever  they  intended  to  hollow  out  a  tiiick  tree  for  n  canoe,  they  laid 
dry  branches  all  along  the  stem  of  the  tree,  as  far  as  it  must  be  Iiollowod  out. 
They  then  put  lire  to  those  dry  branches,  and,  as  soon  as  thoy  wei'c  burnt,  they 
were  replaced  by  others.  Whilst  these  branches  were  burning,  the  Indians  were 
very  busy  with  wet  rags,  and  pouring  water  upon  the  tree,  to  prevent  the  tire 
from  spreading  too  far  on  the  sides,  and  at  the  ends.  Tiie  tree  being  burnt 
hollow  as  far  as  they  found  it  sufficient,  or  as  far  as  it  could,  without  damaging 
the  canoe,  they  took  the  above  described  stone-hatchets,  or  sharp  flints,  and 
quartzes,  or  sharp  shells,  and  scraped  off  the  burnt  part  of  the  wood,  and 
sinoothened  the  boats  within.     By  this  means  they  likewise  gave  it  what  shai)e 

they  pleased. A  canoe  was  commonly  between  thirty  and  forty  feet 

long."     (Vol.  I,  page  340,  etc.).* 

"  The  Indians  employ  hooks  made  of  bone,  or  bird's  inlaws,  instead  of  Jishinr/- 
hooks.  Some  of  the  oldest  Swedes  here  told  me,  that  when  they  were  young,  a 
great  number  of  Indians  had  been  in  this  part  of  the  country,  which  was  then 
called  iVciv  Sweden,  and  had  caught  fishes  in  the  river  Delaware  with  those  hooks." 
(Vol.  I,  page  345). 


Morgan  {Lewis  II.):  League  of  fhe  Ilo-de-no-sau-nee,  or  Iroquois ;  ffochcsfer, 
1861. — "  In  the  construction  of  the  bark  canoe,  the  Iroquois  exercised  consider- 
able taste  and  skill.  The  art  appears  to  have  been  common  to  all  the  Indian 
I'aces  within  the  limits  of  the  republic,  and  the  mode  of  construction  much  the 

•  I'rofi'ssor  Kiilni  describes  very  minutely  (Vcl.  II,  |>.  I'J'.l— !3)  the  niiinufiicture  (if  i\  wliite-oliii  Imrk  ciiiiiie, 
witnusscil  by  liiiii  at  Fort  Ann,  New  York.  The  taiioe  wi.j  niiule  according  to  Indiiiii  rules,  tboui^li  by  whites. 
I  insert  the  shorter  aneount  of  Iroquois  ciinoe-muking  i;ivcn  by  Mr.  Lewis  II.  Mori;nn,  nnd  ri'liiting  to  h  ppceiiil 
one  which  he  llcures. 


EXTIIACTS. 


283 


same.  Bircih  bark  was  the  best  material ;  but  as  the  cnnoe  birch  did  not  grow 
witliin  the  home  territories  of  tl>e  Jroquois,  tliey  j^enorally  used  the  red-elm  and 
bitter-nut-hickory.  The  canoo  figured  in  the  plate  U  made  of  the  bark  of  the 
red-elm,  and  consists  of  but  one  piece.  Having  taken  oil'  a  bark  of  the  reiiuisito 
length  and  width,  and  removed  the  rough  outside,  it  was  shaped  in  the  canoo 
form.  Rim  pieces  of  white-ash,  or  other  elastic  wood,  of  the  width  of  the  hand, 
were  then  run  around  the  edge,  outside  and  in,  ami  stitched  through  and  through 
with  the  bark  itself  In  stitching,  tlicy  used  bark  thread  or  twine,  and  splints. 
The  ribs  consisted  of  narrow  strips  of  asli,  whicli  were  set  about  a  foot  apart 
along  the  l)ottom  of  the  canoe,  and  having  been  turned  up  the  sides,  were  secured 
under  the  rim.  Each  end  of  the  canoe  was  fashioned  alike,  the  two  side  pieces 
inclining  towards  each  other  until  they  united,  and  formed  a  sharp  and  vertical 
prow.  In  size,  these  canoes  varied  from  twelve  feet,  with  sufficient  capacity  to 
cirrv  two  men,  to  forty  feet  with  sufficient  capacity  for  thirty.  The  one  figured 
in  the  plate  is  about  twenty-five  feet  in  length,  and  its  tonnage  estimated  at  two 
tuns.  al)out  half  that  of  the  ordinary  bateau.  Birch  bark  retained  its  place 
witlinut  warping,  but  the  elm  and  hickory  bark  canoes  were  exposed  to  this  ob- 

jecitioii.     After  being  used,  they  were  drawn  out  of  the  water  to  dry. 

For  short  excursions  one  person  usually  paddled  the  canoe,  standing  up  in  the 
stern  ;  if  more  than  two,  and  on  along  expedition,  they  were  seated  at  equal  dis- 
tanci's  upon  each  side  alternately.  In  the  fur  trade  these  canoes  were  extensively 
used.  Tiiey  coasted  lakes  Erie  and  Ontario,  and  turning  up  the  Oswego  river  into 
tlie  Oneida  lake,  they  went  from  thence  over  the  carrying  place  into  the  Mohawk, 
whieli  they  descended  to  Schenectady.  They  would  usually  carry  about  twelve 
hundred  i)ounds  of  fur.  At  the  period  of  the  invasions  of  the  Iro([uois  terri- 
tories by  the  French,  large  fleets  of  these  canoes  were  formed  for  the  conveyance 
of  troops  and  provisions.  With  careful  usage  they  would  last  several  years." 
(Page  307,  etc.). 

Los/i-icl  {George  Henri/):  Ilistorif  of  the  Miasion  of  the  United  Brethren  among 
the  LkUiiiis  in  North  America;  translated  from  the  German  hi/  Christian  Ignatius 
La  Trobe ;  London,  1794. — [Delawares  and  Inxiunis].  "Little  boys  are  even 
frequently  seen  wading  in  shallow  brooks,  shooting  small  tislies  with  their  bows 
and  arrows.  The  Indians  always  carry  hooks  and  sniidl  harpoons  with  them, 
whenever  tiicy  are  on  a  hunting  party;  but  at  certain  seasons  of  the  year  they 
go  out  i)urpo.sely  to  fish,  eitiier  alone,  or  in  i>arties.  They  make  use  of  the  neat 
and  light  canoes  made  of  birch-bark,  as  described  above,  for  this  ])urpose,  and 
not  only  venture  with  them  into  spacious  rivers,  but  even  info  th(>  large  lakes, 
and  being  very  light,  the  waves  do  not  break  into  them  as  easily  as  into  European 
boats.  They  caulk  them  with  the  resinous  bark  of  a  species  of  elm,  which  they 
first  pound,  to  prepare  it  for  use.     Another  kind  of  canoes  are  made  of  the  stems 


:m 


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:  .''l.r.' 


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fei?;- 


284 


PRKHISTOniC   riSIIINO. 


of  livrgo  trees  of  light  wood,  chiefly  cypress.  These  stems  nrc  excavated  chiefly 
l)y  lire,  mikI  finished  with  an  hatchet.  They  look  like  long  troughs,  and  arc  of 
various  sizes. 

"Tiiero  is  a  particular  manner  of  fishing,'"  which  is  undertaken  in  parties, 
as  many  hands  are  wanted,  in  the  following  manner:  When  the  Shatl-ftnh  (chipca 
alosa)  come  up  the  rivers,  the  Indians  run  a  dam  of  stones  across  the  stream, 
where  its  deptli  will  admit  of  it,  not  in  a  strait  line,  but  in  two  ])arts,  verging 
towards  each  other  in  an  angle.  An  opening  is  left  in  the  middle  for  the  water 
to  run  olf.  At  this  opening  they  place  a  large  box,  the  bottom  of  which  is  full 
of  holes.  They  then  make  a  rope  of  the  twigs  of  the  wild  vine,  reaching  across 
the  stream,  upon  which  boughs  of  about  six  feet  in  length  are  fastened  at  the 
distance  of  about  two  fathoms  froin  each  other.  A  party  is  detached  about  a 
mile  above  the  dam  with  this  rope  and  its  appendages,  who  begin  to  move  gently 
down  the  current,  some  guiding  one,  some  the  opposite  end,  whilst  others  kee]) 
the  branches  from  sinking  by  supporting  the  rope  in  the  middle  with  wooden 
forks.  Thus  tliey  proceed,  frightening  the  fishes  into  the  opening  left  in  the 
middle  of  the  dam,  wliere  a  number  of  Indians  are  placed  on  each  side,  who 
standing  upon  the  two  legs  of  the  angles,  drive  the  fishes  with  poles,  and  an 
hideous  noise,  througli  the  opening  into  the  above-mentioned  box  or  chest. 
Here  tliev  lie,  the  water  running  oiV  through  the  holes  in  the  bottom,  and 
t)ther  Indians  stationed  on  each  side  of  the  chesi,  take  them  out,  kill  them 
and  fill  their  (!anoes.  IJy  tins  contrivance  they  sometimes  catch  above  a  thou- 
sand shad  and  otiier  fish  in  half  a  day. 

"  In  Carolina  the  Indians  frequently  use  fire  in  fishing.  A  certain  kind  of 
fish  will  even  leap  into  the  boats,  which  have  fire  in  them."    (Part  I,  page  94,  etc.). 

De  Jin/  {Theoilorus):  Admiranda  Nnnatio  fida  tamoi,  de  Commodis  et  Inco- 
larum  Ritlbus  VirginicB,  etc.,  Francoforii  ad  Moeniim,  1590, — Translation  :  [XIII. 
The  mode  of  fishing  among  the  inhabitants  of  Virginia].  "They  have  also  a 
remarkable  method  of  fishing  in  the  rivers:  for,  since  they  lack  iron  and  steel, 
they  fasten  as  a  point  on  canes  or  long  staffs  the  liollow  tail  of  a  certain  fish 
resembling  the  sea-crab  ;f  with  these  they  transfix  fi.shes  in  the  night  or  during 
day-time,  and  bring  them  together  in  their  boats:  yet  they  also  know  how  to 
use  the  spines  and  stings  of  other  fishes.  They  likewise,  by  iixing  sticks  or  rods 
in  the  water,  construct  wicker-work,  which  they  entwine  in  such  a  nianner  as  to 
make  it  gradually  narrower,  as  the  figure  shows.  Tiiere  is  never  beheld  among 
us  such  an  excellent  mode  of  catching  fish,  of  which  various  kinds,  differing  from 
ours,  yet  of  very  good  taste,  are  here  found  in  the  rivers. "J 

*  Haschnelzjixchercy  (busli-net  llshing)  in  llie  (jeriimii  uriginiil,  which  was  published  lit  Bnrby  in  1789. 
f  Tho  king-crab  or  liorso-slioe  (Limuhis  I'uli/p/iemit.i,  Liilr. ). 

I  [XIII.     Ineolariim  Virginias  pisciindi  ratio].     "  Egrogium  ctinni  hiibont  piscundi  in  fluminibiis  rationem  : 
cum  cnim  forro  &  chalybe  carcant,  arundinibus  aut  oblongis  virgis  piscis  cuiusdnm  cancro  marine  similia  caiidatn 


KXTIIACTS. 


285 


,^^*(V«» 


pTrn-TT^B-TTgH'-nii 


Fig.  363.— Methods  of  fisbiog  practised  by  the  Virginia  ludiaus. 
After  Do  Bry.* 


I 


if  I 


.'7 


a 


[XIV.  Wooden  hiu'dle  on  which  they  roast  fishes].  "After  a  capture  of 
plenty  of  fish,  they  proceed  to  the  chosen  place  suitable  for  the  preparation  of 
victuals:  having  hei'e  fixed  in  the  ground  four  i'orks  marking  a  quadrangular 
space,  they  put  on  them  four  sticks,  and  across  these  others,  thus  forming  a 
hurdle  of  sufficient  height.  When  the  fish  have  been  placed  upon  the  hurdle, 
they  build  a  fire  underneath  it,  in  order  to  roast  them;  yet  not  according  to  the 
manner  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Province  of  Florida,  who  only  parch  and  harden 
them  in  the  smoke  that  they  may  be  kept  during  the  whole  winter ;  while  these, 
laying  V)y  no  store,  roast  and  consume  the  whole;  afterward,  when  needed,  they 
roast  or  seethe  fresh  ones,  as  we  shall  see  hereafter.  In  the  meantime,  when  the 
hurdle  cannot  hold  all  the  fishes,  they  suspend  the  remaining  ones  by  the  gills 
on  little  rods  wliicli  they  have  stuck  in  the  ground  near  the  fire,  and  thus  cook 
them  :  they  also  pay  close  attention   that  they  are  not  burned.     When  the  first 

CDiienuiini  pro  cusiiidoim|ii)miiit,qni1)iis  nnutii  vtl  iiitordiii  pisocs  finuiit,  &  in  aims  cy  tubas  cnns;oriint :  scd  nliorum 
pifcium  Bpinia  &  spiculis  vti  norunt.  Biiculis  otiani  sou  virgiiltia  (xlc)  in  iiqimiri  deflxia  tci,'i'to.-(  ocinllciunt,  iiuiis 
inlortoxGntos  in  iingtistuni  senipcr  contnihunt,  vt  ex  figura  iippiiret,  minqimni  n]uid  nos  cimspci'ta  est  turn  subtilia 
pisccs  eiipicndi  ratio,  quorum  varia  genera  isliu  in  fhiminibiis  rc|iorinntur,  nostris  diaainiilia,  &  boni  iidmnduin 
eucei." 

*  This  design  and  tlie  two  following  next  are  not  taken  directly  from  Do  Bry'a  volume,  but  from  Beverly's 
"  Hiatory  of  Virginia,"  which  is  illualruted  with  inverted,  reduced,  and  heroind  there  niodilied  copies  of  Do  Bry 'a 
)ilMtos.     I  had  some  of  Beverly's  deviations  curreeled  in  uccordiinco  with  the  original  engravings. 


f 

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liiifj 

fill::?' 


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286 


I'lMJIIlSToUlU   KISIIINU. 


aro  nmsti'd,  tlioy  itlaco  iVcsh  supplirH  nii  tin-  liiirdlt',  iiiul  repent  tlio  ciMiking  until 
tlicy  think  they  havo  u  sufficiency  ttl'  eatables."'" 


Flu.  364. — Virginia  Iiullniis  siuukiug  fiah. 
AOer  Do  Bry. 

[XII.  The  mode  of  making  boats].  "The  mode  of  manufacturing  boats 
in  Virginia  is  wonderful;  for  thougli  they  liave  neither  iron  inii)lenients  nor 
otiicrs  resenililing  ours,  they  nevertlieless  know  how  to  make  tlieni  not  less  con- 
venient than  our  own,  either  for  navigating  rivers  or  fen*  fishing.  Having  iir.st 
selected  a  thiitk  and  high  tree,  corresponding  to  the  size  of  the  boat  they  intend 
to  make,  tliey  light  on  the  surface  of  the  ground  close  ti>  its  roots,  and  all  around 
it,  u  fire,  using  well-dried  tree-moss,  and  rousing  the  fire  gradually  by  means 
of  chips  of  wood,  lest  the  ilamc  might  ascend  too  high  and  diminish  the  length 
of  the  tree.  When  tlie  tree  is  nearly  burned  and  threatens  to  fall,  they  light  a 
new  fire,  which  they  allow  to  burn  until  the  tree  comes  down  by  itself.  Having 
then  burned  away  the  top  and  the  branches  of  the  tree,  in  order  to  give  the 
trunk  tlie  ])roper  length,  they  deposit  it  on  stems  laid  across  forks,  at  a  height 

*  [XIV.  Crutcs  ligiica  in  quupiscos  vatiiliint],  "  Captii  pi=ciiim  iibiinilantiii,  iid  locum  dcstiniitum  concodunt 
c'iljis  |iiiriiiKlis  idiiiioum  :  illic  dcUxis  in  tfrriiiii  ijiuiUinr  furi'is  qiiudninunlii  iircii,  qimliior  ligiiii  iiiipunnnt,  iilquo 
his  iiliii  trunjucrsa,  oralis  satis  allic  instar.  t'rali  piseibus  iinpositis  lunoiii  pulistruuiit,  vt  assc^iitiir,  mm  ino'ilariiin 
Floridio  pnminc'iio  muru,  qui  diimtaxat  vstulant  &  fimio  indurant,  vt  totu  hicmo  adsuruaro  possint;  nam  lii  nihil 
seponcntcs  iininia  assant  &  absumiint,  deinde  cum  opus  liahcnt,  icccntcs  assant  nut  clisant,  vt  postca  vidcbinius. 
Cum  voro  cratis  intcrdum  omnos  pisccs  caporc  ncqueat,  reliquos  baoillis  In  lorram  apud  igncni  dciWis  jmr  hiancliias 
appcndunt.  hac  rationo  oocturam  nbsoluontcs  :  diligcntcr  autcm  ubsorunnt  no  adurantur.  Primis  assatis,  alios 
recona  allatos  cruti  imponunt,  subindo  cocturam  repotcntes  donee  satis  cduliorum  so  habere  cicistimcnt." 


EXTIIACTS. 


287 


convoiiii'iit  for  tlioir  wurk  ;  tlu-y  now  ivinovc  tho  bark  witli  a  certiiiii  kiiul  of 
sliell.s,  and.  using  the  Iomm  injured  part  of  tho  trunk  for  its  lower  side,  they  liuht 
on  tlie  otlier  side  a  tiro  all  along  the  trunk,  excepting  its  ends,  and  when  tlipy 
think  that  there  has  been  enough  liurning,  they  extinguish  the  tiro  and  eoniniencc 
scniping  with  shells;  having  niaik- ii  new  lire,  they  burn  again,  and  tj.js  eon- 
tinue  in  sueeession,  alterinitoly  burning  and  scraping,  until  the  boat  is  sufticiently 
hollowed  out."* 


;t| 


V 


L.ll'l 


A/ 


'ivjmnstmimi 


Fig.  tS  i5. — Virginia  Iiidimis  engaged  in  boat-making. 
After  De  Biy. 

Siniffi  (Piiptnin  John):  Thf  Goicral  Ilhlnrir  of  Virt/iiiin,  Xcw-Fiii/hiiil,  mid 
ihe  Siiniinci'  /sirs.  etc. ;  fMiiiIon,  1G24. — [Indians  of  Virginia].  "Their  fishing  is 
much  in  IJoats.  These  (liey  make  of  one  tri'e  by  burning  and  .scratching  away 
tli(>  coales  with  stones  ;nid  shels,  (ill  they  haue  made  it  in  forme  of  a  Trnngh. 
iSome  of  them  are  an  cine  deepe,  and  fortie  or  liftie  loote  in  length,  and  some 

*  [XII.  Iiinlriimi  cmillcii'nddruiii  nilin],  "  Mini  est  in  Virijlniii  c'yiiil>iis  fiibrioiiiKli  nilin:  imm  oiim  fcrreis 
in.'-lriiini'ntis  mil  nliis  iiostris  siiiillilui.^  ciirount,  oils  tiiinrn  |iiiriiri'  nuniiit  imslris  nun  niiiiiis  eoinnni'liis  iid  iiniiinan- 
limn  (|ii(i  liilu't  ppr  niimiiiH  &  nil  pisnindiiiii.  I'rimiini  nrhciro  iiliciim  iTussa  &  nllii  ilclouln,  pni  cyiiiliio  qimin  piiniro 
volunt  iiiiignitiidine,  igncm  circa  oius  riidicos  siiinmii  tcUiiro  in  iinibitu  Btriinnt  ox  iirlxinini  iniiscu  bono  rcsicciito, 
&  ligni  iissiilis  piiiilutim  igncm  cxcitiinlcs,  no  ."..nini«  altiiis  asccndiit,  &  aibnris  longitiKlinnm  niinnat.  Pcnc  ndiista 
A:  niinain  niiiiiinto  arbnrc,  n.iuiiin  snsoilant  igiicni,  ipiom  flagrarc  siniiiil  dmico  nrbnr  sponio  eadat.  Adiistis  licinilo 
nrbipi'is  In^stigin  it  ramifl,  vt  tninciLs  iiistani  bingitiidiiicm  rotincat,  tigni.s  transiifr.-is  piipra  fiircas  jxisitis  ini{)oiiiint, 
I'll  altitiidinc  vt  commode  biborarc  possint,  tunc  cortico  concbis  qtiitiiisilam  ndcmjHo,  iiitcgriorem  trunci  partem 
pro  cymliip  inforiorc  parte  scriiant,  in  altera  parte  ignom  secundum  trunci  longitudincm  ttruunt,  prioterquani 
extremis,  quod  satis  adustiim  illis  videlur,  restincto  ignu  concliis  scubunt,  &  nouo  suscitiito  igno  denuo  adurunt, 
alqiie  itii  duiiiceps  porgunt,  subiiidc  urentes  &  scubontcs,  donee  cymba  ncccssurium  alueum  nacta  sit." 


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I'KKHISTOUIC    FISHING, 


will  boare  40  men,  but  tlio  most  ordinary  are  smaller,  and  will  beare  10,  20.  or 
30,  according  to  their  bigncsse.  In  stead  of  Oares,  they  vse  Paddles  and  stickes, 
with  which  thoy  will  row  faster  than  our  Barges.  Betwixt  their  hands  and 
thighcs,  their  women  vse  to  spin,  the  barkes  of  trees,  Deere  sinews,  or  a  kinde  of 
grasso  thoy  call  Pemnienaw,  of  these  they  make  a  thread  very  even  and  readily. 
This  thread  serveth  for  many  vsos.  As  about  their  housi'<g,  apparoll,  as  also 
thoy  make  nets  for  fishing,  for  the  qnanlitic  as  formally  bvaded  as  ours.  They 
make  also  with  it  lines  for  angles.  Their  hookes  are  either  a  bone  grated  as 
they  noch  their  arrowcs  in  the  forme  of  a  crooked  jiinne  or  flsh-hooke,  or  of  the 
splinter  of  a  bone  tyed  to  the  clift  of  a  little  sticke,  ;ind  with  the  end  of  the  line, 
they  tie  on  the  bait.  They  vse  also  long  arrowes  tyed  in  a  line,  wherewith  they 
sh(K)to  at  fish  in  the  rivers.  But  they  of  Accaivmack  vse  staues  like  vnto  Taue- 
liiis  headed  with  bone.  With  these  they  dart  fish  swimming  in  the  water.  They 
haue  also  many  artificiall  wires,  in  which  they  get  abundance  of  fish."  (Pago 
81.  etc.). 

{Beverly  \^Boherf]):  The  History  of  Virginia,  in  Four  Parts;  London,  1722. — 
"  Before  the  Arrival  of  the  English  there,  the  Indians  had  Fish  in  such  vast 
Plenty,  that  the  Boys  and  Girls  would  take  a  pointed  Stick,  and  strike  the  lesser 
sort,  as  they  swam  upon  the  Flats.  The  larger  Fish,  that  kept  in  deeper  VVjiter, 
they  were  put  to  a  little  more  Difficulty  to  take  ;  But  for  these  they  made  Weirs  ; 
that  is,  a  Hedge  of  small  riv'd  Sticks,  or  Reeds,  of  tlie  Thickness  of  a  Man's 
Finger,  these  they  wove  together  in  a  Row,  with  Strajts  of  Green  Oak,  or  other 
tough  \\'ood,  so  close  that  the  small  Fish  cou'd  not  pass  through.  Upon  High- 
Water  Mark,  they  pitched  one  End  of  this  Hedge,  ami  the  other  they  extended 
intti  the  River,  to  the  Depth  of  eight  or  ten  Foot;  fastening  it  with  Stakes, 
making  Cods  out  from  the  Hedge  on  one  side,  almost  at  the  End,  and  leaving  a 
(Ja])  for  the  Fish  to  go  into  them,  which  were  contrived  so,  that  the  Fish  could 
easily  find  ''leir  Passage  into  those  <Jo(ls,  when  they  were  at  the  Gaj),  but  not 
see  their  Waj'  out  again,  when  they  were  in  :  Thus  if  they  ottered  to  pass  through, 
they  were  taken. 

''Sometimes  they  made  such  a  Hedge  as  this,  quite  across  a  Creek  at  High- 
Wiiter,  and  at  Low  wouhl  go  into  tlie  Run,  tlien  contracted  into  a  narrow  Stream, 
and  take  out  what  Fi.sh  they  pleased. 

"At  the  Falls  of  tlie  Rivers,  where  the  Water  is  shallow,  and  the  Current 
strong,  the  Indians  use  another  kind  of  Weir,  thus  made:  Tiiey  make  a  Dam  of 
loose  Stone,  whereof  there  is  Plenty  at  hand,  (juite  a-cross  the  River,  leaving 
one,  two,  or  more  Spaces  or  Trunnels,  for  the  Water  to  pass  thro';  at  the  .Mouth 
of  which  they  set  a  Pot  of  Reeds,  wove  in  Form  of  a  Cone,  whose  Ba.sc  is  about 
three  Foot,  and  ijerpendicular  ten,  into  which  the  Swiftness  of  the  Current 
carries  the  Fish,  and  there  lodges  them. 


iJ 


EXTRACTS. 


Ii8i) 


"The  Indian  Way  of  catching  Sturgeon,  when  they  caino  into  the  narrow 
part  of  tlic  Rivovs,  was  by  a  Alan's  clapping  a  Noose  over  their  Tail,  and  by 
keeping  fast  his  l[(ild.  Thus  a  fish  finding  itself  entangled,  would  flounce,  and 
often  pull  the  Man  under  Water,  and  then  that  Man  was  counted  a  Cockarome, 
or  brave  Fellow,  tliat  would  not  let  go ;  till  with  Swimming,  Wading  and  Div- 
i'vr,  ho  had  tired  the  Sturgeon,  and  brought  it  ashore.  These  Stuij,\;:)ns  would 
jii.so  often  leap  into  their  Canoes,  in  crossing  the  River,  as  m.  ly  of  them  do  still 
every  year,  into  the  Boats  of  the  English. 

"They  luive  also  another  Way  of  Fishing  like  those  on  the  Eiainc  Sea,  by 
the  Help  of  a  blazing  Fire  by  Night.  They  mfike  a  Hearth  in  tlie  Middle  of 
their  Canoe,  niising  it  within  two  Inches  of  the  Edge;  upon  this  they  lay  their 
burning  Light-Wood,  split  into  small  Shivers,  each  Sj  Inter  whereof  will  Idaze 
and  burn  Had  for  End,  like  a  Candle:  'Tis  one  Man's  Work  to  attend  this  Fire 
and  keep  it  flaming.  At  eacli  end  of  the  Canoe  stands  an  jiulimu  with  a  Gig,  or 
pointed  Spear,  setting  the  Canoe  forward  with  the  Unit-end  of  tlit  Spear,  as 
gently  as  he  c.-tn,  l»y  that  Afeaiis  stealing  u])on  the  Fi-^h,  without  iiny  Noise,  or 
distiirliing  of  the  wat(>r.  Then  they  witli  great  Dexterity  dart  (licsc  Spears  into 
the  Fish,  and  so  take  them.  Now  there  is  a  double  Convenience!  in  tiie  IJIaze  of 
this  Fir(>;  for  it  not  only  dazzles  the  Eyes  of  the  Fish,  wliicli  will  lie  still,  glar- 
ing upon  it,  l)ut  likewise  discovers  the  Bottom  of  the  River  clearly  to  the  Fisher- 
man, which  the  Day-light  does  not."     (Page  130,  etc.), 

Lnmson  {John):  The  Ilisfory  of  Carolina ,  London,  1714. — [Indians  of  North 
Carolina].  "They  are  not  oiiy  good  Hunters  of  the  wild  Beasts  and  (Janie  of 
the  Forest,  but  very  expert  in  taking  the  Fish  of  the  Rivers  and  Waters  near 
whi(!li  they  inhabit,  and  are  icipiainted  withal.  Thus  they  that  live  a  great  way 
up  the  Hivers  |)ractise  Striking  Sturgeon  and  Rock-fish,  or  Bass,  when  they 
come  up  the  Kivers  to  si)awii ;  besides  the  vast  Shoals  of  Sturgeon  which  they 
kill  and  take  with  Snares,  as  we  do  Bike  in  Europe.  The  Herrings  in  March 
and  Aiiril  run  a  great  way  ai>tlie  Rivers  and  fresh  Streams  to  spawn,  where  the 
Siivages  make  great  Wares,  witii  Hedges  that  hinder  their  l'.iss;ige  only  in  fli(; 
Middle,  where  ;in  artificial  Pound  is  made  to  take  them  in  ;  so  that  they  cmnot 
return.  This  Method  is  in  use  all  over  the  fresh  Streams,  to  catch  Trout  and 
the  other  S[)ecies  of  Fisli  whicii  those  Parts  afl'ord.  Their  taking  of  Craw-fish 
is  so  pleasant,  that  I  cannot  pass  it  by  without  mention.  When  they  have  a 
mind  to  get  these  Shell-fish,  tiiey  take  a  Piece  of  Venison,  and  half-barliakne  or 
roast  it;  then  they  cut  it  intu  thin  Slices,  which  Slices  they  stick  through  with 
Reeds  about  six  Inches  asunder,  betwixt  Piece  and  Piece;  then  the  Reeds  are 
made  .sharp  at  one  end ;  and  so  they  stick  a  great  many  of  them  down  in  the 
bottoui  of  the  Water  (thus  l)aited)  in  the  small  Brooks  and  Runs,  which  the 
Craw-fish  frequent.  Thus  the  Indians  sit  by,  and  tend  those  baited  slicks,  every 
u37 


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290 


rRKHISTORIC   FISHINO. 


now  and  then  taking  them  up,  to  see  how  many  nro  at  the  Bait ;  where  they 
generally  find  abundance;  so  take  them  off,  and  put  tliem  in  a  Un^^kct  for  tlui 
purpose,  and  stick  the  Reeds  down  ngnin.  ]?y  this  ^Icthod,  tliey  will,  in  a  little 
time,  catch  several  Bushels,  which  are  as  good,  as  any  I  ever  eat.  Those  Lidifnis 
that  frequent  the  Salt-Waters,  take  abundance  of  Fish,  some  very  large,  and  of 
several  sorts,  which  to  preserve,  they  first  barbakue,  then  pull  the  Fish  to  Pieces, 
so  dry  it  in  the  Sun,  whereby  it  keeps  for  Transportation  ;  as  for  Scate,  Oysters, 
Cockles,  and  several  s^rts  of  SlicU-fisli,  they  open  and  dry  them  upon  Hurdles. 
having  a  constant  Fire  under  them.  The  Hurdles  are  made  of  Heeds  or  Canes 
in  the  .shape  of  a  firridiron.  Thus  they  dry  several  Bushels  of  these  Fish,  and 
keep  them  for  their  Xecessities.  At  the  time  when  they  are  on  the  Salts,  and 
Sea  Coa.sts,  they  have  aiu)ther  Fishery,  that  is  tor  a  little  Shell-fish,  which  those 
in  England  call  Blackmoors  Teeth.  These  they  catch  by  tying  bits  of  Oystt  rs 
to  a  long  String,  which  they  lay  in  such  places,  as.  they  know,  those  Shell-fish 
haunt.  These  Fish  get  hold  of  the  Oyst<M's.  and  suck  them  in,  s(t  that  they  ])ull 
up  those  long  Strings,  and  take  great  Quantities  of  them,  which  they  carry  a 
great  wav  into  the  main  Land,  to  trade  with  the  remote?  Iiidinnn.  where  thev  are 
of  great  Value;  but  never  near  the  Sea.  by  reason  they  are  common,  therefore 
not  esteem'd.  Besides,  the  Youth  and  IixJian  Boys  go  in  the  Night,  and  one 
holding  a  Lightwood  Torch,  the  otiier  has  a  Bow  and  Arrows,  and  the  Fire 
directing  him  to  see  the  Fish,  he  .shoots  them  with  the  Arrows;  and  thus  they 
kill  a  great  many  of  tlie  smaller  I'^-y  and  cornet inu>s  pretty  large  ones.  It  is  an 
establish'd  Custom  amongst  all  these  Natives,  that  the  young  Hunter  never  eats 
of  th.it  Buck,  Bear,  Fish,  or  any  other  (lame,  which  ha]ipens  to  lie  the  first  they 
kill  of  that  S(n"t;  because  they  believe,  if  h(>  should  eat  thereof,  he  would  never 
after  be  fortunate  in  Hunting.  The  like  foolish  Ceremony  they  hold,  wIhmi  they 
have  made  a  Ware  to  take  Fish  withal ;  if  a  big-lnlly'd  M'oman  eat  of  the  first 
Dish  that  is  caught  in  it,  they  say  that  Ware  will  never  fake  much  Fish  ;  a'ld 
as  for  killing  of  Snakes,  they  avoid  it,  if  tiny  li(>  in  tlicir  way,  because  llieir 
Opinion  is,  that  some  of  the  Serpents  Kindred  would  kill  some  of  the  Savages 
Relations,  that  should  ilestmv  him."     (T.-iue  I'Oil.  •■tc.). 


Hrif/i'cll  (Jo/ni):  T/ir  Xnfiirn/  Hhfuri/  of  Surth  CnrdUiid  ;  Ihihliu,  1737. — 
Indians  of  North  Carolina].  "They  h.ave  lus//-i/i//s  Ih.it  .-ire  made  of  Ixeeds  ov 
fii/hir  f'tiirs.  these  tiicy  cut  .and  make  vei'y  sliarp,  with  twd  Beards.  ;ind  tajier 
t  the  I'oint  like  ;>  /ffir/KKui  :  lieing  thus  provided,  tlioy  either  wade  into  the 
Vater,  or  go  into  their  C^n»/r.s',  and  paddle  jdiout  the  i'ldges  of  the  Rivers  (U' 
> 'reeks,  striking  all  tin;  Fish  they  meet  with  in  the  depth  of  five  or  six  Feet 
Water,  or  as  far  as  tliey  can  se(>  them;  this  they  eouinionly  do  in  dark  calm 
Nights,  and  wiiilst  one  attends  with  a  Light  made  of  the  Pitch-pine,  the  other 
with  his  Fisfi-f/i(/  strikes  and  kills  the  Fish  :   It  is  diverting  to  see  them  fish  after 


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KXTRACTS. 


201 


tliis  manner,  vvliicli  they  sometimes  do  in  tlie  Day  ;  how  dexterous  they  are  in 
striiiing,  is  admirable,  and  the  great  quantities  lliey  kill  by  this  Method." 
(Page  365).* 


M 


Adair  (James):  The  Ilisfon/  of  the  American  Indians;  particularly  those 
Nations  adjoininfj  the  Mississippi,  East  and  West  Florida,  Georgia,  South  and 
North  Carolina,  and  Virr/inia,  etc.;  London,  1775. — "  Tlieir  method  of  fishing  may 
be  placed  among  tlieir  diversions,  but  this  is  of  the  prutitable  kind.  When  they 
see  large  fisli  near  the  surfaee  of  tlie  water,  they  tire  directly  upon  them,  some- 
times only  with  powder,  which  noise  and  surprize  however  so  stupiiies  them, 
that  they  instanfly  turn  up  tlieir  bellies  and  float  a  top,  when  the  fisherman 
secures  them.  If  they  shoot  at  fish  not  deep  in  the  water,  either  with  an  arrow 
or  bullet,  they  aim  at  the  lower  ]i!irt  of  the  belly,  if  they  are  near;  and  lower, 
in  like  manner,  according  to  the  distance,  which  seldom  fails  of  killing.  Tn  a 
dry  summer  season,  they  gather  horse  chcsnuts,  and  different  sorts  of  roots, 
which  having  pounded  jmity  fine,  and  steeped  a  while  in  a  trough,  lliey  scatter 
tliis  mixture  over  the  surface  of  a  middle-sized  pond,  and  stir  it  about  with  poles, 
till  the  water  is  sufficiently  impregnated  with  the  intoxicating  bittern.  Tlie  tish 
are  soon  inebriated,  and  make  to  the  surface  of  the  water,  with  their  bellies 
uppermost.  The  fishers  gather  them  in  baskets,  and  barbicue  the  l;irgest.  cover- 
ing them  carefully  over  at  night  to  preserve  them  from  the  sup])osed  pntrifying 
influence  of  the  moon.  It  seems,  that  fish  catched  in  this  manner,  are  not 
poisoned,  but  only  stupified;  for  they  prove  very  wliole.some  food  to  us,  who  fre- 
quently use  them.  By  experiments,  when  they  .are  speedily  moved  into  good 
water,  they  revive  in  a  few  minutes. 

"The  Indians  have  the  art  of  catching  fish  in  long  crails,  made  with  canes 
and  hiccory  splinters,  tapering  to  a  point.  They  lay  these  at  a  fall  of  water, 
where  stones  are  jdaced  in  two  slojung  lines  from  each  bank,  till  they  meet 
together  in  the  middle  of  the  rapid  stream,  where  the  entangled  fish  are  soon 
drowniMl.  Above  such  a  jdace,  I  have  known  them  to  fasten  a  wreath  of  long 
grape  vines  togellier,  to  roarh  across  tiie  rivi'i",  witli  stoiH>s  fastiMied  at  pi'o])(M' 
distances  to  rake  tbo  boltom:  (hey  will  swim  ;i  mili'  witli  it  whooping,  and 
plunging  all  the  w;iy,  driving  the  fish  b(>fore  them  into  tlieir  large  cam'  jpots. 
^\'itll  this  drauglit,  wliii'li  is  a  very  heavy  one,  tliey  make  a  town  feast,  or  feast 
of  lov(>,  of  which  evcny  one  |»artakes  in  tlie  most  siici;il  iii;iiiiu'r,  and  .-ifterward 
tli(>y  dance  together,  singing  llalelu-yah,  .and  the  rest  of  tlieir  nsii;il  praisc^s  to 
the  divine  essence,  for  his  bountiful  gifts  to  the  beloved  people.  Tliose  Indians 
who  are  unacquainted  with  the  use  of  barbed  irons,  are  very  expert  in  striking 
large  fish  out  of  their  canoes,  with  long  sharp  pointed   green  canes,  which  are 


*  The  remnindpr  (if  Briekoll's  account  of  Iiidiun  fishing  in  North  Ciiri>Hiia  ie  iilmost  litorBlly  taken  Irimi 
Liiwsiin's  "  Mistiirv  of  Ci\nilinii."  . 


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well  bearded,  and  hardened  in  the  fire.  In  Savanali  river,  I  have  often  accom- 
panied them  in  killing  sturgeons  vith  those  green  swamp  harpoons,  ami  which 
they  did  with  much  pleasure  and  ease ;  for,  when  we  discovered  the  iish,  wo  s(x>n 
thrust  into  tlioir  bodies  one  of  the  harpoons.  As  t  le  iish  would  immediately 
strike  dooj),  and  rush  away  to  tiie  bottom  very  rapidly,  their  strength  was  soon 
expended,  by  their  violent  struggles  against  the  buoyant  force  of  the  green  darts  : 
us  soon  as  the  top  end  of  them  appeared  again  on  the  surface  of  the  water,  wo 
made  up  to  them,  renewed  the  attack,  and  in  like  manner  jontinucd  it  till  we 
secured  our  game.* 

"They  have  a  surprising  method  of  fishing  under  the  edges  of  rocks,  that 
stand  over  deep  places  of  a  river.  There,  they  pull  oft'  their  red  breeches,  or 
their  long  slip  of  Stroud  cloth,  and  wrapping  it  round  their  arm,  so  as  to  reach 
to  the  lower  part  of  the  palm  of  their  right  hand,  they  dive  uiuler  the  rock 
where  the  largo  cat-fish  lie  to  shelter  themselves  from  the  scorching  beams  of 
the  sun,  and  to  watch  for  prey :  as  soon  as  tlio^e  fierce  aquatic  animals  sec  that 
tempting  bait,  they  iuunediately  seize  it  with  Uie  greatest  violem,'e,  in  order  to 
swallow  it.  Then  is  the  time  for  the  diver  to  improve  the  favourable  oppor- 
tunity: he  accordingly  opens  his  hand,  .seizes  the  voracious  fish  by  his  tender 
parts,  hath  a  sharp  struggle  with  it  against  the  crevices  of  the  rock,  and  at  last 
brings  it  safe  ashore.  Except  the  Choktah,  all  our  Indians,  both  male  and 
female,  above  the  state  of  infancy,  are  in  the  watery  element  nearly  equal  to 
amphibious  animals,  by  |)ractice:  and  from  the  cxperiuuMits  necessity  has  forced 
them  to,  it  seems  as  if  few  were  endued  with  such  strong  natural  abilities, — very 
few  can  equal  them  in  their  wild  situation  of  life. 

"  There  is  a  favourite  method  among  them  of  fishing  with  hand-nets.  The 
nets  are  about  three  feet  deep,  and  of  the  same  diameter  at  the  opening,  made 
of  hemp,  and  knotted  after  the  usual  manner  of  our  nets.  On  each  side  of  the 
mouth,  they  tie  verv  securelv  a  strong  elastic  yrecn  cane,  to  which  the  ends  arc 
fastened.  Prepared  with  these,  the  warriors  ii-breast,  jump  in  at  the  end  of  a 
long  ])on(l,  swimming  under  water,  with  their  net  stretched  optMi  with  both  hands, 
;iiid  tlie  canes  in  a  horizontal  ])ositioM.  in  this  manner,  they  will  continue,  either 
till  their  brealli  is  expeiuled  by  tlie  want  of  respiration,  or  till  the  net  is  so  pon- 
denuis  as  to  force  them  to  exonerate  it  ashore,  or  in  a  basket,  fixt  in  a  proper 
[ilace  for  that  purjiose — by  removing  one  lumd,  the  canes  instantly  spring 
together.  1  have  l)een  engaged  half  a  day  at  a  time,  with  the  old-friendly  Ciiik- 
kasah,  and  half  drowned  in  the  diversion — when  any  of  us  was  so  unfortunate 

•  Uiirtruin  descriln^s  tliu  lupuiii'  n(  a  wiliniui  tmulipf  tifli'i'ii  poiiiuls'  weight  in  ii  lirariili  ti(  Itnmd  UivLT, 
Gporgiii,  liy  incuiia  of  mio  of  Uicac  liurjuinii!':  — 

"Tholiidiun  struck  this  lisli,  with  ft  rci'il  liar|Mii>ti,  iniindd  vii  y  flnirp,  burlied,  mid  Imrdt'iic  d  liy  tliu  fire. 
Tlio  Iish  hiy  cliisp  under  the  .steep  liiiuk,  whi 'li  the  Indiiiu  disccivcred  mid  striieU  witli  his  reed;  iiistmitly  the  Iish 
darted  oil'  with  it,  wliiNt  the  Tndian  pursued,  wilhdiit  extractiiii;  the  Imrpooii,  and  with  repeated  tlirusls  drowned 
it,  and  tlieii  draggt^d  it  to  siiurc." — Travels  thrvugh  Suuik  Curulinn,  Ocnrtjiti,  etc.;  Dublin,  WS^  ;  p.  44. 


iii" 


I 


...ill. 


EXTRACTS. 


293 


as  to  catiili  w.itor-snakos  in  our  sweep,  and  emptied  tlioin  ashore,  we  had  the 
ranting  voice  of  our  friendly  posse  comitatus,  wliooi)ing  against  us,  till  another 
pai.'y  was  so  unlucky  as  to  meet  with  the  like  misfortune.  During  this  exercise, 
the  women  are  iishing  ashore  with  coarse  baskets,  to  catch  the  fish  that  escape 
our  nets.  At  the  end  of  our  frieiully  diversion,  we  cheerfully  return  home,  and 
in  an  innocent  and  friendly  manner,  eat  together,  studiously  diverting  each  other, 
on  the  incidenls  of  the  day,  and  make  a  cheerful  night."     (Page  402,  etc.). 

Da  Pratz  {M.  Le  Far/e):  Hisfoire  de  la  Lomdane ;  Paris.  1758. — Transla- 
tion :  "  Those  who  lived  near  rivers  doubtless  became  desirous  of  eating  fish, 
ami  tried  to  avail  themselves  of  the  victuals  which  the  country  olfered.  For  the 
I'est,  it  was  only  needed  that  a  pregnant  woman,  having  seen  fine  fishes,  hankered 
after  them  :  the  complaisance  of  the  husband  on  one  hand,  and  his  own  inclina- 
tion to  eat  them  on  the  other,  gave  occasion  for  the  manufacture  of  nets  for 
catching  fish.*  These  nets  have  meshes  {.soiit  maiUes)  like  ours,  and  are  made  of 
the  bark  of  the  linden-tree.     Large  fish  ai-e  shot  with  arrows. 

"  The  nets  usually  serve  for  catching  small  fish  ;  the  natives  also  make  use 
of  them  as  bags  for  transporting  fish.  However,  when  they  have  many  fishes, 
or  have  caught  largo  ones  with  the  line,  they  construct  on  the  spot  a  make-shift 
for  carrying  them  one  or  two  leagues,  or  even  farther,  if  required.  For  this 
purpose  they  take  a  green  branch  of  pliable  wood,  an  inch  and  a  half  in  tiiick- 
ness,  and  bend  it  until  both  ends  meet  and  it  assumes  the  form  of  a  racket 
on  a  large  scale.  Across  this  wood  they  stretch  sevei'al  strips  of  bark  cross- 
wise, and  cover  them  with  i)lenty  of  leaves,  upon  which  they  place  the  fish, 
covering  them  in  the  same  manner.  When  the  loaves  and  fishes  are  firmly  tied 
to  the  frame,  they  attach  their  burden-strap  to  it,  and  carry  it  on  the  buck  like 
a  basket."     (Vol.  II,  page  179,  etc.). 

"  They  sometimes  make  arrows  of  thin,  hard  canes ;  but  these  only  serve 
for  shooting  birds  and  fishes. 

"Their  war-arrows  are  usually  armed  with  a  scale  of  the  bony  gar-fish 
{Pohson-nnnr);  but  if  their  arrows  are  designed  for  shooting  carp  or  cat-fish 
[Barhiic).  which  are  large  fishes,  they  attach  to  the  shaft  a  bone  pointed  at  both 
ends,  in  such  a  manner  that  one  end  forms  the  point  of  the  arrow,  while  the 
other  is  a  little  distant  from  the  .shaft,  and  prevents  the  arrow  i'rom  coming 
out  of  tht>  body  of  the  fish.f  The  arro  v.  r  ore  ,  er,  is  com  ected  l)y  a  string  with 
a  piece  of  wood,  which  floats  and  does  not  allow  the  fish  to  go  to  th(>  bottom  (U* 
to  escape."     (Vol.  11,  page  108). 


*  Polito  utlention  to  women  probably  liiiil  littlo  to  do  witb  the  invention  of  flsliing-nets,  wbcrevor  it  wns 
mudc.  Nets  camo  into  use,  when  popnlalions  increased,  and  the  mntliods  of  spearint;  ami  anylinij;  proved  in- 
(ufflcient  for  furnishing  the  neeesssry  supplies  of  llsh-food.     Hunger,  not  gallantry,  invented  nets, 

f  Compare  Fig.  43  on  p.  47  in  this  volume. 


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294 


rUKIIISTOUlC   FISHING. 


"A  pirogue  is  ii  trunk  of  a  troo,  more  or  less  large,  and  hollowed  out  like  a 
boat.  Those  of  the  natives  will  hold  from  two  to  ten  persons.  Before  they  knew 
the  use  of  axes,  which  they  have  received  from  the  French,  th(\v  excavated  them 
by  means  of  tire,  taking  care  to  co\'er  with  mortar  such  portions  as  the;  wished 
to  leave  intact."     (Vol.  I,  page  107,  note). 

Wi/eth  {Nathaniel  J.):  Letters  addressed  in  1848  to  II.  It.  Schoolcraft,  and 
imblished  in  Iiis  lanje  work  on  "  the  Ilistor//,  Condition,  and  Prospects  of  the  Indian 
Tribes  of  the  United  States;''  Vol.  I,  Philadelphia.  1851.— [ShonhonccH}.  "The 
utensils  originally  used  by  the  Indians  of  the  valley  of  the  y;iai)tin  or  Snake 
River,  were  wholly  of  stone,  clay,  bone  or  wood.  So  far  as  I  observed,  thi-y 
j-ossessod  no  metals.  Their  implements  wore  the  pot,  bow  and  arrow,  knives, 
graining  tools,  awls,  root-diggers,  lish-spears,  nets,  a  kind  of  boat  or  raft,  the 
pipe,  mats  for  shelter,  and  implements  to  produce  fire. 

"  The  iish-spear  is  a  beautiful  adaptation  of  an  idea  to  a  purpose.  The  head 
of  it  is  of  bune,  to  which  a  small  strong  line  is  attached  near  the  middle,  con- 
necting it  willi  the  shaft,  about  two  feet  from  the  point.  Somewhat  toward  the 
forward  end  of  tliis  head  there  is  a  small  hole,  which  enters  it  ranging  acutely 
toward  tlie  [mint  nf  the  head;  it  is  (piite  shaUow.  In  this  hole  the  front  end  of 
the  .'ihaft  is  placed.  This  licail  is  aliout  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  the  shaft 
abo'-.l  ion  i'vi'i,  and  of  liglit  willnw.  V 'hen  a  salmon  (u- sturgeon  is  struck,  the 
lioad  is  al  mn-i'  doliichod  liy  tiio  withdrawal  of  the  shaft,  and  being  constrained 
by  tho  .-trii'g,  wliioli  still  cunnocls  it  with  the  operator,  turns  its  position  to  one 
crosswise  ol'  its  direction  while  entering.  If  the  lish  is  strong,  the  stall"  is  relin- 
quished, and  oi)erates  as  a  buoy  to  obtain  the  lish  when  he  has  tired  down  Ijy 
.struggling.  These  Indians  are  very  expert  in  the  use  of  this  instrument,  and 
tak'  ii'i.ny  fish  at  all  the  falls  and  rapid  waters,  and  construct,  on  small  streams, 
barriers  of  stones  or  brush,  to  force  the  fish  into  certain  places,  where  they  watch 
for  tliiMu,  often  at  night  with  a  light. 

"  Fish-nets  are  made  with  the  outer  bark  of  some  weed  which  grows  in  tho 
country,  but  I  took  lui  particular  note  of  what  it  was,  or  how  separated  from  the 
stalk.  It  makes  a  lint;  stronger  than  any  of  those  I  had  among  my  outtit, 
althouiih  thev  were  selected  from  the  best  materials  of  an  angling  warehouse  by 
myself,  who  profess  to  be  a  judge  of  such  articles.  The  twine  is  formed  by  lay- 
ing the  tibre  doulded  across  the  knee,  the  bight  towards  to  left,  and  held  between 
the  thumb  and  linger  of  that  hand,  willi  the  twi»  parts  which  are  to  form  the  twine 
towanl  the  right  and  a  little  separated  ;  rolling  these  two  parts  between  the  knee 
and  right  hand,  outwardly  from  tlie  oi)erator,  and  twisting  the  bight  between  the 
tliuuil>  and  ti'ver  of  the  left  hand,  forms  the  thread.  More  tibre  is  added  as 
that  tirst  cor  need  on  diminishes  in  size,  so  as  to  make  a  continuous  and  eipial 
line.     In  th        ay,  excellent  twine  is  made  much  more  rapidly  than  could  be 


1: 


EXTRACTS. 


295 


expoctod.  'I'lio  nets  are  of  two  kinds:  tlio  .scdop,  wliicli  is  precisely  tlic  sniiic  as 
is  used  in  tlio  United  States;  and  tlie  seine,  wliieli  is  also  in  principle  exactly  tlie 
same;  and  tlie  knot  used  in  nettini^  alsn  appears  to  me  exactly  the  same:  Imt  in 
tliis  I  may  bo  mislalveii,  as  I  liave  never  seen  the  operation  pert'ormed.  The 
leaded  line  is  formed  hy  at(achini>-  oblong  rounded  stones,  with  a  sunken  groove 
near  the  middle  in  which  to  wind  the  attaching  ligature.  Reeds  are  used  for  floats. 
"The  navigation  of  this  region  appears  to  have  been  confined  to  crossing  the 
streams  when  the  water  was  too  cold  for  comfortable  swimming.  The  only 
apparatus  used  was  little  inoro  than  a  good  raft,  made  of  r(>eds  which  abound 
on  many  of  the  streams.  They  are  about  eigiit  feet  long,  and  formed  by  placing 
small  bundles  of  reeds,  with  the  butt-ends  introduced  and  lashed  together,  with 
their  small  ends  outwards.  Sevi-ral  of  these  Ijundles  are  lashed  together  lieside 
each  other,  and  in  su<'h  a  manner  as  to  form  a  cavity  on  tup.  There  is  no  attempt 
to  make  it  tiglit ;  the  only  dependence  is  on  the  great  buoyancy  of  tlie  materials 
used.  It  is  navigated  with  a  stick,  and  almost  entirely  by  pusliing.  Tliis  rude 
form  of  navigation,  apparently,  is  the  only  one  ever  used  in  the  country,  in  which, 
in  fact,  there  is  hardly  timber  enough  for  a  more  improved  form."  (Pages  :ill, 
21o';  etc.). 

Catlin  {George):  Leffcrs  and  Nofen  on  ihc  Mannert^,  Cnafomt^,  (niiJ  ConiUtion  of 
the  North  American  Inditnis  ;  Xcw  York,  IS44. — "The  skin  <'anoes  of  the  ^lan- 


Fiii.  :iC7. 


Flos.  366  and  367. — Biill-liiilo  l)uiU  iiiul  pailillf  ol'  juiplar  wtmil,  iiiiiiK'  hy  Miiiiiutarocs  at  Fort  BiTtli- 

oM,  DiiUotii.     (!)78.")).-i= 


*  This  boat,  meiisuring  in  Its  pri'scnt  shniiilii'H  Ftiito  Hvo  feet  luid  fmir  inilics  in  diiinicter  nnd  two  fiipt  in 
(liiptli,  WHS  sent  (i)  tliO  Niitinniil  Miisciini  in  1870  hy  I'r.  'Wiisliinutdii  Miitllii-ws,  U.  S.  A.  It  is  nimlc  "T  tiuH'iild- 
sl%in  ;  but  lii'  infunnn  inr  timt  tlu^  [niliuiis  an*  nnw  lu'.;innini^  to  oinploy  ox-iiidL',  owiny  ti»  tlie  iticreusing  soiiroity 

ul   l.llfl'llli). 


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296 


I'HKinSTOUIC   FrSHINO. 


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(Inns  (of  tlio  Uppor  Missouri)  aro  mado  almost  round  liko  a  tub,  by  straining;  a 
hutValo's  skin  over  a  frame  of  wiiikor  work,  mado  of  willow  or  otlior  boui,'lis. 
'riu'  woman  in  paddliui;;  tlioso  awkward  tubs,  stands  in  tlic  bow,  and  makes  the 
strokt^  witli  the  |)addle  bv  reacliiii"'  it  forward  in  tlie  water  and  drawinir  it  to  lier, 
liy  wliicli  moans  slie  pulls  the  canoe  alony-  with  some  considerable  speed.  Those 
very  curious  and  rudely  constructed  canoes  arc  mado  in  tho  form  of  the  Wehh 
rorttclc ;  and,  if  I  mistake  not,  propelled  in  tho  same  manner,  which  is  a  very 
curious  circumstance;  inasmuch  as  they  are  found  in  the  heart  of  the  jireat  wil- 
derness of  America,  when  all  other  suri'oundinn'  triltes  construct  their  canoes  in 
decidedly  dill'eront  forms,  ami  of  ditl'eront  materials,"     (Vol.  II,  jjago  1.'38).* 

Powem  {Sfcphcn):  TrihcK  of  CaJifornia;  Confrihiifions  to  Xorfh  Awerican 
Effiiwhf/i/ ;  Vol.  Ill,  irrt,s/;/«//)'o«,  7577.— [The  Yurok;  Klamath  River].  "As 
tho  redwood  i^rows  oidy  along  tho  Lower  Klamath,  the  Yurok  have  a  monopoly 
of  making  canoes,  and  they  sell  many  to  the  Karok.  A  canoe  on  the  Klamath 
is  not  i»ointed  like  the  Chippewji  canoe,  but  the  width  iit  either  end  is  equal  to 
tho  tree's  diameter.  On  tho  great  bar  across  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  all 
al()ng  the  coast  fo"  eighty  miles,  there  are  tens  of  thousands  of  mighty  redwoods 
cast  upon  the  strand,  having  been  either  floated  down  by  the  rivers  or  grubbed 
down  by  the  surf.  Hence  the  Indians  are  not  obliged  to  fell  any  trees,  and  have 
only  to  burn  them  into  suitable  lengths.  In  making  the  canoe  they  spread  ])itcli 
on  whatever  place  they  wish  to  rechice,  and  when  it  has  burned  deep  enough  they 
clap  on  a  ])ie('e  of  raw  bark  and  extinguish  the  tire.  liy  this  means  tli(>y  round 
them  out  with  wonderful  .symmetry  and  elegance,  leaving  the  sides  and  ends 
vi-ry  thin  and  as  smooth  as  if  they  had  boon  sandpapered.  At  the  stern  they 
burn  and  polish  out  a  neat  little  bracket  which  servos  as  a  seat  for  tho  boatman. 
They  spent  an  infinity  of  puddering  on  those  canoes  (nowadays  they  use  iroTi 
tools  and  dispatch  the  work  in  a  few  days),  two  Indians  sometimes  working  on 
one  the  or  si.x  months,  burning,  scraping,  polishing  with  stones.  When  com- 
pleted, they  are  sold  for  various  sums,  ranging  from  ten  to  thirty  dollars,  or  even 
more.  They  are  not  as  handsome  as  the  Smith  River  or  tho  T'sin-fdv  canoes,  but 
quite  as  serviceable.  A  large  one  will  carry  five  tons  of  merchandise,  and  in 
early  days  thoy  used  to  take  many  cargoes  of  fish  from  tho  Klamath,  shooting 
tho  dangerous  rapids  and  surf  at  the  mouth  with  consummate  skill,  going  boldly 
to  sea  in  heavy  weather,  and  reaching  Crescent  City,  twenty-two  miles  distant, 
whence  they  returned  with  merchandise. 

"  In  catching  salmon  they  em[)loy  princii)ally  nets  woven  of  fine  roots  or 
grass,  which  are  stretched  across  eddies  in  the  Klamath,  always  with  the  mouth 

*  Tliisc  tuWlmpnd  bouts  nro  iilso  used  to  some  I'Xtorit  by  the  Aricuriis  and  Miiinnliiri'cs.  Mr.  Catlin,  it  is  wt'll 
known,  inclines  to  the  viow  Ibat  tlio  Mnndans  aro  partly  descendants  of  the  Welsh  of  I'rince  Mudoc's  o.\|)i'dition. 
The  Welsh  corttclcs  and  Mandan  boats,  at  any  rate,  remind  one  of  llio  curious  circular  skin-covered  boats  in  use 
on  the  river  Kuphrates  in  the  time  of  Herodotus  (I,  194).     Some  of  these  latter,  however,  were  of  largo  size. 


EXTHACTS. 


297 


(lown-strc'iiii.  \\'li('ii  tliore  is  not  a  riiitiinil  eddy  they  soinctiinos  create  one  by 
tlirowiiii;-  out  a  rude  witm-dam.  Tlioy  select  eddies  because  it  is  (here  tlie  salnioii 
congregate  to  rest  tliciiiselves.  At  tlic  liead  of  the  eddy  tliey  erect  fisliiiig-liooths 
over  llie  water,  by  jdaMfiiig  slender  i)oles  in  tlie  bottom  of  the  river,  and  hisiiing 
otliers  over  tlieni  in  a  light  and  artistic  i'raineworiv,  witli  a  ihxir  a  few  feet  above 
tlio  water,  and  regular  ralters  overhead,  on  v.diicii  brusiiwood  is  spread  for  a 
screen  against  the  sun.  In  one  of  these  really  j)ictures(iue  booths  an  Indian 
slee})s  at  night,  witii  a  string  leading  up  from  the  net  to  his  fingers,  so  that  when 
a  salmon  begins  lo  flounce  in  it  he  is  awakened.  Sometimes  the  string  is  attached 
to  an  ingenious  rattle-trap  of  sticks  or  bones  (or  a  bell  nowadays),  which  will 
ring  or  clatter,  and  answer  the  same  purpose. 

"  They  also  spear  salmon  from  these  booths  with  a  fish-gig  furnished  with 
movable  barbs,  which  after  entering  the  fish  spread  open,  and  prevent  the  with- 
drawal of  the  instrument.  Another  mode  they  sometimes  employ  is  to  stand  on 
a  large  bowlder  in  the  main  current  where  the  salmon  and  the  little  skeggers 
shoot  in  to  rest  in  the  eddy  when  ascending  the  stream,  whereupon  they  scoop 
them  up  in  diji-ncts.  Again  they  construct  a  weir  of  willow-stakes  nearly  across 
the  stream  at  the  shallows,  leaving  only  a  narrow  chute  wherein  is  set  a  funnel- 
.shaped  trap  of  splints,  with  a  funnel-shaped  entrance  at  the  large  end.  Ascend- 
ing the  stream  the  bold,  resolute  sahnon  shoots  into  this,  and  cannot  get  out. 
Sometimes  the  weir  reaches  clear  across,  the  stakes  being  fastened  to  a  long 
string-piece  stretching  from  bank  to  bank.  The  liuihling  of  one  of  these  dams 
is  usually  i>receded  by  a  grand  dance,  and  followed  by  a  fea.st  of  sahnon.  The 
greater  portion  of  the  catch  is  dried  and  smoked  for  winter  consum])tion. 

"Along  the  coast  they  engage  largely  in  smelt-fishing.  The  fisherman  takes 
two  long  slender  poles  which  he  frames  together  with  a  cross-])iece  in  the  shape 
of  the  letter  A,  and  across  this  he  stretches  a  net  with  small  meshes,  bagging 
down  considerably.  This  net  he  connects  Viy  a  throat-with  a  h^ig  bag-net  floating 
in  the  w.ater  behind  him,  and  then,  provitled  with  a  strong  staff,  he  wades  out 
up  to  his  middle.  When  an  unusually  heavy  billow  surges  in  he  plants  his  staff 
firmly  on  the  bottom,  ducks  his  head  forward,  and  allows  it  to  boom  over  him. 
After  each  wave  he  dii)s  with  his  net  and  hoists  it  up,  whereupon  the  sn  ^It  slide 
down  to  the  point  and  through  the  thi'oat  into  the  bag-net.  When  the  latter 
contains  a  bushel  or  so  he  wades  ashore  and  empties  it  into  his  s(|uaw's  basket. 

"About  sunset  appears  to  be  the  nmst  favorable  time  for  smelt-fi.shing,  and 
at  this  time  the  great  bar  across  the  mouth  of  the  Kl.-imath  presents  a  lively  and 
interesting  spectacle.  Sometimes  many  scores  of  swarthy  heads  may  be  seen 
bobbing  amid  the  sui'f  like  .so  many  sea-lions.  The  .squaws  hurry  to  and  fro 
across  the  bar,  bowing  themselves  under  their  great  conical  hampers,  carrying 
the  smelt  back  to  the  canoes  in  the  river,  while  the  pappooscs  caper  around 
stark  naked,  whoop,  throw  up  their  heels,  and  playfully  insinuate  pebbles  into 
K  38 


:  J5 


r  ti 


!    I 


~     l\ 


•mmmmm 


.-ft  tj  V  'i  - 


i»i 


208 


I'ltKlllSTOmc   I'lSIIINQ. 


each  other's  ears.  After  the  jjreat  copper  gh)be  of  tlio  sun  Imriis  into  the  ocean, 
bivouac  fires  spring  up  ah)ng  the  sand  among  tiie  enormous  redwood  drift-logs, 
and  families  hover  around  them  tn  roast  the  evening  repast.  The  .scpiaws  Imstlc 
about  the  fires  while  the  weary  smelt-lisjiermen,  in  their  nude  and  savage 
strength,  are  grouped  together  s(piatting  or  leaning  about,  with  their  smoDth, 
dark,  dean-moulded  limljs  in  statuesque  attitudes  of  repose.  Dozens  of  canoes 
laden  with  bushels  on  bushels  of  the  little  silver  fishes,  .shove  off  and  movo 
silently  away  up  the  darkling  river."     (Page  47,  etc.). 

[The  Ilenaggi ;  Smith  River].  "The  Ilenaggi  deserve  special  mention  on 
account  of  the  handsome  canoes  which  they  fashion  out  of  redwood.  I  saw  one 
on  Humboldt  13ay,  which  had  been  launched  by  them  on  Smith  River,  and  which 
had  therefore  demonstrated  its  sea-worthiness  by  a  voyage  of  over  a  hundred 
miles.  It  was  forty-two  feet  long  and  eight  feet  four  inches  wide,  and  capable 
of  carrying  twenty-four  men  or  five  tons  of  freight.  It  was  '  a  thing  of  beauty,' 
sitting  plumb  and  lightly  on  the  sea,  smoothly  polished,  and  so  symmetrical  that 
a  pound's  weight  on  either  side  would  throw  it  .slightly  out  of  trim.  Twenty-four 
tall,  swtirthy  boatmen,  naked  except  around  the  loins,  standing  erect  in  i<:,  as 
their  li.ibit  is.  and  with  their  narrow  paddles  measuring  otFthe  blue  waters  with 
long,  even  sweeps,  must  have  been  a  fine  spectacle."     (Page  69). 

[The  Viard  or  Wiyot;  Humboldt  Ray,  lOel  River].  "Like  all  coast  tribes 
the  A'iard  depended  largely  on  fishing  for  a  subsistence,  and  the  lower  waters  of 
Eel  River  yielded  them  a  wonderful  amount  of  rich  and  ole.-iginous  eels.  To 
capture  the.-;e  they  constructed  a  funnel-shaped  trap  of  si>lints,  with  ii  funnel- 
shaped  entrance  at  the  large  end,  through  which  the  creature  could  wriggle,  but 
wliieh  closed  on  him  and  detained  him  inside.  Traps  of  this  kind  they  weighted 
down  so  that  they  floated  mostly  below  the  surface  of  the  water,  and  then  tied 
them  to  stakes  planted  in  the  river  bottom.  Thus  they  turned  about  with  the 
swash  of  the  tide,  keeping  the  large  ends  always  against  the  current,  that  the 
eels  might  slip  in  readily."     (Page  103). 

[The  Wailakki ;  western  slope  of  the  Shasta  Mountains].  "  In  the  hot  iind 
sweltering  interior  of  the  State  the  [mlians  generally  leave  their  warm  winter 
lodges  as  soon  as  the  dry  season  is  well  established,  and  camp  fur  the  sumnier 
in  lighi.  open  wickiups  of  brushwood,  which  they  sometimes  aitandon  two  or 
three  times  during  the  summer  for  convenience  in  lishing,  etc.  Iinme(li;itely  on 
tlie  co;ist  this  is  scarcely  done  at  all,  lu'cause  not  necessai'y  ;  but  the  W'ailnkki 
generally  go  higher  up  the  little  streams  in  the  heated  term,  roaming  and  camp- 
ing along  where  the  salmon  trout  [ISulnio  Jlitsoni)  and  the  Coast  Range  trout 
(Salmo  iridetts)  most  abound.  They  capture  those  and  other  minnows  in  a  ratlu-r 
ignominious  and  un-Waltonian  fashion.  \N'hen  the  summer  heat  dries  up  the 
streams  to  stagnant  pools,  they  rub  the  poisonous  .soap-root  in  the  water  until 


EXTUACTS. 


200 


tlio  Tisli  jirc  stii|K'(lc(l,  wlicn  tliov  oim\y  scoop  tliom  up,  ami  llic  poiwon  will  not 
adoct  tli(>  tough  stoiiiacli  of  tlio  nbori<,'iii»>8."     (J'ngc  110,  c>tc.). 

[Tliu  Malvlielclicl ;  C'loar  Lake].  "  They  construct  boats  of  tulo,^^'  witli  in*lif- 
fcrcnt  skill.  First,  two  or  throo  long  tulo-stalks  arc  sowed  touuthor  for  a  kot-l, 
and  hanmu.'rod  hard.  Tlu-n  others  are  laid  alongside  of  them,  eaeh  one  over- 
lapping the  last  a  little  in  length,  sewed  on  and  Ix'aten.  When  linished  the 
bottom  is  twenty  or  thirty  feet  long,  elliptical  in  shape,  sharp  at  the  ends,  three 
or  four  layers  of  tule  thick,  and  all  hammered  hard  and  water-tiuht.  The  sides 
are  then  built  up  perpendicular,  but  only  one  or  two  tules  thick,  and  not  riltbed. 
After  being  in  the  water  awhile  the  thick  bottom  l)ecomes  water-logged,  and  if 
the  boat  is  capsized  it  rights  itself  in  an  instant,  like  a  loaded  cork.  One  of  these 
boats  will  last  five  years,  and  carry  several  men  or  a  ton  of  merchandise  in  a 
heavy  se.a.  The  Makhelchel  are  bold  watermen  and  skillful  lishers.  Yet  they 
take  most  of  their  fish  in  the  creeks  in  s))ring,  which  they  frefpiently  do  by 
treading  on  them  with  their  naked  feet  in  the  crevices  of  the  rocks."  (Pago 
21o,  etc.).   , 

[The  Wintun  ;  Upper  Sacramento  and  Upper  Trinity  Rivers].  "  They 
are  as  remarkable  as  all  Califoriu.-ms  for  their  fondness  for  being  in,  and  their 
daily  lavatory  use  (»f.  cnld  water.  They  are  almost  aniphiltious,  or  were  before 
tliey  were  j)estered  with  clothing.  Merely  to  get  a  drink  they  would  wade  in 
and  dip  or  toss  the  water  up  with  their  hands.  They  would  dive  many  feet  for 
clams,  remain  down  twice  as  long  as  an  American  could,  and  rise  to  the  surface 
with  one  or  more  in  each  hand  and  one  in  the  mouth.  Though  I  have  never 
given  speeial  attention  to  the  singular  shell-mounds  which  occur  in  this  State,  I 
have  often  thought  they  might  have  been  originated  by  an  ancient  race  of  divers 
like  these  Wintun.  I  am  not  aware  that  the  latter  accumulate  the  shells  in 
mounds,  but  they  are  seen  .scattered  in  small  piles  about  their  riparian  camps. 
In  ancient  times,  two  rival  rancherias  might  have  striven  to  collect  each  the 
larger  heap  of  shells,  .-is  to-day  two  hunting  or  fishing  parties  will  carry  their 
friendly  contention  to  the  verge  of  fool-hardiness  to  secure  the  greater  amount  of 
game  or  tish. 

"  For  a  ti.shing-station  the  Wintun  ties  together  two  stout  i)oles  in  a  (tross, 
plants  it  in  dee[i  water,  then  lays  a  log  out  to  it  from  the  shore.  Standing  here, 
silent  .-nid  motionless  as  a  statue,  with  spear  poised  in  the  ;iir,  he  sometimes  looks 
down  upon  so  great  a  multitude  of  black-liacked  salmon  slowly  warjiing  to  and 
fro  in  the  gentle  current,  that  he  could  scarcely  thrust  his  spear  dnwn  without 
transtixing  one  or  more.  At  times,  he  constructs  a  booth  out  over  the  w.der, 
but  it  is  not  nearly  so  ingenious  and  pretty  a  structure  as  those  on  the  Klamath. 
Ilis  spear  is  very  long  and  slender,  often  iifteen  feet  in  length,  with  a  joint  of 

*  Derived  rrmii  llie  A/.lee  wnnl  tiillin,  siuiiit'vini;  ii  l)iili'iifli. 


■mH 


w- 


>y:'  ') 


it'     M  t'-'i  V 


ii 

1 

.5' 

i"l 

i' 

3(M) 


IMIKHISTOUIC   KtsniNO. 


dccr'a  bono  at  tlic  end,  ivbout  throe  inchea  lon^',  faaliit)nod  witli  ti  socket  to  ilt  on 
to  lli(«  iiiiiin  s|u'ar-sli!it't,  to  wliidi  it  ia  also  fastened  by  a  strin]u-  tied  ni'oiind  its 
niiildlc.  'riif  Indian  aims  to  drive  litis  inoval)le  joint  <|uite  tliroiiu;li  tlie  lisli, 
wiicreiiixiM  it  coMii's  loose,  turns  crossways,  and  llius  holds  the  lish  seeurt'ly, 
flonncinji;  at  the  end  of  the  strinj,'.  Tiie  eonstruetioii  of  this  spear  sliows  a  good 
knowledge  of  the  gamy,  resolute  salmon  ;  the  string  at  the  end  allows  him  to 
play  and  exhaust  himself,  while  a  still'  sp(>ar  would  be  broken  or  wrenehed  out 
of  him.  A  party  of  six  Indians  on  Mct'loud's  Fork  speared  over  live  hundred 
in  one  night,  whieh  would  at  a  moderate  eahndation  give  live  hundred  pounds  to 
eaeh  spearman.  In  view  of  this,  although  an  exceptional  case,  who  can  doubt 
that  the  ancient  population  of  California  may  have  l)een  very  great?"  (Pago 
iJ33,  etc.). 

[The  Modok  ;  formerly  soutliorn  shore  of  Lower  Klamath  Lake,  Hot  f'reek, 
Clear  Lake,  and  Lost  River].  "They  formerly  had  'dug-outs,'  generally  made 
from  the  tir,  qiute  rude  and  unshai)ely  allairs  compared  with  those  found  on  the 
Lower  Klamath,  but  subst-Uilial,  and  sometimes  capable  of  carrying  a  burden  of 
1,S(M)  pounds.  Across  the  bow  of  one  of  these  canoes  a  lish-stMiie  was  stret(du'd, 
bellying  back  as  the  craft  was  propelled  through  the  water,  until  the  catch  was 
suHiciently  large,  when  it  was  lifted  up  and  emptied."     (Page  255). 

[TheVokuts;  region  of  Tulare  Lak(>].  "In  the  mountain  streams  which 
empty  into  Tulare  Lake  they  catch  lake  trout,  chubs,  an<l  suckers.  Sometimes 
tli(>y  construct  a  weir  across  the  river  with  a  narrow  chute  and  a  trap  set  in  it ; 
then  go  al)ove  and  stretch  a  line  of  itrushwood  from  one  bank  to  the  other,  which 
they  drag  down  stream,  driving  the  fish  into  the  trap.     Another  way  is  to  erect 


a  lirushwood  booth  over  the  water,  so  thickly  covered  as  to 


>erfectlv  dark 


inside;  then  an  Indian  lies  flat  on  his  belly,  peering  down  throu..  1>'>1<'.  and 
when  a  lish  passes  under  him  ho  spears  it.  The  spear  is  ])ointed  witti  Inn.,  ,  '1 
is  two-pronged.  Still  another  methoil  is  employed  on  Tule  River  and  King's 
River.  An  Indian  takes  a  funnel-shaped  trap  in  his  teeth  and  hands,  buoys 
himself  on  .i  little  log,  and  then  tioats  silently  down  th(>  rapids,  holding  the  net 
open  to  receive  the  tisli  that  may  be  shooting  up.  On  Tulare  Lake  they  ( <>nstruct 
very  rude,  frail  punts  or  mere  troughs  of  tule.  about  ten  feet  long,  in  whic'h  they 


cruise  timidiv  about  near  the  shore 


(Page;37«). 


[The  Palligawonap;   Kern  River].     "Tule  is  also  the  material  iVom  which 
truct  a  rude  water-craft.     This  is  onlv  about  six  feet  in  leiiiith,  with  the 


lev  cons 


tl 

bow  very  long  and  sharp-rounded,  and  the  stern  cut  nearly  s(|iiare  across;  sides 
])eri)eiidiciilar ;  a  small  tule  keel  running  along  the  middle,  dividing  the  liottom 
into  two  sides.  It  will  carry  only  one  man,  and  he  has  to  be  very  careful  when 
standing  up  to  keep  his  feet  one  on  each  side  of  the  keel,  or  the  bobbing  thing 


iill'i^  \ 


KXTIIACT8. 


ai»i 


will  capsizp.  It  is  used  priiitiimlly  in  liHliiii^,  tor  wliicli  purpose  tlu-y  I'lnploy 
a  tliro(!-proii>j;t'(l  j^ii^  pointi'd  witii  Imhic.  Tlicy  show  imicli  iiioro  sJiiU  ia  balancing 
tliomsflvi's  in  tlio  boat  than  they  do  in  inakini:^  it."     (l'a,ij;o  3{)4). 

Puivcrs  (Sffp/if'ii):  Tin'  liiilitiiis  of  Wi'ufcni  Nrvada  ;  Mniiuncript  in  posKvmon 
of  tlir  HiintiK  of  Hffinoloi/)/:'' — [I'ai-ulc],  "A  kind  of  bals.i  or  raft  is  made  of 
tnli"  for  lisIiini,'-pnrpost's  on  Pyramid  liaK; .  'I'lii-y  select  stalks  which  are  ti-n 
or  twelve  t'oet  lonj,',  and  liiiid  them  lirnily  with  willow-twij,'s  into  I'nsil'onn 
sheaves  or  Itiimlles;  two  of  these  bundles  make  the  outside  of  the  raft,  and  be- 
tween them  is  another  one,  snniller  and  of  miiforin  thickness  throiiyhout.  The 
ends  of  the  raft  are  a  little  turned  up,  and  slicks  are  thrust  horizuntally  throiii;h 
tlie  three  t)undles,  to  keep  them  still' and  level  on  the  waves.  This  raff  is  pro- 
]ielh>d  with  a  polo,  which,  when  .  t  in  use,  is  retained  on  the  raft  by  bein^^  thrust 
throuith  loops  in  the  willow-twigs.     It  will  carry  one  or  two  men." 

"  The  I'ai-Ute  at  Pyramid  liake  are  triiially  named  from  the  fish  they  chietly 
eat — the  /,i'i-f/it-ii<i\  probably  a  species  (jf  carp,  but  commonly  called  by  the  Amer- 


icjins 


a   sucker.     It  is  caught  in  great  (|uaiitities  in   the  winter  season,  wl 


UMl 


ascending  the  Truckec  lliverj-  to  spawn.  I  have  seen  two  Indians  bring  in.  e.irly 
in  October,  two  Large  hor.se-load.s--pr(d)ably  two  huiidrcd  iMiund.-* — as  the  i)ro(luct 
of  twenty-four  hours'  labor  with  a  throw-line.  A  single  Indi.an  h.as  been  known 
to  make  twenty-live  doll.irs  a  day,  for  a  short  n<  viod,  catching  these  tish  and 
selling  them  in  Wadsworth.  The  night  is  a  favor. i;  (inie  for  lishing  ;  the  Imlian 
sometimt>s  lies  on  his  face  in  ■•>  booth  or  on  his  tule  raft,  peering  down  into  the 
w.ater,  and  whenever  he  sees  a  fish  glide  over  a  white  stone  at  the  bottom,  reveal- 
ing itself  plainly,  he  thrusts  it  through  with  a  spear.  IJut  the  spear  is  le.ss  em- 
ployed than  the  hook,  the  not,  ami  the  throw-line.  The  hook,  whether  large  or 
small,  is  made  by  lashing  a  sharp  piece  of  bone  to  a  shaft  of  grease-wood  at  a 
nearly  right  iingle ;  this  is  baited  with  a  minnow  or  a  ])iece  of  flesh,  and  sonie- 
tinu's  rubbed  over  with  the  aromatic  seeds  of  a  certain  plant,  powdered;  and 


when  the  lisli  sw.iUows  it,  the  hook  turns  cri 


avs  in  the  throat.     A  number  of 


these  are  fastened  by  snoods,  at  regul.-ir  intervals,  to  a  liiu;  with  a  sinker  at  the 
end,  which  is  thrown  out  into  the  w.iter,  while  the  otlu>r  end  is  tied  to  somi"  object 
ashore,  constituting  what  is  known  in  the  \\'estern  States  as  a  throw-line  or  a 
'trot-liiu>.';{: 

"Various  kinds  of  nets  are  made  of  the  fibre  of  tlu>  commou  milkweed 
(Axclr/ti'is),  very  ingeniously  twisted  on  tiu>  thigh,  and  woven  witli  si  bdiibin. 
Men  and  women  both  work  in  cutting  ii[)  and  drying  the  tish  when  .i  heavy  catch 
has  lu'en  matle.  The  lish  is  cut  open  ahuig  the  b;ick.  on  lK)th  sides  of  the  bm'k- 
bone,  which  is  lifted  out,  but  left  attached  at  the  head  ;  the  latter  is  not  rouiovcd." 


'Ills  iimmiscript  wiis  kindly  |iliiced  iit  my  di»|ii>sul  by  Miijur  J.  \V.  Towi'll. 


t  mill 


lit.)  1' 


id  liiilin. 


J  Priilmlily  a  iMrru|itiiiii  iif  "  triiwl-lino.' 


m 


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■  .I) ; 


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■ 

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k'  ■  ■ 

k 

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. 

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rr. 

H 

M 


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v.; 


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tir 


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.: 

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tf   / 

r 

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:1::i}! 

j  ;■ 

i; 

I'll 

i; 

^■^!c:i' 

i 

302 


I'KEHISTOUIC   FISHING. 


Sfonc  {Liviiif/sfoi}):  Sah»oi}-fi!<hij)(j  mnang  the  McClomJ  Jiiver  Jxdlann  in  Cali- 
fornia. Communicdtcil  in  vrifing  to  the  Author  in  Jnnr,  1SS2. — "Tlio  usual  niotlidd 
pnu'litfcd  by  tlio  McCloud  Rivor  Indians  for  t'aj)turing  salmon  is  spearing. 
Their  spear  Is  a  very  long  and  •oniparativoly  slender  pole,  tliiekest  in  the  niiddle, 
and  ta]M'ring  toward  both  ends.  I  should  say  that  twenty-tive  i'eet  may  bo  eon- 
sidered  a  fair  average  length  of  a  ^leCloud  River  Indian's  salmon-^pear,  and  in 
the  middle  it  is  not  far  from  an  inch  and  a  half  or  two  inches  in  diameter.  It  is 
always  jjainled  black  with  a  ]ireparation  of  jiitcli. 

"The  anterior  end  of  the  spear  tenninates  in  a  fork  with  two  prongs,  about 
fifteen  inehes  in  length,  and  likewise  of  wood.  On  the  end  of  each  of  these 
prongs  is  loosely  stuck  a  sharp-pointed  piece  of  bone,  made  from  the  ankle  of  a 
deer.  These  bones  arc  also  tirmly  tied  by  a  rope  to  the  shaft  of  the  spear. 
^^'llen  |)reparing  to  strike  the  tish,  the  Indian  poises  the  spear  over  his  head,  and 
throws  it  with  great  velocity  at  the  victim.  The  moment  the  pointed  bones  pierce 
the  salmon,  he  sjirings  to  get  away,  and  pulls  the  bones  oft'  the  ends  of  the 
prongs;  but  the  jtointed  bones  being  ingeniously  fastened  to  the  rojie  near  their 
middle,  as  soon  as  i1h\v  are  ludd  only  by  the  rope,  change  their  direction  ncirly 
at  a  riulit  angle,  iuid  now  become  Laterally  imbedded  in  the  salmon's  body.  Thus 
the  tisli  is  firmly  held  and  is  soon  pulled  ashore. 

"The  Indians  throw  their  spear  with  great  dexterity,  .and  are  usually  suc- 
C(vsf'.il  in  getting  salmon  with  it.  They  go  spearing  in  the  nn)rning  and  evening, 
but  usually  in  tli(>  UKUMiing,  from  daylight  to  sunris(>.  They  cai)ture  with  fiie 
spear  ih'.irly  all  the  salmon  that  they  eat  fresh  ;  but  in  the  fall,  when  tiiey  ai'e 
preparing  to  dry  llieir  winter's  stock  of  tish,  they  catch  them  in  .-inotluM-  way- 
At  this  tin\e  they  l)uild  an  angiU.-.r  brush  dam  across  or  partly  across  the  river, 
with  the  angle  down  stream,  .and  at  this  angle  they  place  a  large  coarse  wicker 
basket.  Tliis  is  ;he  season  wiien  hundreds  and  thous;inds  of  salmon  are  flo;iting 
down  the  river  in  ;i  dying  coinlitioii  ;d  the  close  of  tli(>  sp.-iwning  season.  These 
e.\haii-ted  lisli  ,ire  trapped  in  great  numbers  in  toe  wicker  baskets,  IV(Hh  which 
tliey  i  re  taken,  split,  and  drii'd  for  winter  use.  Nearly  all  their  supply  for  dry- 
ing is  ol'taineil  in  this  manner. 

"'i'lie  .McCloud  l\i\i'r  Indians  lia\'eatnii(l  nu'iliod  of  lishing  for  salnnm, 
Iiy  di\ing  into  Hie  river  themselves  wilii  nets;  Imt  this  mode  i<  only  re.sorteil  to 
once  or  twice  ji  year,  and  is  made  an  occasion  of  festivities  rather  than  a  means 
of  ;ici|uii'ing  food.  Tlu'  whole  ye.ir's  snpjily  of  s.almon  is  praclieally  obtained  by 
the  lirst-Mientioned  two  methods,  vi/..,  liy  flie  spear  and  tlie  wicker  liasket.  I 
should  say,  however,  that  siiici'  the  T'liited  Slates  l''isii  ( 'ommission  lias  estab- 
lished a  station  on  the  river,  the  Indians  derive  a  very  large  pro|iortion  of  their 
daily  and  winter's  supjdy  of  tish  from  the  nets  of  the  Commission."'" 


*  Mr.  Rtcini'  is  Pi'imly  IT,  S.  Visli  r..iiimissi,,iiiT  for  llii>  Vnnttr  roust. 


KXTU/VCTS. 


303 


Ditiiii  {Jolt))):  The  Oregon  Tori  for//,  and  the  lirifish  North  American  Fnr 
Trade;  New  For/,;  IS45. —[Chmooks,  ok-.].  "  Tlio  salmon  season  of  those  tribes 
towards  tlie  nioiitli  of  the  Coliiinhia  eonimeiices  in  .\iuw.  ami  its  openinj,'  is 
an  epocli  loolied  forward  to  with  miicli  anxiety,  and  is  attended  with  ^reat  formal- 
ity. They  have  a  ])ublie  festival,  and  oiler  sacrifiees.  The  first  salmon  ean,oh(  is 
a  consecrated  thing;  and  is  oflered  to  the  munineent  Spirit  who  is  the  giver  of 
plenty.  They  have  a  superstitious  scruple  about  the  mode  of  cutting  salmon ; 
especially  at  the  comniencemeid  of  the  season,  before  they  have  an  -issurance  of 
a  plentiful  supply.  To  cut  it  crosswise,  and  to  cast  the  iieart  into  the  water,  they 
consider  most  unlucky,  and  likely  to  bring  on  a  scarce  season.  Hence  they  are 
very  reluctant  to  supply  the  traders  at  the  stations  with  any,  until  tlie  season  is 
advanced,  and  they  can  calculate  on  their  jjrobable  stock;  lest  an  unlucky  cross 
cut  by  the  white  men  may  mar  all  tlieir  prospects.  Their  mode  is  to  cut  it  along 
the  back  ;  they  take  out  the  back  bone,  and  most  .studiously  avoid  throwiiii;-  (he 
heart  into  the  water.  The  heart  they  broil  and  eat;  but  will  not  eat  il  .ifter 
sunset.     tSo  plentiful  is  the  fish,  that  they  supjtly  the  white  men  witli  it  in  abmi- 

dance." "Their  canoes  vary  in  size  and  form.     Some  are  liiii'ly  feet 

long,  and  al)out  three  feet  deep,  cut  out  of  a  single  tree— eitiier  tir  or  whiU' 
cedar— and  cap;il)le  of  cjirryii'g  twenty  persons.  They  have  round  thwart  pieces 
fr-  ni  side  to  side,  forming  a  sor;  of  liinders,  about  three  inches  in  circumferenre; 
and  their  gunwales  incliiu' oiitwauls.  so  as  to  cast  oil"  (li(>  surge  :  the  bow  ;nid 
stern  being  decorated,  somdinics.  with  grotes(pu>  figures  of  nu'U  and  animals. 
In  managing  their  canoes,  they  kneel  /wo  and  /(t'o  along  the  bottom,  sitting  on 
their  heels,  and  wielding  paddles  jdiout  five  feet  long;  while  one  sits  on  the  stern 
ami  steers,  with  a  paddle  of  the  same  kind.  The  women  are  e(piallv  expert  in 
tlie  managenu'nt  of  the  canoe,  iind  generally  take  the  helm,  it  is  surprisinu-  to 
s(>e  with  wlijit  fearless  unconcern  these  savages  venture  in  their  slight  b.irks  on 
the  most  tempestuous  se;is.  Tlun' seem  to  ride  upon  the  waves  like  se.i-fowl. 
Should  ;i  surge  tlirow  the  canoe  u])on  one  si(l(>  ami  ;'Mil,niger  its  ovciliirn.  those 
to  windw.inl   l.-.m  over  tic-  upper  gunw;ile— (lirnst   tlieir  paddles  .jeep  into  the 

wave— app.irently  catch   the  water,  .irnl   force  il    umler  tl anoe;  and   by  this 

.'letion.  not  nii'rely  regain  ;in  e(|iiilibriiiiii,  but  give  tln'  \e.~sel  ,i  vi:4-oi-,.!is  impulse 
forward."     (i'age  S7,  etc.). 

"Sturgeon  are  ctinght   by  tlie  Chii ks  in  (lie  following  m.-niiier,     To  the 

line— which   is  made  from   the  twisted  roots  of  trees— is  attadieil  ;i  I  ir-v  i k. 

m.ide  of  h.inl  wood.  This  is  lowered  some  twenty  feet  below  the  siir|;iee  of  the 
w.iter.  The  canoes  are  not  nmn>  than  ten  feet  long:  manned  by  nevermore 
tli.in  two.  sometimes  only  l)y  (.lie;  and  slowly  drift  down  the  liver  with  the 
•nrreiit.     Y  (h,«  sturgeon  bites,  and  they  ha,(>  him  f.ist,  (h.-  line  is  haiih'd 

up  ::-ently  until  they  gvt  his  head  (o  the  water';,  edge.  He  then  receives  n  l,h  ^ 
from  a   iieavy  wooden   malh't.  which   kills   him.     The  gninv;.le  of  the  canoe  is 


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304 


I'KEHISTOUIC   FISHING. 


lowered  to  the  verge  of  the  water ;  aiul  tb.o  sturgeon,  though  weighing  upwards 
of  tiiree  hundred  pounds  is,  by  the  single  effort  of  one  Indian,  jerked  into  the 

boat."     (Page  90). 

"  They  an;  very  ingenious  in  the  construction  of  their  nets,  which  arc  mado 
of  a  sort  of  wild  hemp,  sonietinies  called  silk-grass,  found  on  the  upper  borders 
of  the  ('olunil)ia;  or  of  the  fibres  of  the  roots  of  trees;  or  the  inner  ligaments  of 
the  bark  of  the  white  cedar.  Those  nets  are  of  ditl'erent  kinds,  for  the  different 
kinds  of  tishery — the  straight  net  for  the  larger  lish  in  deep  water;  and  the 
scooping  or  dipping-net  for  the  smaller  fish  in  the  shallower  waters.  They  also 
use  a  curious  sort  of  many-pronged  sj)oar,  for  drawing  up  small  tish.  This  is  a 
pole  set  all  round  with  numerous  short  wooden  little  spikes.  This  they  work 
along  against  the  current  from  the  canoe,  and  against  the  small  tish,  that  swim 
onwanls  in  dense  masses.  At  every  take-up  of  this  spear,  which  is  done  in  (juick 
succession,  it  is  found  tilled  with  fishes  impaled  on  those  sharp  sjjikes.  In  their 
nets  i'«ey  use  stones  in  j)lace  of  lead;  and  flieir  superior  usefulness  and  adapta- 
tion to  th  ■  lisliery  of  the  ('olunil)ia,  over  the  nets  of  the  civilized  white,  may  i)e 
.shown  from  the  following  fact  : —  A  ^Ir.  Wyeth,  of  IJo.ston,  having  heard  much 
of  tli(>  salmon  tishery  in  the  ('olunii)ia,  and  tliiidung  it  would  atVord  a  profifabje 
trading  speculation,  chartered  a  vessel,  in  183;") ;  and  on  his  way  took  a  number  of 
Handwich  Islanders  as  tishernu'u  ;  supplying  himself  also  with  a  car;-o  of  fishing 
nets.  ;ind  a  great  variety  of  otiier  fishing  a|)paratns,  on  the  most  approved  prin- 
ciples. On  arriving  at  the  Columbia,  he  set  vigorously  to  work,  d(>ad  sure  of 
m.aking  a  fortune.  JJut  his  nets  were  totally  unfit  for  the  occupation  ;  and  iiis 
exotic  fishermen,  notoriously  familiar  as  they  are  with  the  watery  element,  were 
no  match  for  the  natives,  pursuing  their  natural  occnpaticni  in  almost  their  in- 
digenous element,  and  so  familiar  with  the  seasons,  the  currents,  the  localities, 
and  all  the  many  otiier  circumstances  that  insure  success."     (^Page  98,  etc.). 

Suvni  i  '.lilies  (I.):  The  yvrffiweaf  ('oasf :  or,  Thnc  Years  Jiesideiiec  in 
]\'(is/iiiiijfoii  Territurji ;  Mew  Yorh\  1S57 ■ — "  The  C'henook  salmon  comnuMices  to 
enter  the  river  (Colnniliia)  the  last  of  May,  and  is  most  plentiful  about  the  I'Oth 
of  .Iiini'.  It  is,  without  doubt,  the  finest  salmon  in  the  world,  and,  lieing  taken 
so  near  the  ocean,  lias  its  fine  flavor  in  i)erfection.  The  sahnon,  when  entering 
i\  river  to  spawn,  do  not  at  once  proceed  to  the  head-w.-iters,  Init  linger  round 
the  mouth  for  sever.-il  weeks  before  they  are  prepared  to  go  farther  up.  It  has 
lieen  su|)poscd  that  they  cannot  go  immediately  from  the  ocean  to  the  cold  t'resh 
water,  Ijut  reniiiin  for  a  time  where  tlie  water  is  brackish  l)efore  they  venture  on 
so  great  ;i  cli.inge.  Be  that  as  it  may,  one  thing  is  certain,  that  the  early  salmon 
taken  at  t'lieiiook  are  far  sn|)erior  in  flavor  to  any  that  are  sniiseiiuently  taken 
farther  up  the  river,  and  this  excellence  is  so  geiHU'ally  acknowledged  that  Chc- 
nook  salmon  command  a  Iiiglii'r  i)rice  than  any  other. 


EXTRACTS. 


305 


"The  Chcnook  fishery  is  carried  on  by  means  of  nets.  These  are  made  by 
tlie  whites  of  tho  twine  prepared  for  the  purpose,  and  sold  as  salmon-twine,  and 
rigged  with  tloats  and  siidvers  in  the  usual  style.  The  nets  of  the  Indians  are 
made  of  a  twine  spun  by  themselves  from  the  fibres  of  si)ruce  roots  prepared  for 
the  purpose,  or  from  a  species  of  grass  brought  from  the  north  by  the  Indians. 
It  is  very  strong,  and  answei's  the  purpose  admirably.  Peculiar-shaped  sticks 
of  dry  cedar  are  used  for  floats,  and  the  weights  at  the  bottom  are  rouinl  beach 
pebbles,  about  a  pound  each,  notched  to  keep  them  from  slipping  from  their 
fastenings,  and  securely  held  by  withes  of  cedar  lirmly  twisted  and  woven  into 
the  foot-rope  of  the  net. 

"  The  nets  vary  in  size  from  a  hundred  feet  long  to  a  hundred  fathoms,  or 
six  hundred  feet,  and  from  seven  to  si.xteen  feet  deep. 

"  Three  persons  are  required  to  work  a  net,  except  the  very  large  ones,  which 
require  more  help  to  land  them.  The  time  the  lishing  is  commenced  is  at  the 
top  of  high-watei',  just  as  the  tide  begins  to  ebb.  A  short  distance  from  the  shore 
:*••■  curi-'Mit  is  very  swift,  and  with  its  aid  these  nets  are  hauled.  Two  persons 
g('!  ;  I  the  canoe,  on  the  stern  of  which  is  coiled  the  net  on  a  frame  made  for 
ti'o  purpose,  I'esiing  on  the  canoe's  gunwale.  She  is  then  paddled  up  the  stream, 
close  in  to  the  beach,  where  the  current  is  not  so  strong.  A  tow  line,  with  a 
wooden  float  attached  to  it,  is  then  thrown  to  the  third  pei'son,  w-ho  remains  on 
th<>  beach,  and  immediately  the  two  in  the  ("anoe  paddle  lier  info  the  rapid  s'l.'am 
as  quickly  as  th(>y  can,  throwing  out  tlie  net  all  the  time.  When  this  is  all  out, 
they  paddle  ashore,  having  the  end  of  the  other  tow-line  made  fast  to  the  canoe. 
Before  all  this  is  accomplished,  the  net  is  carried  down  the  stream,  by  the  force 
of  the  ebb,  about  the  eighth  of  a  mile,  the  man  on  the  shore  walking  along 
slowly,  holding  on  to  the  line  till  the  others  are  ready,  wiien  all  haul  in  together. 
As  it  gradually  closes  on  the  lish,  great  caution  must  be  used  to  prevent  them 
from  jumping  over;  ami  as  every  salmon  has  to  l)e  knocked  on  the  head  with  a 
club  for  the  ><u'p"hO,  which  every  canoe  carries,  it  reipiires  some  skill  and  practice 
to  perform  •  li    ieal  so  as  not  to  bruise  or  disfigure  the  fish." 

"  It  \'  t:  IV-  .erly  the  custom  among  the  Chenook  Indians,  on  tlie  appearance 
ot  ihe  I  -si  :  .!■!-  n,  to  have  ;i  grand  feast,  with  tlaiicing  and  other  pertonnaiutes 
suited  to  the  v'asM'n  ;  but  the  tribe  has  now  dwindled  down  to  a  mere  handful, 
and  they  coiitei.  ^  .emselves  simply  witii  taking  out  tlu>  salmon's  heart  as  soon 
as  caught— a  ceremony  they  religiously  observe,  fearful  h-st  l)y  any  means  a  dog 
should  eat  one,  in  which  case  they  think  t'ley  can  catch  no' more  tish  that  season." 
(Page  103,  etc.). 

Swan  {James  G.):  The  Indians  of  Cape  F/affen/,  at  Hie  Entrance  to  the  Strait 
of  I'll ca.  Wa.sliiih/toii  Territori/;  Wa!<fiin;/t<iii,  ISd!):  Xo.  220  <f  Smitlminiaii  Can- 
triliv''-j-      fo   Ktiowli'ihjr. — "The  principal  suli -i>tence  of  the   Maliahs  is  drawn 


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306 


I'MKII ISTOKIf   I'lSH INC. 


from  the  ocean,  and  is  formed  of  nearly  all  its  products,  the  most  important  of 
which  are  the  whale  and  halibut.     Of  tiio  former  there  are  several  varieties  which 

are  taken  at  diiVerent  seasons  of  the  year. The  California  gray  is  the 

kind  usually  taken  hy  the  Indians,  the  others  being  but  rarely  attacked. 

"  Their  mode  of  whaling,  being  both  novel  and  interesting,  will  re(|uire  a 
minute  description — not  only  the  implements  used,  but  the  mode  of  attack,  and 
the  linal  disposition  of  the  whale,  being  entirely  dillerenl  from  the  practice  of 
our  own  whalemen.  The  harpoon  consists  of  a  barbed  head,  to  which  is  attached 
a  rope  or  lanyard,  always  of  the  same  length,  about  live  fathoms  or  thirty  feet. 
This  lanyard  is  made  of  whale's  sinews  twisted  into  a  rope  about  an  inch  and  a 
half  in  circumference,  and  covered  with  twine  wound  around  it  very  tightly, 
called  by  sailors  'serving.'     The  rope  is  exceedingly  strong  and  very  pliable. 


Fi(!.  ;)()8. — Miikali  Imrpodii-liciiil  and  line 


i  1  A 

ir-\ 

1 

i 

1 

1* 

"  Tlie  harpoon-head  is  a  tlat  piero  df  inm  -n'  cupper,  usually  ji.  saw-l)Iadi'  or 
a  piiM'c  (if  sheet  coppei',  to  which  a  couple  of  liarlis  made  of  elk's  or  (Ic(>r's  horn 
arc  secured,  and  tlic  whole  cuxcrcd  with  a  cuatinL;'  »(  sjinicc  gum.  The  stall"  is 
itiade  of  yew  in  two  pieces,  which  lui' Joined  in  tiie  niidiUe  by  .i  \ery  neat  scarf, 
lirnily  .^^ecured  by  a  narrow  sli'ip  of  b.irU  wound  around  it  very  tightly.  I  do 
not  know  why  these  sta\es  or  handles  .ire  not  made  of  (Uie  piece;  it  may  be  that 
the  yew  does  not  grow  sulHciently  siraiglit  to  alVord  the  recpiircd  length  ;  but  1 
have  never  seen  a  stall'  tli;it  was  not  constructed  as  here  described.  The  length 
is  eighteiMi  feet;  thickest  in  tlie  centre,  wh(>re  it  is  joined  togethei",  and  tapering 
thence  to  botli  ends.  To  lie  usimI,  the  stalV  is  inserted  into  the  Itarbed  liead,  and 
the  end  of  the  lanyard  maile  fast  to  ;i  buoy,  wliicii  is  simply  ;i  seal-skin  taken 
from  the  !inimal  whole,  the  hair  being  left  inw.irds.  The  apertures  of  the  head, 
feet,  and  tail  are  tied  up  air-tight,  Jind  the  skin  is  inllated  like  a  bladder. 


KXTKACTS. 


307 


"  When  the  harpoon  is  driven  into  a  whale,  the  barb  and  buoy  remain  fast- 
ened to  liirn,  but  the  staff  comes  out,  and  is  taken  into  tlie  canoe.  Tlie  harpoon 
whicli  is  thrown  into  the  head  of  the  wlialc  lias  but  one  buoy  attached ;  but  those 
thrown  into  the  body  have  as  many  as  can  be  conveniently  tied  on ;  and,  when  a 
number  of  canoes  join  in  the  attack,  it  is  not  unusual  for  from  thirty  to  forty  of 
these  buoys  to  be  made  fast  to  the  whale,  which,  of  course,  cannot  sink,  and  is 
easily  despatched  by  their  spears  and  lances.  The  buoys  arc  fastened  together 
by  means  of  a  stout  line  made  of  spruce  roots,  llrst  slightly  roasted  in  hot  ashes, 
then  split  with  knives  intu  line  iibres,  and  finally  twisted  into  ropes,  v.'liich  are 
very  strong  and  durable.  These  ropes  are  also  used  for  towing  the  dead  whale 
to  the  shore. 


I) 

I 


Flu.  3l'.8. 


I'll 


FlQ.  3G9. 


Figs.  369  imd  370. — 5I;iktil>  whaliug-cauoe  and  paddle. 

"A  whaling  canoe  invariably  carries  eight  men  :  one  in  the  bow,  who  is  the 
harpooner,  one  in   the  stern  to  steer,  and  six  to  i)addlo.     The  canoe  is  divided 

by  sticks,  v'l'ich  serve  as  stretchers  or  thwarts,  into  six  spaces. When 

whales  are  in  sight,  and  one  or  more  camies  have  put  off  in  }>ursuit,  it  is  usual 
for  .some  one  to  be  on  the  look-out  from  a  high  position,  so  that  in  case  a  whale 
is  struck,  a  signal  can  be  given  and  other  canoes  go  to  assist.  AVlien  the  whale 
is  dead,  it  is  towed  asliore  to  the  most  convenient  spot,  if  possible  to  one  of  the 
villages,  and  hauled  as  Jiigli  on  the  beach  as  it  can  be  iloated.  As  soon  as  the 
tide  recedes,  all  iiauds  swan.i  around  the  carcass  with  their  knives,  and  in  a  very 
short  time  the  blubber  is  stripped  olf  in  blocks  about  two  feet  square.  The  por- 
tion of  blubber  forming  a  satldle,  taken  from  betwcn-n  the  liead  and  dorsal  tin,  is 
esteemed  the  most  choice,  and  is  always  the  property  of  the  jierson  who  first 
strikes  the  whale.     The  other  portions  are  distril)uted  according  to  rule,  each 

man  knowing  what  he  is  to  receive. Tlie  blubber,  after  being  skinned, 

is  cat  into  .strips  and  boiled,  to  get  out  the  oil  that  can  be  extracted  b_,  that  pro- 
cess;  this  oil  is  carefully  skimmed  from  the  pots  with  clam  shells.     The  blubber 


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Wrt 

i' ' "   ■■ 

308 


rUKlIISTOIUC   I'ISHING. 


is  then  hung  in  the  smoke  to  dry,  and  when  cured,  Uioks  very  much  like  citron. 
It  is  somewhat  tougher  than  pork,  but  sweet  (if  the  whale  has  been  recently 
killed),  and  has  none  of  that  nauseous  taste  which  (lie  whites  attribute  to  it. 
When  cooked,  it  is  common  to  boil  the  strips  about  twenty  minutes;  but  it  is 
often  eaten  cold  and  as  an  accompaniment  to  dried  lialibut."     (Page  19,  etc.). 

"  The  principal  articles  manufactured  by  the  ilakahs  arc  canoes  and  whaling 
implements,  conical  hats,  bark  mats,  fishing-lines,  fish-hooks,  knives  and  daggers, 
l)ows  and  arrows,  dog's  hair  bhinkets,  feather  capes,  and  various  other  articles. 
The  largest  and  best  canoes  are  made  by  the  Clyoqnols  and  Nittinats  on  Van- 
couver Island  ;  the  cedar  tliere  being  of  a  (piality  greatly  superior  to  tliat  found 
on  or  near  Cape  Flattery.  Canoes  of  tlie  medium  and  small  sizes  are  made  l»y 
the  Makahs  from  cedar  procured  a  short  distance  up  the  Strait  or  on  the  Tsuess 
River.  Alter  tlie  tree  is  cut  down  and  the  bark  stripped,  tlie  log  is  cut  at  the 
lengtii  re((uired  for  the  canoes,  and  the  upper  portion  removed  by  splitting  it  olf 
with  wedges,  until  the  greatest  width  is  attained.  The  two  ends  are  then  rough- 
hewed  to  a  tapering  form  and  a  portion  of  tlie  inside  dug  out.  The  log  is  next 
turned  over  and  proi)erly  shaped  for  a  l)ottom,  tlien  turned  l)ack  and  more 
chopped  from  tiie  inside,  until  enough  lias  l)een  removed  from  botii  inside  and 
out  to  j)eriiiit  it  to  lie  easily  jiandled,  wlieii  it  is  slid  into  the  water  and  taken  to 
the  lodge  of  the  maker,  where  he  finishes  it  at  his  leisure.  In  some  cases  they 
finish  a  canoe  in  the  woods,  but  generally  it  is  brought  home  as  soon  as  they  can 
liaul  it  to  tli('  stream.  Hel'ore  tiie  introduction  of  iron  tools,  the  making  of  a 
canoe  was  a  work  of  mueli  ditliculty.  Their  h;itcliets  were  made  of  stone,  and 
their  chisels  of  mussel  shells  ground  to  a  sharj)  edge  by  rubbing  them  on  a  piece 
of  sandstone.  It  required  much  time  and  extreme  labor  to  cut  down  a  large 
cedar,  and  it  was  only  the  chiefs  who  had  a  number  of  slaves  at  their  disjjosal 
wlio  att('ni])ted  such  large  operations.  Their  method  was  to  gather  round  a  tree 
as  many  ■'■■  uld  work,  and  tliesc  chipped  away  with  their  stone  hatchets  till  the 
tree  was  literrdly  gnaw(>(l  down,  .after  the  fashion  of  b(>a\ers.  Then  to  sh.-ipe  it 
and  hollow  it  out  was  also  a  tedious  job,  and  many  a  month  W(Uild  intervene 
between  the  times  of  commencing  to  fell  the  tree,  and  finishing  the  canoe.  The 
imiilemeiits  they  use  at  present  are  axes  to  do  the  rough-hewing,  and  chi.sels 
tittetl  to  handles;  thes(>  last  are  used  like  a  cooper's  adze,  and  remove  the  wood 
in  small  <'hips.  i'lie  process  of  linisliing  is  very  slow.  A  white  carpenter  could 
smooth  otV  the  hull  of  a  canoe  witli  a  plane,  and  do  more  in  two  hours  than  the 
Indian  with  his  chisel  can  do  in  a  week.  The  outside,  when  it  is  completi^d, 
.serves  ,is  a  guide  for  iinisliing  the  inside,  the  workman  gauging  tlie  requisito 
thickness  by  placing  one  hand  on  the  outside  and  the  other  on  the  inside,  and 
passing  them  over  the  work,  lie  is  guided  in  niodelliiig  i)y  the  eye.  seldom,  if 
ever,  using  a  measure  of  any  kind;  ami  some  are  so  ex])ert  in  this  tliat  they 
make  lines  as  true  as  the  most  skilful  mechaiiiu  can.     If  the  tree  is  not  suf- 


n 


EXTRACTS. 


309 


U: 


ficioiitly  tliick  to  give  tlie  required  width,  tlioy  spring  tlio  toj)  of  the  sides  apart, 
in  the  middle  of  the  eanoe,  by  steaming  the  wood.  The  inside  is  tilled  with  water 
wliieli  is  heated  by  ni"ans  of  red-hot  stones,  and  a  slow  (ire  is  made  on  the  out- 
side by  rows  of  l)ark  laid  on  the  ground,  a  short  distances  otT,  but  near  enough 
to  warm  the  cedar  without  l)urning  it.  This  renders  the  wood  very  tle.\ible  in  a 
short  time,  so  that  the  sides  can  be  opened  from  six  to  twelve  inches.  The  canoe 
is  now  strengthened,  and  kept  in  form  by  sticks  or  stretchers,  sinular  to  a  boat's 
thwarts.  The  ends  of  these  stretchers  are  fastened  with  withes  made  from  taper- 
ing cedar  limbs,  twisted,  and  used  instead  of  cords,  and  the  water  is  then  emptied 
out ;  this  pi'ocess  is  not  often  employed,  however,  the  log  being  usually  sufficiently 
wide  in  the  first  instance.  As  the  projections  for  the  head  and  stern  pieces  can- 
not be  cut  from  the  log,  they  are  carved  from  sei)arate  pieces  and  fastened  on  by 
means  (,  withes  and  wooden  pegs.  A  very  neat  and  ])eculiar  .scarf  is  u.sed  in 
joining  these  pieces  to  the  body  of  the  canoe,  and  the  parts  are  fitted  together  in 
a  simple  and  effectual  manner.  Fir.st  the  scarf  is  made  on  the  canoe;  this  is 
rubbed  over  with  grease  and  charcoal  ;  next  the  piece  to  be  fitted  is  hewn  as 
nearly  like  the  .scarf  as  the  eye  can  guide,  and  applied  to  the  part  which  has  the 
grease  on  it.  It  is  then  removed,  and  the  inequalities  being  at  once  discovered 
and  chipped  off  with  the  chisel,  the  process  is  repeated  until  the  whole  of  the 
scarf  or  the  piece  to  be  fitted  is  uniformly  marked  with  the  blackened  grease. 
The  joijits  are  l)y  this  method  perfectly  matched,  and  so  neat  as  to  be  water-tight 
without  any  calking.  The  head  and  stern  jtieces  being  fastened  on,  the  whole  of 
the  inside  is  then  chipped  over  again,  and  the  smaller  and  more  indistinct  the 
chisel  marks  are,  the  better  the  workmanship  is  considered. 


t   m\ 


f) 
i''l 
i'"'^ 


''   i 


f\i' 


Fui.  I>71. — Mulinli  canoe  sliowiug  inetiiod  of  scarfing. 

"Until  very  recently  it  was  the  custom  to  ornament  all  canoes,  except  the 
small  ones,  with  rows  of  the  i>early  valve  of  a  species  of  sea-snail.  These  shells 
are  procured  in  large  quantities  at  Xittinat  and  Ciytxpint.  and  formerly  were  in 
great  demand  as  an  article  of  tratfic.  Tliey  are  inserted  in  the  inside  of  the 
edge  of  the  canoe  l»y  driving  them  into  IkiIcs  Ikh'ciI  to  receive^  them.  l>ut  at 
])res('nt  they  an>  not  niuc'.i  used  by  the  Makalis,  for  the  reason,  1  presum(>,  that 
they  are  continually  trading  idV  their  canoes,  and  find  they  bring  (|uite  as  good 
a  price  without  these  ornaments  as  with  them.  1  have  noticed,  however,  among 
some  of  the  Clallams,  who  are  a])t  to  keep  a  canoe  much  longer  than  the  Makahs, 
that  the  .shell   ornaments  are  still  used.      When  the  canoe  is  finished,  it  is 


''•I 


1". 


I--' 


}': 


::s 


I 


:iii  ., 


I!  I 


H 


:  , 

hi.     ■■      .' 

I  ■■''  ' ' 


310 


I'liKirisToiac  Kisiiixo. 


pninted  insido  witli  a  inixtiir(>  of  oil  and  red  ocliro.  Somotimcs  cliarcoal  and  oil 
arc  ruhlKMl  on  tlic  outside,  Imt  nmn  roninionly  it  is  simply  cliarrod  by  nuvms  of 
long-  fagots  of  cedar  splints,  set  on  lire  on  one  end  like  a  torch,  and  held  against 
the  side  of  the  canoe.  The  surface  is  then  rubbed  smooth  with  a  wisp  of  grass 
or  !i  branch  of  cedar  twigs."     (Page  3o,  etc.). 

Swa)i  {.TamcH  G.):  Tint  Huhhth  Tinlitai.'t  nf  Queen  Charlotte's  hJainh,  British 
Cohmiliia ;  Washington,  1874;  No.  267  <>/'  Sniithsoiiian  Contributions  to  Kuowl- 
eihje. — "Thellaidah  Indians,  living  on  an  island  separated  from  the  mainland 
by  a  wide  and  stormy  strait,  are  necessarily  obliged  to  resort  to  canoes  as  .a  means 
of  travel,  and  are  exceedingly  expert  in  their  construction  and  management. 

"Some  of  tlu'ir  canoes  are  very  large  and  capalile  of  carrying  oiu;  hundred 
persons  with  all  their  equipments  for  a  long  voyage.  J5ut  those  generally  used 
will  carry  from  twenty  to  thirty  persons ;  and  in  these  conveyances  they  make 
voyages  of  several  hundred  miles  to  Victoria  on  Vancouver's  Island,  and  from 
thence  to  the  various  towns  on  I'uget  Sound. 

"  These  canoes  arc  made  from  single  logs  of  cedar,  which  attains  an  immense 
size  on  (Juecn  Charlotte's  Islands.  Alliiough  not  so  gracefid  in  model  as  the 
canoes  of  the  west  coast  of  A'ancouver's  Island  and  Washington  Territory,  which 
are  comnuinly  called  Clienook  canoes,  yet  they  are  most  excellent  sea  :its,  and 
capable  of  being  navigated  with  jierfect  safety  through  the  storms  and  turbulent 
waters  of  the  Northwest  Coast."     (Tagc  2).* 

^feares  {John):  Yoijages  made  in  the  //ears  I7S8  and  1789,  from  China  to  the 
y.  11'.  Coast  of  America,  etr.;  Loudon.  1791. — [Inhabitants  of  Nootka  Sound, 
N'ancouver's  Island].  "  Vast  (piantities  of  lish  are  to  be  found,  both  on  the  coast 
and  in  the  sounds  or  harbours. — Anmii  ihese  are  the  halibut,  herring,  sardine, 
silver-bream,  salmon,  trout,  cod,  elephani-lish,  shark,  dog-tish,  cuttle-lish,  a  great 
variety  of  rock-lisli.  &('. — all  of  which  we  have  seen  in  the  possession  of  the 
natives,  or  have  been  caught  l>y  ourselves.  There  are,  prob;dily,  a  great  abun- 
dance of  other  kinds,  whicii  are  not  to  be  taken  by  the  hook,  the  only  method  of 
taking  lish  with  which  the  natives  are  ac([uainted,  and  we  had  neither  trawls  or 
nets. 

'•  In  the  spring,  the  herrings  as  well  as  the  sardines,  frequent  the  coast  in 
vast  shoals.  Tiie  lierring  is  from  seven  to  eight  inches  long,  and,  in  general, 
smaller  than  those  taken  in  the  British  seas.  The  sardine  resembles  that  of 
Portugal,  and  is  very  delicious:  they  are  here  t;dven  l)y  the  peoi)le  in  prodigious 
quantities.     They  tirst  drive  the  shoals  into  the  small  coves,  or  shallow  waters, 

*  A  niiino  of  this  kind,  |iioc'iire(l  tlir<»ii;li  tlio  iigcncy  of  Mr.  Swan,  is  in  tlic  Niitioniil  MiLscum.  It  nttracUKl 
muc'li  iiUcnticm  diirini;  tlii^  CViilcnniul  Kxluliilion  ut  I*l]il:idcliilii;i,  un  acccimit  of  its  liiryc  sizp,  l>i'iii!;  lifty-nino 
fppl  Ion;;,  iind  cif^lit  fi'i't  wide  l)y  llirou  i'vvl  and  seven  inclica  in  dcpUi  umidaliiiis.  It  is  nuide  uf  a  loi;  of  tlio 
yellow  cedar  [Thttyii  ijiijuniea). 


mm. 


IM 


EXTHAcrra. 


311 


wlion  a  certain  luunbor  of  men  in  oanoos  iioop  plasliini;  tlio  water,  while  otiiers 
.sinlt  branclios  of  tlio  pine  with  stones;  tlie  tisli  are  then  easily  taken  out  with 
wooden  troniihs  or  widicr  l)askets.  We  have  sonietimca  seen  such  numbers  of 
them,  tliat  a  wiiole  village  has  not  been  able  to  cleanse  them  before  they  began 
to  grow  putrid. — After  being  cleaned,  they  are  ])Iaced  on  rods,  and  hung  in  rows, 
at  a  certain  distance,  over  their  fires,  that  thay  may  be  smoked  ;  and  when  they 
are  sufficiently  dried,  they  are  c.irefully  packed  up  in  mats,  and  laid  by  as  a  part, 
and  a  very  considerable  part,  of  their  winter's  provision.  The  season  for  taking 
these  lisli  is  in  the  m  )nt]is  of  July  ami  August.  Certain  p(>o])le,  at  this  time, 
are  stationed  on  particni  iv  eminences,  to  look  for  the  arrival  of  the  shoals,  which 
can  bo  very  readily  distinguished  l)y  the  particular  motion  of  the  sea.  The 
natives  then  embark  in  their  canoes  to  i)roceed  in  tlieir  tishery.  The  sardine  is 
pr(>ferred  by  them  to  every  other  kind  of  tish.  except  the  salmon. 

"  [n  the  months  of  July,  August,  and  September,  salmon  are  taken,  though 
not  in  so  great  abundance^  as  the  other  fish,  but  arc  of  a  very  delicate  flavour. 
They  ai'e  split,  dried,  and  packed  up,  as  has  already  been  described,  and  are  con- 
sidered as  a  great  delicacy.  The  salmon  of  the  district  of  Nootka  are  very  dif- 
ferent from  those  found  to  the  Nortliward,  which  ar(>  of  an  inferior  kind,  and  of 
t.he  sanu>  species  with  those  taken  at  Kamtschatka. 

"  During  our  stay  in  King  George's  Sound,  we  s;iw  very  few  sharks  or  hali- 
but; l)ut  till'  cod  taken  by  the  natives  were  of  the  i)est  (piality  : — they  are  al.so 
prepared,  like  the  rest,  for  the  j)iirpose  of  winter  stores."     (^'ol.  III,  page  29,  etc.). 

"  The  occupations  of  the  men  of  this  coast  wer(>  such  as  arose  from  their 
particular  situation.  Fishing,  and  hunting  the  land  or  larger  marine  animals, 
either  for  food  or  furs,  Wtvrn  their  principal  employments. — The  common  business 
of  fishing  for  ordinary  sustenance  is  carried  on  In'  slaves,  or  the  lower  class  of 
people: — While  the  more  noble  occupation  of  killing  the  whale  and  hunting  the 
sea-otter,  is  followed  \>y  none  but  the  chiefs  and  warriors. 

"  Their  dexterity  in  killing  the  whale  is  not  easily  described,  and  the  facility 
with  which  they  convey  so  huge  a  creature  to  their  habitations  is  no  less  remark- 
able. When  it  is  detern>ined  to  engage  in  whale-hunting,  which  the  most  .stormy 
weather  docs  not  prevent,  the  chief  prei)ares  himself,  with  no  common  ceremony, 
lor  this  noble  diversion. — He  is  cloathed  on  the  occasion  in  the  sea-otter's  skin  ; 
his  body  is  besmeared  with  oil,  and  daubed  with  red  ochre;  and  he  is  accompa- 
nied l)y  the  most  brave,  active,  and  vigorous  people  in  his  service. 

'•The  canoes  employcvl  on  this  occasion  aie  of  a  size  between  their  war 
canoes  and  those  they  use  on  ordinary  iiccasions  ;  they  are  admirably  well  adai)teil 
to  the  purpose,  and  are  capable  of  holding,  conveniently,  eighteen  or  twenty  men. 

"The  harpoons  which  they  u.se  to  strike  the  whale  or  any  other  sea-animal, 
except  the  otter,  are  contrived  with  no  common  skill.     The  shaft  is  from  eighteen 


'3 


!    It' 


1 
if 


1 1 


i; 


vr 


1. 


•h 


1  '  ■« 


T        ^ 


il 

]■:■:  ■■ 


:■:!■ 


■ ;  ,t  . 


ir  ■  ■  i 


!!!■■?* 


312 


PUliHISTOKIC  FISHING. 


to  twonty-ciglit  foot  in  length  ;  at  flic  end  wlioroof  ia  fixed  a  large  pieee  of  bono 
eiil  in  notches,  wliich  hein;.'  spliced  to  the  shaft,  serves  as  a  secure  hold  tor  tho 
harpoon,  whicli  is  fastened  to  it  with  thongs. — The  harpoon  is  of  an  oval  form, 
and  rendered  extremely  sharp  at  the  sides  as  well  as  the  point;  it  is  made  of  a 
large  muscle-shell,  and  is  fixed  into  another  piece  of  bone,  about  three  inches 
long,  and  to  which  a  lino  is  fastened,  made  of  tho  sinews  of  certain  beasts,  of 
several  fathoms  in  length  ;  this  is  again  attached  to  the  shaft ;  so  that  when  tho 
llsh  is  i)ierced,  the  shaft  lloats  on  the  water  by  means  of  seal-skins  filled  with 
wind,  or  the  ventilated  bladders  of  fish,  which  are  securely  attached  to  it. 

"Tho  chief  himself  is  the  principal  harpooner,  and  is  the  first  that  strikes 
the  whale. — lie  is  attended  by  several  canoes  of  the  same  size  as  his  own,  tilled 
with  people  armed  with  harpoons,  ^to  bo  employed  as  occasion  m.ny  require. 
When  the  huge  fish  feels  the  smart  of  tho  first  weapon,  he  instantly  dives,  and 
carries  the  shaft  with  all  its  bladders  along  with  him.  The  boats  immediately 
follow  his  wake,  and  as  he  rises,  continue  to  fix  their  weapons  in  him.  till  ho 
finds  it  impossible  for  him  to  sink,  from  the  number  of  floating  buoys  which  are 
now  attached  to  his  body.  The  whale  then  drowns,  and  is  towed  on  sjioro  with 
groat  noise  and  rejoicings.  It  is  then  immediately  cut  up,  when  part  is  dedi- 
cated to  the  feast  which  ((includes  the  day,  and  the  remainder  divided  among 
those  who  have  shared  in  the  dangers  and  glory  of  it. 

"The  taking  of  the  sea-o(U'r  is  attend(xl  with  far  greater  hazard  as  well  as 
trouble.  For  this  purpose  two  very  small  cano(\s  are  prepared,  in  each  of  which 
are  two  expert  hunters.  The  instruments  lliey  employ  on  this  occasion  are  bows 
and  arrows,  and  a  small  harpoon.  Tiie  latter  difiers,  in  some  degHT.  from  that 
which  they  use  in  hunting  the  whale;  the  shaft  is  much  the  same,  and  is  pointe(l 
with  bone;  but  the  harpoon  itself  is  of  a  greater  length,  and  so  notched  and 
barbed,  that  when  it  has  once  entered  th(>  fl(>sh,  it  is  ;ilmosl  impossib!(<  to  extri- 
cate it.  This  is  attached  to  tli(>  shaft  by  several  fathoms  of  line  of  sutficient 
strength  to  drag  the  otter  to  the  boat.  The  arrows  are  small,  and  pointed  with 
hone,  formed  into  a  single  i)arb.  Thus  equipped,  the  hunters  proceed  among  tlu; 
rocks  in  s(>arch  of  their  ])rey. — Sonn^times  they  surprise  him  sleeping  on  his 
back,  on  the  surface  of  the  water;  and,  if  they  can  get  near  the  animal  without 
awakening  him,  which  requires  infinite  precaution,  he  is  easily  harpooned  and 
draggeil  to  the  l)oat,  when  a  fierce  battle  very  often  ensues  between  the  otter  and 
the  hunters,  who  are  frequently  wounded  by  the  claws  and  teeth  of  the  animal. 
The  more  common  mode,  however,  of  taking  him  is  i)y  pursuit,  which  is  some- 
tiuH's  continued  for  several  hours. — As  he  cannot  remain  under  water  but  for  a 
very  short  time,  the  skill  in  this  cliacc  consists  in  directing  the  canoes  in  tho 
same  line  that  the  otter  takes  when  under  the  water,  at  which  time  ho  swims 
witli  a  degree  of  c(^lerity  that  greatly  exceeds  that  of  his  pursuers.  They  there- 
fore separate,  in  order  to  have  the  better  chance  of  wounding  him  with  their 


EXTRACTS. 


313 


arrows  at  the  moment  ho  rises  ;  tliougli  it  often  happens  that  tliis  wary  and  cun- 
ning animal  escapes  from  the  danger  whicli  surrounds  liim. 

"  It  lias  been  observed,  in  the  account  already  given  of  the  otter,  that  when 
they  arc  overtaken  with  their  young  ernes,  the  parental  affection  supersedes  all 
sense  of  danger;  and  both  the  male  and  female  defend  their  offspring  with  tho 
most  furious  courage,  tearing  out  the  arrows  and  harpoons  tixed  in  them  with 
their  teeth,  and  oftentimes  even  attacking  the  canoes.  On  these  occasions,  huw- 
cver,  they  and  their  litter  never  fail  of  yielding  to  the  power  of  the  hunters. 
The  difficulty  of  taking  the  otter  might  indeed  occasion  some  degree  of  surprise 
at  the  number  of  the  skins  which  the  natives  appear  to  have  in  use,  and  for  tho 
purposes  of  trade.  ]5ut  the  circumstance  may  be  easily  accounted  for,  by  the 
constant  exercise  of  this  advantageous  occupation  :  scarce  a  day  passes,  but  num- 
bers arc  eagerly  employed  in  the  pursuit  of  it. 

"The  seal  is  also  an  animal  very  difficult  to  take,  on  account  of  its  being 
able  to  remain  under  water.  Artifices  are  therefore  made  use  of  to  decoy  him 
within  reach  of  the  boats ;  and  this  is  done  in  general  by  the  means  of  masks  of 
wood  made  in  so  exact  a  resemblance  of  nature,  that  the  animal  takes  it  for  one 
of  his  own  species,  and  falls  .-i  prey  to  the  deception.  On  such  oc(!asions,  some 
of  the  natives  put  on  these  masks,  and  hiding  their  bodies  with  branches  of  trees 
as  they  lie  iiniong  the  rocks,  the  seals  are  tempted  to  approach  so  near  the  spot, 
as  to  |)iit  it  in  the  power  of  the  natives  to  pierce  them  with  tlieir  arrows.  Simi- 
lar artitices  are  emi)loyed  against  the  sea-cow,  &c.  The  otters,  as  well  as  some 
of  th(>  land  animals,  are.  we  believe,  occasionally  taken  in  the  ';;iiiie  manner. 

"The  very  preparation  for  the  business  of  hunting  and  iisliiiig,  rerpiires  no 
small  portion  of  domestic  employment.  Their  harpoons,  lines,  lish-hooks.  l)ows 
and  arrows,  and  other  implements  neces.sary  in  the  ditferent  |)ursuits  of  peace 
and  war.  must  make  a  very  great  demand  niioii  their  time. The  inge- 
nuity of  these  people  in  all  the  dill'erent  arts  that  is  necessary  to  their  sui)port 
and  their  pleasure,  is  matter  of  just  admiration  to  the  more  cultivated  parts  of 
the  globe.  Nature,  that  foml  and  bounteous  ]iarent  to  licr  children  of  every  kind, 
has  left  none  of  them  without  those  me;nis  which  are  capable  of  producing  tho 
relative  happiness  of  ■•ill.  But  the  most  lab(U'ious,  as  well  as  most  curious  em- 
ployment in  which  we  saw  the  natives  of  Nootka  engaged,  (for  we  had  no  opjxir- 
tunity  of  seeing  them  construct  one  of  their  enormous  liouses.)  was  the  making 
of  their  canoes;  which  was  a  work  of  no  coimnon  skill  and  ability.  These  boats 
are,  many  of  them,  capable  of  eontaining  tVoin  liftecn  to  tiiirty  men,  with  ea  ;• 
and  convenience ;  and  at  the  same  time  are  elegantly  moulded  and  highly  tin- 
ished ;  and  this  curious  work  is  accomplished  with  utensils  of  stone,  made  by 
themselves. 

"They  even  manufactured  tools  from  the  iron  which  they  obtained  from 
us ;  and  it  was  very  seldom  that  we  could  pursuadc  theni  to  make  use  of 
u  40 


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i'Hi;iiisToiur  I'isiiiNd. 


niiy  i>t'  <  Ml'  utcv.sils  ir.  prolercncc  to  t'loir  own,  oxcopt  tlic  naw,  wliosp  ol)vioiis 
powpr  ill  (liiiiiiiisliinji  thfir  laliour,  led  (liciii  to  n(lo|)t  it  witliout  liositiitioii.  In 
])arti('iilar,  tlioy  contrived  to  forgo  tVoin  tlio  iron  tlicy  imiciirod  of  us,  a  kind  of 
tool,  wliicli  answcrod  the  p'lrixisc  of  lioHoNviiij^  out  iariic  trees  iiiiieii  liettei"  tliaii 
any  utensil  wo  could  i;ive  tlioiii.  This  business  they  aeeoiiiplislied  liy  main 
strenjj;tli,  with  a  flat  stone  hy  way  of  anvil,  and  a  round  one  which  served  the 
piirposo  of  an  liamnier;  and  with  those  instruments  they  shaped  the  iron  from 
till'  tire  into  a  tool  hearinjj;  some  resemblance  to  a  cooper's  ad/e,  which  they  fast- 
ened to  an  handle  of  wood  with  cords  made  of  sinews;  and  l)eiiiji;  sharpened  at 
the  end,  was  extremely  well  adapted  to  the  uses  for  which  it  wa«  intended. 

"  Their  largo  war  canoes  were  generally  tinished  on  tV?  spot  wnore  the  trees 
grew  of  which  they  are  made,  and  then  dragged  to  the  water-side.  M'o  have 
seiMi  some  of  tliem  which  were  lifty-threo  feet  in  length,  and  eight  feet  in  breadth. 
The  iiiiddlo  part  of  these  boats  is  the  broadest,  and  gradually  narrows  to  a  jioiiit 
at  each  end  ;  but  their  head  or  prow  is  generally  'nueh  I'.Ighor  than  the  stern. 

"As  their  iMittoms  are  rounded,  and  the'r  sides  flam  out,  they  have  conse- 
tpiently  siiiricient  bearings,  and  swim  tirmly  in  the  water.  They  have  no  seats, 
but  several  pieces  of  wood,  about  three  inches  in  >liamet(>r,  are  tixed  across  them, 
to  keep  the  sides  linn,  and  preserve  them  from  being  warped.  The  rowers  gen- 
erally sit  on  tlieir  hams,  but  sometimes  they  make  use  of  a  kind  of  small  stool, 
which  is  a  groat  relief  to  them.  In  the  a(;t  of  emliarking  they  are  extremely 
cautious,  each  man  regularly  taking  the  station  to  which  he  has  Iteeii  .'iccustomed. 
.Some  of  these  c:iiioos  are  polished  and  painted,  or  curiou.sly  studded  with  lium.iii 
tootli,  i)articularly  on  tho  stern  and  tho  prow.  The  sides  were  sometimes  adorned 
with  the  tigure  of  a  dragon  with  a  long  tail,  '!'  much  the  same  form  as  we  see  on 
the  porcelain  of  China,  and  in  tho  fanciful  i)aintiiigs  of  our  own  country.  We 
were  much  struck  with  this  circumstance,  and  took  some  pains  to  get  at  the  his- 
tory of  it;  but  it  was  among  nrianv  other  of  our  enquiries  to  which  we  could  imt 
obtain  any  satisfactory  answer. 

"After  wo  had  been  some  time  in  King  (Jeorge's  Koiuid,  the  natives  began 
to  make  use  of  sails  made  of  mats,  in  imitation  of  ours.  Wo  had,  indeed,  rigged 
one  of  Ilanna's  largo  canoes  for  him,  with  a  pendant,  tS:c.  &c.  of  which  ht^  was 
]»roud  beyond  measure;  and  he  never  approached  the  sliij)  l)iit  hoisted  his  pen- 
dant, to  the  very  great  diversion  of  our  seamen. 

"The  paddles  are  nicely  .shaped,  and  well  polished  with  llsh-skin  :  they  are 
about  five  feet  six  inches  in  length  ;  and  tho  blade,  which  is  about  two  feet  long, 
is  pointed  like  a  loaf,  and  the  point  itself  is  lengthened  several  inches,  and  is 
about  one  broad.  At  the  end  of  the  handle  there  is  a  transverse  piece  of  wood 
like  the  top  of  a  crutch.  These  paddles  tho  natives  use  in  a  most  dextrous  man- 
ner, and  urge  on  the  canoes  with  inconceivabh^  swiftness. 

"  In  no  one  circumstance  of  their  dift'oront  occupations  do  the  natives  of 


EXTHACTS. 


.'ur, 


NiMitkd  discover  iiKirc  tlcxtt-rity  llifiii  in  tlmt  of  tisliiiiij;.  Tlirv  liowcvcr  iilwavs 
l)rol'onT(I  llicir  own  iiooi<s.  wliirji  were  m.-Klc  iVoin  .hIicHs,  or  (lie  bone  of  lisli,  to 
ours;  nor  indocd  would  tlicv  ever  iimkci  use  of  tlic  latter;  Imt  our  lines  tliey 
considered  iis  very  superior  to  tliose  of  their  own  nianufiiclme.  These  are  ni.uh' 
from  the  sinews  of  the  whale,  which  furnishes  them  with  tin;  materials  of  all 
their  dillerent  cordajrc, — or  from  sea-weed,  which  /^'rows  on  (he  const  in  yreat 
ahiindance.  Thi.s  in  split,  boiled,  ami  dried,  when  it  forms  a  strong  and  very 
(oiioh  line. 

'•  I5ut.  besides  the  common  practice  of  an^linix.  they  have  a  very  particular 
method  of  talvini;  herrinifs,  sardines,  &c.  This  is  manaijed  with  a  stick  or  polo 
about  eighteen  feet  long,  with  a  blado  of  twelve  or  fourteen  inches  broad,  and  six 
feet  loriu',  on  both  sides  of  which  an^  tixed  a  number  of  sharp  jiieces  or  |ioints  of 
bon(>.  about  three  ini'hes  in  leuLjth.  When  the  shoal  of  lisli  appears,  tlun'  strike 
this  instrument  into  the  wjiter,  and  seldom  fail  of  brin^'injr  up  three  or  four  lisli 
at  every  stroke. — We  have  often  seen  i\  small  canoe  nearly  lilled  with  herrim.'s, 
cSl'c.  in  a  very  short  time,  i)y  this  easy  method  of  tishing."    (Vol.  1 1,  page'il.  etc.). 

Cook  (Cftpfain  Jmncs)  ami  Kiiif/  (Cnptaiii  Jamc»):  A  ]'o//(tf/r  (it  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  etc. ;  third  edition  ;  London,  17S5,  Vol.  JI.'^ — [Inhabitants  of  Xootka  Sound]. 
"Their  canoes  are  of  a  simi)le  structure,  but,  to  appear.ince,  well  calculated  for 
every  usefid  purpose.  Even  the  largest,  which  carry  twenty  people  or  more,  are 
fiUMued  of  oiu'  tree.  Many  of  them  are  forty  feet  long,  seveii  i)road,  and  about 
hroe  deep.  Knmi  the  middli>,  toward  each  end,  they  Ijecome  gradually  narrower, 
the  after-part,  or  stern,  ending  .abruptly  or  ])erpendicularly.  with  a  small  knob 
on  the  top;  but  the  fore-part  is  lengthened  out,  stretching  forward  and  upward, 
cinling  in  a  notched  point  or  prow,  considerably  higher  than  the  sides  of  tlio 
canoe,  which  run  nearly  in  a  straight  line.  For  the  most  part,  they  arc  without 
any  ornament;  but  some  have  a  little  carving,  and  are  decorated  i)y  setting  .seal's 
ticthf  on  the  surface,  like  studs ;  as  is  the  ])ractico  on  their  masks  and  weapons. 
A  few  have,  likewise,  ;i  kind  of  additional  head  or  prow,  like  ;i  large  cut-water, 
which  is  painted  with  the  ligure  of  some  iininsai.  They  iiav(>  no  seats,  nor  any 
other  supporters,  on  the  inside,  than  several  round  sticks,  little  thicker  than  ii 
cane,  placed  .across,  at  mi<l  depth.  They  are  very  light,  and  their  breadth  and 
flatness  enable  them  to  swim  tirmly,  without  an  out-rigger,  which  none  of  them 
have;  a  reniiirkable  distinction  between  the  navigation  of  all  the  American 
nations,  and  that  of  the  Southern  parts  of  the  East  Indies,  ;uul  the  Isl.-mds  in 
th'  I'acitic  Ocean.  Their  paddles  are  small  and  light ;  the  shape,  in  some  meas- 
ure, resembling  that  of  ,i  large  leaf,  pointed  at  the  bottom,  broadest  in  the  middle, 
and  grandually  losing  itself  in  the  shaft,  the  whole  being  about  tivc  feet  long. 

*  Vol.  II  ia  written  by  Cii|)luiii  Cook.     Tho  voyage  wiis  porfornied  in  the  yoiiris  l""0-'8O. 
\  .Mistiikcn  tor  linnmn  Ipclh  l>y  Xlciire.s. 


•it 


si 


I'V; 


a 


•   IV'I 


I: 


■.■■:' it:  i 


■  I' 


310 


PP.KHISTOUIC    FISHING. 


lit:;': 


Tliev  liavo  acquired  great  dexterity  in  manacing  those  paddles,  by  eonsiant  use; 
fur  sails  are  no  part  of  their  art  of  navigation. 

"Their  iniplenionta  for  tishiiig  and  hunting,  wliich  are  both  ingeniously 
contrived,  and  well  made,  are  net«i,  hooks  and  lines,  harpoons,  gigs,  ami  jin  in- 
strument like  ;in  or.r.  This  last  is  about  twenty  feet  long,  four  or  the  inches 
broad,  and  .about  h.-ilf  an  iueh  thiek.  Haeh  edge,  for  about  two-thirds  of  its 
length  (the  other  third  being  its  handle),  is  set  with  .sharp  bone-teeth,  .ibout  two 
inches  long.  Herrings  and  sardines,  and  such  other  sni.-ill  tis!;  as  come  in  shoals, 
are  !itt;u'keil  with  this  instrument;  which  is  struck  into  the  sho.al,  and  the  lish 
are  caught,  either  upon  or  between  the  teeth.  Their  hooks  are  made  of  bone  and 
wood,  and  rather  inartiticially ;  but  the  harpoon,  with  which  they  strike  the 
whales  and  lesser  sea  animals,  shews  a  great  reach  of  contrivance.  It  is  com- 
po.sed  of  a  piece  of  bone,  cut  into  two  barl)s,  in  which  is  tixed  the  oval  blade  ■)f 
a  large  muscle  shell,  in  which  is  the  point  of  the  iTistrunient.  To  this  is  fastened 
about  two  or  three  fathoms  of  rope;  and  to  throw  this  harpoon,  they  use  n  siiaft 
of  about  twelve  or  fifteen  feet  long,  to  which  the  line  or  rope  is  made  fast ;  and 
to  one  end  of  which  the  harpoon  is  ii.ved.  so  as  to  separate  from  the  shaft,  ami 
leave  it  Hoating  i;pon  the  water  as  a  buoy,  when  the  .•mimal  darts  away  with  the 

h.'.rpoon. As  to  the  materi.als.  of  which   th.ey  make   their   various 

:  .  ;icles.  it  is  to  be  observed,  that  every  thing  of  the  rope  kitid.  is  t'onued  either 
''■>ui  tho  .gs  of  skins,  and  sincnvs  of  anim.als;  or  from  the  sanu'  tlaxen  st'l)staiii'i' 
of  which  their  mantles  are  manufactui'et'..  The  sinews  dt'ti-n  appcired  to  be  of 
such  ;i  length,  tli.at  it  might  be  presumed  they  could  be  n\'  uu  ntlier  aniin.al  than 
the  wh;de.  And  the  same  n.ay  be  said  of  th(>  bones  of  wliicli  they  m.ike  their 
we;ipous  already  mentioned;  such  as  their  bark-beating  instrniuents.  the  j,  lints 
of  tiicir  spears,  and  the  barbs  of  their  harpoons."     (Page  .'L'T,  etc.). 

[Inh.abifants  of  I'rince  Willi.i'ii's  onuml,  present  Tcrrili>ry  of  Alask.a]. 
"Their  Itoats  m  canoes  av"  '.;f  t»o  sorts;  the  i>tu'  being  large  and  open,  and  the 
other  small  ;in  1  covered.  I  nuMitinnod  ;il''e;;,iy.  th.at  in  one  of  liio  large  boats 
were  twenty  women,  and  one  m;in,  besides  ehildren.  I  attentively  ex.-imined  and 
compaied  the  construction  of  this,  with  ('ran  z's  deserijition  of  whai  he  calls  ihe 
gn^.at.  or  women's  boat  in  (Jreeid.,.'-.i.  .and  t'ouml  that  tliey  were  built  in  tlie  same 
manner,  p.irts  like  parts,  with  no  other  difVerenee  than  in  the  form  of  the  ln-ad 
iiml  stei'n  :  particularly  of  the  tu'st,  which  be.ars  some  reseinblaiiee  |o  the  bead 
of  a  wli.ile.  The  framing  is  of  slemh>r  pieces  of  wood.  o\'er  which  the  .-^kins  of 
se.ds,  or  of  other  larger  ,se;v-anim,ils.  .ire  stretched,  to  compo.se  the  outside,  it 
.appeared  .al.so,  that  the  small  canoes  of  iliese  jieople  are  maile  lu'.arly  of  the  s;im<> 
form,  and  of  the  .same  materials  with  those  used  by  tlu  (ireeid!inde'"s  and  l']s(pii- 
m.iiix;  at  least  the  dirterence  is  imt  materi.il.  Some  of  these,  .-is  I  h.-ive  before 
observed,  carry  two  men.     They  are  broader  in  proportion  to  tln'ir  lenglli  than 


«{'^-i 


EXTRACTS. 


317 


those  of  tlio  I']sqiiimaii.\ ;  and  tlio  hcml  or  foro-part  curves  somewhat  like  the 
head  of  a  violin. 

"Tho  woapons,  and  instruinpnt.'^  for  fishini:^  nnd  liuntinc;,  arc  the  very  same 
that  aro  nindo  use  (if  by  tho  Es(|nininnx  niid  OroiMilanchM's  ;  and  it  i.'<  unnocc-^sjiry 
to  he  particnlar  in  my  account  of  thorn,  as  thoy  aro  all  very  accnriuoly  doscribod 
by  Crantz.  F  did  not  poo  a  sint;lt>  oiio  with  those  poo])]o  that  ho  has  not  men- 
tioned ;  nor  has  he  montionod  ono  ihat  thoy  have  not."     (Pap;e  .'{71,  etc.). 

[lnhal)itaids  of  Oonalashka.  Aloutian  Islands].  "  Politictil  reasons  may 
hav(>  induced  the  Russians  not  to  allow  llioso  islanders  to  have  ary  largo  canoes; 
for  it  is  ditticnh  to  boliovo  they  had  none  such  ori'.nnally.  as  vo  fonnd  thorn 
amongst  all  tli(>ir  neighliors.  Tho  canoes  ni;ido  nso  of  by  tho  n:  Hvos  an>  the 
smallest  wo  had  any  whore  soon  npon  tho  .\niorican  co.ast  ;  thongh  built  ;iftor 
tho  same  manner,  with  some  little  ditVoronco  in  tlio  construction.  'i"ho  stern  of 
those  forniin,at(>s  a  little  .abruptly;  the  head  is  forked;  the  upper  point  of  tlie 
fork  projoi  ting  without  tho  under  (mo,  which  is  e\('n  with  tho  surface  of  Hu> 
waf(>r.  Why  they  should  thus  construct  them  is  ditlicult  to  concoiv(<;  fortius 
fork  is  apt  to  catch  hold  of  every  tiling  that  coniivs  in  {he  way;  >o  provont  which, 
thoy  fix  .a  piece  of  small  stick  from  imint  t(.  ]ioint.  In  other  rosp;ris  their  canoes 
aro  built  after  tho  manner  of  tho.so  used  by  th,>  Orconlandors  and  Ks(piim.iux; 
llie  fr.iming  being  of  slender  baths,  .and  tlie  covering  of  s(>,il-skins.  Tliev  are 
■aiuiut  twelve  foot  long;  a  foot  .and  ,a  half  broad  in  tho  middle;  and  twehcor 
fourteen  inches  ihvp.  Upon  occasion,  they  can  carry  two  jtorsons ;  onoof  wliori 
is  stretched  at  full  length  in  tho  canoe  ;  and  the  other  sits  in  the  scat,  or  roui.d 
hole,  wiiicli  is  nearly  in  tin-  middle.  Round  this  Indo  is  ,a  rim  nv  hoop  of  wood, 
about  which  i.- sowed  gul-skiu.  th.at  can  bi>  drawn  togotlier.  or  opened  like  a  |)urse, 
willi  leathern  tliongs  lilted  to  ilic  ontor  edge.  Tlio  m.an  seals  liiui.-elf  in  liiis 
pl.aco;  (ir.aws  Iho  skin  tight  round  iiis  body  over  his  gut  frock,  .and  brings  the 
ends  of  the  thongs,  (U- pur.so-slring,  over  llio  shoulder  to  keep  it  in  its  place.  \\,a 
sloovi's  of  bis  iVoc!;  an!  lied  light  round  his  wrists;  and  it  iieiiig  close  round  his 
neck.  ,ind  tlio  bond  dr.awn  over  bis  head,  where  it  is  coulined  liv  bis  cap,  w.iter 
can  scarcely  ponotr.ate  eillier  to  his  body,  or  into  llie  canoe.  If  any  slioiild.  Iiow- 
e\ei.  in.-inu.ito  itsoif,  the  bo.atm.an  carries  ,a  piece  of  spungt\  with  wliicli  be  dries 
it  III).  lie  uses  llic  double-idaded  paddle,  wliicli  is  bold  wilii  lii>||i  ii.iinjs  in  the 
middle,  striking  the  water  willi  ,i  (piirk  rignl.ar  iiiolioii.  lirsl  on  niic  si  'e  .nid  liion 
on  llie  other.  IJy  this  me,iii>  the  cnioe  is  impelled  ,al  .1  gre.ii  r.if  ,  and  in  ;i 
direction  as  siraiglil  as  , a  lino  can  be  drawn.  In  sailing  !i'oiu  i  .■...nchsbak  t(» 
Sanigaiioodli.i,  two  or  Hirer  ciiioes  kepi  w.ay  witii  lliosbip,  IliougL  she  was  gi'lng 
at  tile  rate  of  seven  miles  an  hour. 

'■ 'I'lieir  lisliing  .hkI  hunting  implonieiits  lie  ready  upon  the  cano{<s,  nmlor 
straps  11x0(1  for  the  pcrpose.     They  are  all  made,  in  great  perfeetioii,  of  wood 


i: 


■1 


i 

-I 
mi 


' 


I-: 


■Hfl 


318 


I'KKIllSTOUIC    FlSllINO. 


aiui  buno;  ami  differ  vory  little  from  those  used  by  the  Grccnlanders,  as  they 
are  described  by  Crantz.  The  only  difference  is  in  the  point  of  the  missile  dart; 
which,  in  some  we  saw  here,  is  not  above  an  inch  long;  whereas  Crantz  says, 
that  those  of  the  Grccnlanders  are  a  foot  and  a  half  in  length."    (Page  513,  etc.). 


M 


if,  , 


I? 

li 
]| 

.1.1 


iiil 


"SLilii 


APPENDIX. 

NOTICES  OF   FISIIING-IMl'LEMENTS  AND   FISH-REPRESENTATIONS 
DISCOVERED  SOUTH  OF  MEXICO. 


Nicaragua. — Dr.  J.  F.  Braii.sford,  U.  S.  N.,  found  during  his  explorations  in 
Central  America,  undertaken  in  the  interest  of  the  National  Museum,  on  the 
Island  of  Omctepec,  in  the  Lake  of  Nicaragua,  a  number  of  sinkers  made  of  lava 
pebbles  or  of  fragments  of  clay  vessels. 


FlO.  372.    (28840).  f  ,„.  :i7:,.    ^■Mm). 

Figs.  372  aud  373.— Stone  sinkers.    Omcteiiec  Islaiirl. 

Figs.  372  ami  .S78  represent  two  of  the  lava  sinkers,  whi.  h  -xhibit,  respec- 
tively, the  notched  and  the  grooved  type.  Tiiey  are  made  of  darl, -cidorcd,  mass- 
ive pelibles.  showing  tiie  cellules  often  characteristic  of  vojcanii;  ejections. 

The  sinkers  made  of  p-eccs  nf  clny  vc.s.sels  an*  mostly  notched  on  ii|i|.usite, 
sides,  like  tiie  originals  (,i  Kigs.  374  and  'Mr>  on  the  next  page.  The  slight, 
curve  observable  in  these  sinkers  and  their  thickness  (sometimes  surpassing 
half  an  inch)  indicate  that  they  were  made  of  fragments  of  large  and  strong 
vessels.  The  notches  as  well  as  the  circumferences  .seem  to  have  been  groumi, 
and  the  latter  are  not  angular,  lint  rounded.  Su,,-.'  specimens  si  ill  show  the 
paint  of  the  vessel.  .Similar  sinkers,  it  will  be  remembered,  have  been  found  in 
Germany.''' 

Other  objects  from  Ometcpec;  Island,  whii-h.  in  all  probability,  served  as 
sinkers,  are  made  of  parts  of  the  thickened  rims  of  vessels.  TIk>si>  specimens 
generally  i)resent  an  elongated  form,  and  arc  encircled  with  a  groove  near  each 


*  Keo  J).  02  of  til  in  wcrU. 


319 


<    J  til 
',  ,1 

\  ■ 

■  ?:it 


r 

1 

11 


I  k' 


■J 


I 


\  » 


■ 


A 


320 


I'KliHlSTOUlC   FISHING. 


Olid,  or  simply  provided  in  tlie  same  places  with  opposite  notches.  Fig.  376 
shows  the  appearance  of  an  object  of  the  first  kind,  still  covered  with  the  reddish- 
brown  paint  of  the  vessel.  It  is  ground  into  shape  on  the  ide  formed  by  the 
fracture.  Mr.  Charles  C.  Nutting  likewise  procured  for  the  National  INIuscuni  a 
number  of  these  spe':;imciis  on  Umetopec  Island. 


Flii.  374.    (28811). 


Flo.  W.    (28811). 


Via.  ■.m.    (28'.lll) 


Km.  1177.    (JSKII). 


All  h. 


Fi08.  374-377.— iSinkci-8  made  of  friigiiiciil.s  of  clsiy  vos.«ols.    Onietepee  Ittlaud. 


In  Fig.  377.  finally,  I  represent  a  sherd  of  somewliat  pear-sliapcd  outline, 
pierced  fur  siispensiun  near  tiie  narrower  e.vtreniity.  There  seems  to  be'  little 
risk  in  ela.'siiig  it  as  a  sinker. 

(hst(f  Jfiat —na^-  Xational  Museum  is  iiidel)ted  to  .Mr.  M.  ('.  Keith,  con- 
iie.led  with  the  Tosta  Rica  Railway,  which  has  its  ea.steru  terminus  at  Tort 
Limon,  for  a  large  iiumlier  of  valualde  relics  di.-<covered  during  the  construction 
(.f  tliat  road.  They  consist  of  clay  vessels,  stone  implements,  and  stone  sculiit- 
ures  of  various  kinds. 


Al'l'RNDIX. 


321 


Among  the  stone  carving.s  is  a  somcwliat  riido  and  weatlicrcd  .specimen,  to 
all  appeai'ance  intended  to  imitate  a  lish.  A  handle  rises  from  its  back,  as  Fig. 
378  shows.  The  object  is  flatti.sli,  about  two  inches  thick  in  the  middle,  and 
nearly  fourteen  inches  long.  It  weighs  eight  pounds  and  a  half.  The  material 
is  a  rather  compact,  gray  rock  of  volcanic  (U-igin.  It  is  the  only  specimen  of 
tiiis  kind  sent  by  Mr.  Keith,  and  I  am  unable  to  make  any  suggestion  as  to  its 
use.  It  is  probable,  however,  that  it  served  a  symbolic  or  ceremonial  purpose. 
There  is  no  trace  of  wear  observable  in  any  place. 


'"I 


s 


Flo.  378. — Stouc-carviiig  in  tliK  I'onii  ol'  a  lisli.    Costa  Rica.    (^(i0895). 

C/iiriqid,  State  of  Panama,  Unital  States  of  (Joloiiihia. — It  is  now  about 
twenty-five  years  tliat  great  excitement  vias  caused  liy  the  discovery  of  large 
numlirrs  of  gold  images  in  graves  situated  in  tiie  ('liiriijui  distri<-t,  now  liehmg- 
ing  to  the  State  of  ranama.  The  cemetery,  or  /niairil,  wincii  has  fiirnisiied  most 
vif  these  interesting  specimens  of  alniriginal  art,  is  located  in  tlie  parish  of  IJugaba, 
about  twi'nty-ti\('  miles  from  David,  tlie  principal  town  in  the  district.  It  covers 
an  area  of  twelve  acres.  Tiie  graves  themselves  were  o\al  or  (piadrangular  pits, 
lined  with  stones.  They  contained,  in  addition  to  the  gold  articles,  well-formed 
clay  vi'ssels  of  various  tonus,  animal-shaped  clay  whistles,  stone  celts  and  arrows, 
aiul  nictates  of  a  highly  ornamental  character.  The  bodies,  it  ajipears,  had  alto- 
gether yielded  to  decay.  The  gold  images  aloiu>,  however,  claim  our  attention  in 
the  present  instance.  They  were  evidently  cast  ami  afterward  finished  liy  beating, 
and  their  technical  e.\e<uition  reflects  credit  on  the  skill  of  the  nianufacturers. 
Their  forms  were  those  of  wild  beasts,  birds,  reptiles,  and  fishes  peculiar  to  the 
region;  .some  represented  men  or  semi-human  monsters  of  hideous  shai)e.  They 
probably  served  as  ornaments  or  charms,  worn  liy  the  living  and  buried  with  the 
H  41 


.>, -f 


{| 


i  '' 


ij  H 


i 


^ 


f 


'If' 


m 


if' ' 


Si!) 


Iff? 


32 


'>o 


IMlKIIISTOItIC   KISllINli. 


dead.  It  should  be  stated,  however,  that  in  most  cases  the  gold  eumpnsing  thoin 
was  not  pure,  but  more  or  less  alloyed  witli  copper.  In  speak iiii? of  them,  I  have 
used  the  past  tense,  as  I  iiave  reason  to  believe  tliat  most  of  these  valuable  relics 
were  sh'pped  to  England,  to  be  converted  into  bidlion. 

^ly  attention  was  iirst  directed  to  the  Chiricpii  discoveries  by  an  article  pub- 
lished in  "Harper's  Weekly,"  of  August  ()th,  1859,  by  Dr.  F.  iM.  Otis,  then 
surgeon  of  the  steamship  "  Moses  Taylor."  He  had  just  returned  from  Panama, 
where  he  had  Leathered  his  information. 


Fiiif).  WJ  iuul  ;W(t.— Fisli-ivprosfiitalioiiH  of  t;ol(l.     C'liiriijiii. 

I  present  in  Figs.  371)  and  880  copies  of  two  of  the  illustrations  accompany- 
ing Ills  article,  which  ri'|)resent,  as  it  a])pears.  respectively,  a  shark  hnjdiiig  a 
snake  or  snakes  (?)  in  his  jaws,  and  a  species  of  cat-tish.  These  illustrations 
give  a  good  idea  of  the  character  of  the  Ciiiricpii  gold  tigures.* 

State  of  dduvd,  United  Stafcx  of  Colomhia. — In  a  small  painjjhlet  pnlilished 
in  1870,  and  noticed  in  "  Materiaux,"  Dr.  \a.  Marchant  states  that  M.  Laurent 


*  A  viiry  jjimkI  hh'miiiiI  nC  tin.  ('Iiii'ii|ui  i;niv('<,  Imscd  nn  |ii'r»oMul  .plinorviition,  is  ijivi'ii  bj    ,iu!  laiu  Dr.  .i. 
Kiim  MiTritt  ill  ciiio  111'  tlic  luilli'lins  of  tlic  AiiLcriinn   Etliii<il<igii'iil  Sucii'ty,  issued  in  18(10. 


I 
„  )    ■ 

I  i 


AI'l'KNDIX, 


323 


Rabut  saw,  in  possession  of  tlio  Abbo  Tripier,  three  gold  lisli-liooks,  obtained 
from  a  grave  in  Now  Granada.*     No  description  of  these  hooks  is  given. 


u 


t 
I 

Fid.  881.— Gold  (ish-liook.    Csiuca. 

Not  long  ago,  Mr.  Alexander  0.  f'henoweth,  a  civil  engineer,  showed  mo  the 
gold  fi.sli-hook  rt'pro.^^cnted  in  Fig.  381.  Ho  discovered  it  on  the  15th  of  June, 
1882,  in  a  niiniiig-tmiiiol  e.vcavated  under  his  direction  on  the  property  known 
as  the  Yacula  gold-mine,  situated  in  the  State  of  Cauca,  eighteen  Icagnes  distant 
from  IJaibacoas,  on  the  Pacific  Coa.st.  Tho  fish-hook  was  found  in  the  ground, 
composed  of  gravel  and  drift-wood,  together  with  two  gold  beads  and  several  gold 
nuggets.  These  ol)jects  occurreil  at  a  dei)th  of  fifty  feet  from  the  surface,  in  the 
side  of  the  mountain,  which  covered,  in  all  |)robability,  the  ancient  bed  of  the 
Yacula  River,  and  it  is  Mr.  Chenoweth's  opinion  tli.it  they  cannot  have  been 
introduced,  but  must  have  lain  in  the  place  where  they  were  discovered.  I  regret 
that  I  neglected  asking  the  finder,  now  again  .abroad,  concerning  the  elevation  of 
the  mountain.  Other  gold  fish-hooks,  ho  stated,  had  been  found  in  the  same 
district. 

The  hook,  made  of  round,  well-poli.shed  gold  wire,  is  destitute  of  any  con- 
trivance for  the  attachment  of  a  line.f 

*  Miilciiaii.x  ;  Vol.  VI,  lB70j  p.  iM8. — Nc^w  (ininudii  formorly  onibnu'cd  llii^  |irusi'iit  Unitod  Kliilcs  of  Co- 
lombiii. 

f  I  fouiiil  in  llin  Wiisliin^lmi  "  Siincliiy  l*i>:-t  "  of  Ocl.ilior  11,  \^H3,  a  ^li.irt  nnlien  licarini;  "ii  ijnM  llslilicinka, 
whii'li  was  lalii'ii  IV.  mi  thn  "Ari/.iMia  Citizen,"  pulijislnd  lit  Tiicsdii.  >I  r.  K.  ,1.  Sinilli,  tlni  Cuiiiily  t'cinmiT,  il  is 
tliiti'd  in  thai  iiiitioi',  lia.:  in  liis  |io>si'-siun  I'mir  jjold  llsh-lninks,  ai-i|uiri'il  liy  liim  witli  dIIici-s — n.iw  i;ivi'n  away  or 
1<'»I  —  in  IHOii,  wliilc  cnnai^i'd  in  iniiiin;,'-"|«Tations  in  the  Stalo  «(  I'auca.  1  wruU-  iinincillati'ly  to  Mr.  Sniilli.  fur 
till'  iiiirpoAO  of  oblainiiii;  fnnn  liiiii  |>liiiln!;raph8  of  liis  piM  tisli-liooks  and  inforntnlion  us  to  tlu'ir  discovery  ;  Imt 
I  recoivud  no  answi'i-.  I  tliun  addressed  a  letter  to  the  editor  of  the  "Arizona  Citizen,"  Mr.  S.  lloliort  Hrown, 
und  ho  favored  me  with  a  reply,  slutiii','  that  ho  hud  spoken  to  Mr.  Smith,  and  tlial  thi'  hitler  would  send  nie  tlie 
desired  photoijruplis  witliout  di'luy.  .My  letter  to  Mr.  Smith  was  a''lerwar<l  piihli.:|ied  as  a  part  of  an  artieh",  'ii- 
lith'd  "  I'rehislori,'  Kisli  Hooks,"  in  tho  "Arizona  Daily  Slur"  (Tnesoni  of  .Mareli  7,  18HI,  "The  hiicdis,  of 
wliieh  .Mr.  Sniitli  has  four,"  it  i..  said,  "  aro  uhont  ono  iiu'h  in  lonuth  und  soini'wiiat  thiekerthan  a  i;ood-si/,od  pin, 
and  Would  in  lisliini;  ho  prohahly  as  ell'eetive  u.s  a  harbloss  bent  pin,  wliieh  '.hey  nineli  reseinhle.  The  sliunk  to 
wlii.h  tho  lino  was  attaehed  is  bent  in  the  sliapi^  l'  a  small  rim;  or  eye,  with  ii  diameter  of  probably  ono-sixteenlh 
of  an  ineh.  Tho  hook  is  enrved  in  u  line  parallel  with  tho  shank,  and  has  I  eiMi  'round  down  to  u  point  almost 
Bs  sharp  us  that  of  u  necdl.>.     The  thirteen,  wliieh   Mr.  Smith  ut  .'n-'  time  I  ■• ',  were,  with  one  exception,  of  an 

ulinosl  iiniforni  size  and  weii;hl  ;   ll no  exeoptod  boing  iniieli  la  i;  r  ;         oenvier,  but  otherwi.'O  not  dilferent 

from  the  smaller  ones. 

"  Ti.ov  weru  found  in  the  S.ulc^  of  Cuuea,  Unitod  States  of  Co  .iinbia,  on  tlK  rivor  Ouuvu,  about  llfty  loaijnes 


•  .Ivill 


^■II 


1 


•Mi: 


■  Si,: 


:t 


li'j 

)>!,{. 

!'-ii 


^ 


324 


IMIKIIISTOHIC   FISHING. 


:    ' 


I  ^u- 


Peru. — During  his  ton  days'  exploration  of  the  ruins  at  Pacliacamac,  about 
twenty  miles  south  of  Lima,  Mr.  E.  G.  Sciiiier  examined  a  number  of  tombs,  of 
one  of  whieh  he  gives  a  detailed  description,  it  contained  live  desiccated  human 
bodies,  namely,  those  of  a  man  of  middle  stature,  of  a  full-grown  woman,  of  a 
girl  about  fourteen  ye.irs  old.  of  a  boy  some  yt^f's  younger,  and  of  an  infant. 
Flaving  mei\tioned  the  ditVerent  wrappings  shrouding  the  body  of  the  man,  Mr. 
Squier  continues: —  '•  Piissing  around  the  neck,  and  carefully  folded  on  the 
knees,  on  which  llie  head  rested,  was  a  net  of  the  twisted  lii)re  of  the  agave,  a 
plant  not  found  on  the  coast.  Tiie  threads  were  as  line  as  the  linest  used  by  our 
tishermen,  and  the  meshes  wvvc  neatly  knotted,  precisely  after  the  fashion  of 
to-day.  This  seems  to  indicate  that  lie  had  been  a  tisherman — a  conclusion 
further  sustained  by  linding,  wrapped  up  in  a  doth,  between  his  feet  some  lishing- 
iines  of  various  sizes,  sonu^  copper  hooks,  barbed  like  ours,  and  some  copper 
sinkers.""' 

I  thought  those  articles  were  in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History 
at  New  York,  this  institution  having  ac(|uired  Mr.  Squier's  collection  ;  but  upon 
incpiiry,  I  was  informed  tliat  they  are  not  there,  and  1  am  tlius  deprived  of  the 
opportunity  of  giving  any  additional  acttoiint  of  them.  I  was  particularly  anxious 
to  ascertain  whether  the  hooks  really  were  barbed,  as  stated  by  Mr.  Sipiier;  for 
all  Peruvian  specimens  of  this  class  seen  by  me  wen*  unl)ariu'd,  anil  I  cannot 
remember  having  read  any  notice  n^lating  to  barbed  tish-hooks  tVom  I't'ru. 

There  are  sever.-il  single  cupper  lish-hooks  in  the  National  .Museum,  and, 
moreover,  two  sets  of  angling-apparatus,  which  would  be  complete,  if  the  rods 
were  not  wanting.     These  articles  were  but  lately  i)resented  by  Mr.  (1.  11.  Ilurl- 


from  tlio  ithy  of  PiipHyan,  jkl.  wliiili  plaeo  Mr.  Smilli  wiis,  in  CDiijuiiulion  wiUi  Hoiiorul  O.  Iliindo,  nihiini;  for 
plai'cr-ncilil  in  llic  year  ISi'iil.     One  uf  llip  liniiku  was  in  t]\i'  ]iii-si'-si.in  "IMii'iii'i'iil  liuiul  I  was  t)y  liiin  I'xliiliilfd 

ns  n  curiosity  at  liip  lime  of  .Mr.  Sinidi'-'  ^"in^  llicro.  A  iioljii'r,  tali^'ri  (Voni  llii^  licl  .1  ;i  river  into  wliicli  Itiu 
(iiiava  onlori'il,  was  owned  liy  a  ni':;ro,  and  was  liy  liirn  also  iiopl  Tor  llie  same  purpo-o,  sliowini;  tln'ri'Torc  that  itven 
tlicri-  Un>  hooks  won'  not  lotnnion,  and  could  not  lie  olplaiiieij  lait  liy  (jn  at  lalior  iir  wasliin;;  eartli  taken  out  many 
foot  liclow  tlio  surluce.  'I'lie  lirsl  hooks,  three  in  nurnlier,  I'oiind  by  .Mr.  Smith,  were  taken  out  ten  foot  below  thn 
rivcr-bcil.  Tlic  river  Inul,  al  i^reat  cost,  hecn  turned  I'roin  its  natural  <'hannul.  Nine  others  were  taken  from  a 
bBr  uliout  two  mile-  above  Ihi'  place  when'  the  tir.-t  Ihiee  had  been  fouinl.  The  bar  was  th«  accumulation  of  ecu- 
turie>,  and  was  covered  by  a  thick  growth  of  forest.  The  i;(dd  was  generally  ilistribuled  over  the  bar,  and  as  Iho 
};round  promised  to  be  rcimuiu'rative,  it  was  adjudf;cil  best  to  sluice  it  entirely  away.  On  the  bed  rock,  uiidur  a, 
linu'tree  fully  two  feet  in  diameter,  at  a  ileptli  of  aliout  lifteen  fei't,  several  ULore  hooks  \vi'r(^  seiured,  and  still 
others,  al  a  like  depth,  in  a  creviic:  beneath  an  immense  boulder  that  weiehid  probably  Iwiuity  tons.  The  iicciun- 
ubilpd  dobris  of  the  bar  varied  fri'm  eiuht  to  twenty  feel  in  thickne.-s. 

"  By  the  people  id'  the  noii;hborbood  they  were  generally  believed  to  be  the  handiwork  of  an  c.\tinct  tribe  of 
Indians,  the  remains  of  whose  villa'.;i!  were  thiMi  to  be  .seen  siv  or  seven  lea;{ui!S  higher  up,  and  near  the  source  of 
the  river.  They  had  evidently  been  workers  in  K"U\,  as  several  old  arrastras  and  minim;  shafts  bore  proof.  Their 
(jruves  have  since  been  opened,  and  nuuiy  trinkets  of  ;;old  taken  Iherefnuu,  lizards,  lisli  and  froKs  beini;  the 
most  common  devices." 

Such  is  the  accoui]t  j^iven  in  the  above. named  newspaper.  I'hotof^rapbs  of  tin'  hocd,s  were  sent  by  .Mr. 
Smith;  but  tliey  arrived  too  hite  for  reproduction  and  utilization.  This  very  imtc  was  already  iji  type,  ami  had 
to  bo  niodilied  to  include  thi^  referi'uci'. 

•  Squier  ;   I'eru ;  Incidents  o#Travel  and  h.xploralioii  in  the  Li  id  of  tho  Incus ;  New  York,  1877  ;   p.  74. 


m 


ATPKNIUX. 


325 


but,  soil  nt'  tlio  lato  minister  of  the  Unitotl  States  in  Peru.  In  1881,  tlieac  j^'on- 
tlomiMi  .sciii  itiit  ill!  inhabitant  of  Lima  to  proiuiro  antiquities.  As  the  Chilians 
then  invested  the  eajtital,  it  is  prnhable  tliat  tlic  relies  ac([uireil  on  that  occasion 
were  oittained  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city.  More  preeise  information  as  to  their 
discovery  has  not  been  furnished.  At  any  rate,  tlicre  can  bo  no  doubt  that  they 
formed  a  part  of  a  grave-deposit. 


'I    > 


ri 


Pto.  382.— Wooden  raiisk  with  appeudeil  l)rtg8.    Peru.    (65376). 


The  most  conspicuous,  or  central  object,  as  it  were — represented  in  Fig. 
382 — is  a  human  face  or  mask  will   the  neck  indicated  liy  a  stem-like  projection. 


32fi 


I'UKirisTOHu;  Ki.sniNo. 


till'  whole  tolcralily  well  curved  in  wood,  wliicli,  tln>u<j;li  rntli*  r  deeiiyod,  still  oenrs 
traces  of  red  paint.  The  eves  of  this  mask,  which  is  somewhat  larfj;er  than  life- 
size,  are  made  of  shell,  and  it  is  provided  at  the  top  and  sides  with  perforations 
servinj,'  for  the  attachment  of  vari(!us  accompanyini;:  objects.  The  l)nck  p.irt  of 
the  ujask,  in  order  to  uive  the  carvinj,'  the  appearance  of  a  head,  is  Ixilstered  by 
a  netted  bag  tilled  with  leaves,  and  covered  with  tow  in  imitation  of  hair. 
There  arc  further  to  be  mentioned  a  sort  of  head-dress  of  feathers  and  a  (doth 
band  around  the  top  of  the  head.  To  this  i)art  of  the  head  is  attached  a  woven 
bag,  which  containetl  three  stone  sinkers,  bits  of  copper,  corn-husks  inclosing 
earth,  and  other  articles.  Fastened  to  the  left  side  of  the  mask  is  a  bag  of  net- 
work in  which  were  two  reels  of  reed,  with  the  lines  wound  around  them,  one 
of  the  reels  hiving  a  copper  tish-hook  adixed  to  either  end  ;  also  small  nets  tilled 
with  beans,  goird-seeds,  etc.  On  the  right  side  of  the  mask  is  attnched  a  small, 
closely-woven  pouch  with  long  fringes  at  the  lower  edge,  which  contains  small 
bundles  of  feathers,  of  wool,  cotton,  and  various  other  substances.'" 


Fia  383.    (0,1384).  Fia.  3IM.    (nr.Mi). 

Fioa.  .383  and  384. — Reel  with  line  and  two  copper  fisii-huokx,  niid  stone  sinker.     IVrii, 


*  Suili  miis-lcs  lire  n.'t  uiifrwiufnlly  fimmi  in  Puruvian  graves.     Son  .Sqiiior's  "  Peru,"  p.  90.     Otlior  niitliort 
on  Peril  likewise  mention  tliom. 


APPENDIX. 


327 


V'vj;.  383  slit»WH  oiio  of  tlio  piocos  of  rcod  with  the  line  womul  up.  Tlio  lattor 
consists  (if  voj^«'tiil)lt'  tihi'f,  luid  is  twisted  witli  pcrfcrt  ivirul.irity.  Tlio  rod  has 
at  oacrli  I'lid  a  split  throiiudi  whirh  one  ol  the  ((ippcr  lisli-iiooks  is  passed,  as  iiidien- 
tcd  in  tlic  illustration.  'I'lic  hooks  are  inucli  corroded,  .ind  covered  with  verdi<;;ri8. 
Thoy  are  uiil)arl)ed,  and  the  larger  of  them  is  provided  with  an  eye  for  faslcfninj,' 
the  line,  while  the  smaller  one  shows  slight  protid)erances  to  facilitate  that  pro- 
cess. I  hav(*  called  them  ('o^tpci'  hooks,  though  there  is  a  possil)ilily  that  they 
may  consist  of  i)ronze.  Tln'V  are  rather  frail,  Jtiid  an  attempt  to  discover 
whether  they  consist  of  copper  or  an  alloy  might  lead  to  their  destruction. 

Fig.  384  represents  the  largest  and  bost-linished  of  the  three  sinkers,  found 
sepiirately  from  the  hooks  and  reels,  as  stated.  It  is  carefully  made  of  dark 
argillite,  well-smoothed,  hut  not  polished,  ami  show.s  the  striie  produced  in  fash- 
ioning it.  A  section  through  the  middle  would  re.semlde  an  oval  with  one  of 
the  ends  truncated.  There  are  two  grooves  at  one  end,  and  only  one  id  the  other. 
These  grooves  ar(>  not  entirely  carried  around,  hut  terminate  where  they  reach 
the  flattened  side  of  the  sinker.  The  arr.ingement  shown  in  the  represented 
group  conveys  an  imi)ression  of  methodical  order,  perfectly  in  keeping  with  the 
habits  of  the  Peruvians. 


■;•  \ , 


■'>  i 


FlO.  38f.. 

Fio8.  .18.5-387.— Copper  fish-liooks.     Aiicoii. 


i 

I:- 
,  1  - 


In  addition,  I  copy  designs  of  three  copper  tish-hooks  from  Plate  8]  of  the 
yet  unfinished  spleiulid  folio  work  by  Messrs.  W.  Ueiss  and  A.  Stiibel,  entitled 
"The  Necropolis  ot  Ancon  in  Peru."  which  is  published  in  (Jerman  and  English 
(Berlin  and  London)  under  the  auspices  of  the  Directors  of  the  IJerlin  Roy.d 
Museum.*    The  authors  devoted  several  years  to  the  exploration  of  the  burial- 


*  Tlio  iippcnrHnco  of  this  work  wiis  thus  nnnounood  by  thn  "  Loiulnn  Tiiiu-s  "  :^ 

"  Wc!  Imvu  iiovcr  .scon  nnything  liner  in  i'hromolitlii)grii|)liy,  iinil  llio  illiistriitiona  have  all  tlin  apiioaninci' 
of  bi'ini;  faithful  reprdiliictions  of  tli>!  iiri;;inuls.  Wo  have  thn  strani,'i'-liioking  mnmiiiii's  tlioinsclves  wrnppwl  in 
their  many  partii'tilorcd  clothe,  tied  round  with  mpo^,  and  tlio  nunnToiH  article:)  that  hivini^  liand<  di'positcd  bosido 


■  r 


I* 

"-1  '< 


'11 


% 


:  '''■H'i)    '    ■  itiL?'- .n' T^?^^^^^^'**"'^''''''**^^'!^ 


:i! 


MJ8 


l>l(KlllsToi{f(;   I'isiiiNO. 


jiroiiiKl  at  Anciiii,  a  small  place  Hitiiatcil  mi  (lio  »pft-eonst,  a  slmrt  distaiict'  north 
nl"  Ijiiia.  Tlic  oriiiiiials  of  Fi^s.  MH.'),  ;iS(),  ai.d  .'W7  on  llu  prcccdinj,'  pa,<;o  tlifVcr 
in  sliapf  from  the  hooks  shown  in  Fiu:-'H'l;  tlu-  ends  of  llic  shanks  nrc  bent 
inwardly  to  fmnlitato  tho  altachnicnt  of  tho  lino. 


i 

L     1 

L. 

I 

I 

"1  11  1  I  1  I  T 

.,      I    I 

L. 

^""' 

I  ' 

Via.  S8g. 


Flds.  :>.S,S  anil  :!S0. — Portioiia  of  iirts.     A  neon. 


Net-making  was  practised  tu  a  ureal,  cvtiMit  in  Peru  before  the  conqiiost  of 
the  country  l»y  the  Spaniards,  as  (he  many  netted  articles  found  among  grave- 
deposits  testify.  These  nets,  knotted  exactly  like  ours,  were  not  only  made  for 
purposes  of  lishing.  hut  .served  also,  in  the  form  of  bags,  as  tho  receptacles  of 
various  articles.  Such  h.ags  with  their  contents  have  frecjuently  been  taken  from 
l*eruvi;ui  graves.  The  wrappings  of  the  mummies,  or  rather  desiccated  bodies, 
are  often  extern.ally  enironipassed  iiy  a  net-work  of  b.ast  or  twisted  straw. 

Fii:s,  ;WS  ,ind  .'WO  represent  portion.s  of  nets  found  in  •.raves  at  Aiufon,  and 
preserved  in  the  IV'aliody  .Museum  (Nos.  878!>  and  7."J-<i)  These  nets  diller  in 
no  way  from  those  m.aile  ;it  the  present  d,iy.  They  are  er'  a  l)rownish  color  and 
the  material  is  vegetable  tii)re,  the  character  of  which  I  am  unable  to  determine. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  former  inhabitants  of  Peru  excelled  in  the  manu- 
facture of  pottery,  producing  vessels,  which,  by  their  peculi.aritios  of  form  and 


tliniii  for  U80  nn  their  cikMoss  j'liirnoy.  TIkmi  \vn  liiivo  8|iuuiinon>  of  viiriinH  kinds  "f  wnViMi  fjif'nt^nts,  cviili'ntly 
(if  lino  ti'xliire,  iinil  shdwini;  hi*''"'  taste  in  iirri)iii;(m)nnt  «(  color  nnd  (jliiboriilion  of  orniiini'iit.  Spindlus  luid 
work-biisltflts,  I'liiy  ftgiiroa,  it  viuw  of  tho  ci'metcry  itself,  nnd  ii  |iiinoriimn  of  tlie  dii-trict  in  wliic-h  it  Atund'i  lire 
iinmn;;  tho  either  suhjccts  illnstrutrd.  As  the  e'orni'ti'ry  ut  Ani'on  win  ii  cnniriKin  oiio,  it  i-"  oovimn  that  the  oliji^'ts 
c'ontuiiii'd  in  it  will  illU'^lniti'  llio  lifi'  of  tln^  Imlk  of  llic  |ieii|ili'  of  Old  I'ern.  This  work  is  nioniliniMitnl  in  rliiir- 
ai'tiT,  nnd  its  vnlnc  to  tho  uroliic.ih.f;i.st  will  lie  <if  the  hijjIu'St." 


AITKNDIX, 


32{) 


•  iniMiiKMitntiim,  iicncrallv  caii  lie  (listiiiifiiislicd  witlimit  minli  (lilliciiltv  I'miii  tliii 
iincicnt  ('criimii'  maiiiirjictiircH  fimnd  in  ntlier  piirt^*  <>(  America,  'riii-y  iiftoii 
irioiildcd  tiicii'  v('^^s^'|H  in  tlic  Inrni  of  the  (|uadrii|)tMls,  birds,  llslics,  ftc,  dI'  tlh-ir 
cmintrv,  '>r  <'t'  liiinian  licads  or  cntiro  iiiiinan  liyurcs  with  various  altriitiitt's, 
Homc'tinio.s  of  iinintt'llijj;iliii'  cliaraflor.  Indci'd,  it  vvntild  ho  inipoHsihh'  to  oxliaiint 
ill  a  fow  words  \\\r  raiiiri'  of  (;i)iic(<|itioiis  ivvproHscd  in  tiioir  ccraiiiif  works. 
Fii,'iiri's  of  the  character  just  alluded  to  also  appear  as  the  (hM'oratioiis  of  their 
more  simph*  vessels,  ami  these  ornaments  are  either  paiided  or  worked  in  a  kind 
of  relief,  their  tuitour  heini,'  hrouifht  out  by  the  ronioval  of  tho  wurroundin^' 
portion  of  tlie  surface.  Peruvian  (day  veswels  iiiiitatini,'  the  form  of  a  tish  are 
not  rare,  and  nearly  every  work  treatiiiLf  of  th(!  aiitiipiities  of  I'eru  refers  to 
them.  A  tine  tish-shaped  vess(d  is  tiuured  on  Plate  XII I  of  the  •'Antij.jiiedade.s 
Periiaiias"  iiy  M.  K,  llivero  and  J.  J.  von  Tschiidi  (V^ieiiiia,  ISol),  and  one  of 
siiiiilar,  thoii^^h  soinowhiit  simpler,  form  is  proscrvod  in  tho  United  States 
National  Museum. 


% 


14 


!■ 


•  !t 


^;,i 


Fm.  390. — Fisli-slmpi'd  flay  vtssd.     Peru.     (r):!41). 


Fijf.  300  represents  ii.  Tiie  lonuitudiiiMl  axis  measures  a  trifle  more  tliaii 
ten  inches,  while  the  transverse  middle  diameter  is  onlv  six  inches  in  leimlli. 
The  two  strongly  bulging  sides  forming  the  lish-ligiire  meet  aliove  and  IicIdw 
under  an  obtuse  fingle,  forming  a  blunt  edge  or  ridgi-,  which  is  iiit<'rrupted  bv 
the  nock  and  a  tlattish  bottom,  l)arely  permitting  tho  vessel  to  stand.  It  is  coated 
u  42 


Mi 


:  ■  t 


m'' 


■■'fi 


•Am 


IMJIIIIISTOUK"    KISIIING. 


witli  a  sliiiMiiii  lilnck  cnliir.  Tlic  illiiritration  roiiilors  I'lirtlicr  tlcscriptio'?  siipcr- 
fliioiis.  Tlii.'!  spi'i-iiiKMi  was  Iji-oiiirlil  iVdin  IVtu,  many  years  ajj;t>,  \)\  Caplaiii 
Aiilifk.  U.S.  N. 


Km  :uil  — Arlu». 


Fio.  a'.U.-rriijllli>.  I  I,.   :l'i:l.-TriiJillii. 

Fit.. .  ;!!ll-:l!t;!.— risl|.!ilm|uil  <l:iv  vi>«i'ls. 

Ainonsr  tlio  fisli-fornied  vossi'ls  tiLruri-il  in  M.  Cliarli-s  WiciHr's  work  "ii 
I'cni  -iiul  Hiilivia  is  mu'  from  .Vrica,  wliidi  cxiiiliits  tin-  same  liciiiM-al  cliaracttM'.''' 
It  is  ri'prcsciitcil  in  I'^iu.  ."JMI .  In  KiLTs.  ."{'.L'  ami  '.VX\  I  pn'scnt  lorms  of  clay 
vessels  tVi>m  'rrMJilIi>.  liclmiLiinL--  tn  Dr.  .lose-  .M.  Maeeiln's  fullcctitm  of  Penn  ian 
;iiiti<iiiilii's,  now  on  cxiiiliitinn  at  I'aris.f 

In  (leseril>iiiii'  liie  (isli-sliapnl  vessel  tVum  .\!iss<>nri.  represented  in  Fiir.  .'l')? 
on  paii-e  iM.'t.  I  directi-d  allentioM  to  its  similarity  to  liio  corri'spondinu-  class  of 
IVruvian  r.irtlicnware.  I  liardly  need  add  tlial  1  draw  no  condnsjons  whatever 
iVoiii  this  resrmhiance. 

I  (aiiiiol  rrmendier  liavim;-  seen  I'ernvian  vessels  with  tish-tiirnres  painted 
on  them,  and  know  of  tlieir  existence  only  from  tlescriplions.  Dr.  .Macedo  men- 
tions in  iiis  catalo^ne  several  ve.ssols  (irnumenled  with  [lainled  lisli-de.siyns, 
.associated  with  other  I'lL'nre.s, 


•  Wii'iHT:   Pw.m  i-l  H.ilivi.';  I'liria,  IKHO;   |..  (104. 

t  lliiinj  :    li.'Viit'il'Kllin..uni|.lih';   \'..l    I.  IKH-.';  p.  r,!),  Kius    f,;  iiml  (11. 


Al'I'KNDIX. 


•x\\ 


TluM'c  arc  ill  tli(>  Xntimml  Museum  several  vessels  lV..m  I'ern,  sliowiiiu;  lisli- 
rtiXnri's  ill  relief.  1  jj;i\i'  in  Kiir.  .'IIU  a  represenlatiiiii  et'  tiie  mnsl  (■(iiispieiiniis 
aiimiiii:  llioiii — a  lilack  vessel  ut'  ,i;i'acet'ul  runii.  witli  a  liaiidle  in  tlie  slia|>e  el"  a 
imnikey.  There"  appears  on  eac'i  side  a  sort  of  pan-  '•  sliuwiiii;-  the  liiriires  ul'  two 
tislies  and  that  ot"  a  long-liilled  liird  hetweeii  them.  The  liacUirrciiiid  t'roiii  wliieli 
the  lijxiires  stand  nut  is  ni.-irUed  with  the  rai-^ed  d()ts  ol'teii  siirrnundiiii;-  the  relief- 
work  oil  l*eriivi,in  e-Ttheiiware.     Fiu'.  '{!>.")  siiows  the  panel  enlarged. 

This  tine  spicimtMi  was  presented  to  the  National  Museum  Ity  Mr.  .1.  V. 
Norton. 


Pm.  .m. 


■!<.:»!  I 


Fl(i8.  ;>04  ami  liit'i.— Clay  vi'.isoi  aiui  (iriiarnriiuiliini  <iii  it  i'rilarj;i'il.     I',  in.     i  17.'>T'i 


|.  i 


Dr.  Macedo  mentions  ill  his  eatalooue  a  small  va>e  from  Casnia  willi  an 
aperture  in  the  form  of  a  man's  head  ami  two  animal-sliajied  handles.  On  the 
t'l'ont  part  is  represented  in  relief  a  man  slamlim;-  iipiiLiht  ainonu'  llshes.  .■uid  in 
the  act  of  catehiiiii  a  lar^^c  lisii  with  a  net.-' 

Tiie  proLjress  in  nietalliiruy  whieh  the  I'ernv  iaii^  had  made  hefure  the  adviMil 
of  the  Spaniards  is  well  known,  and  it  would  he  foreii^n  lo  mv  purpose  to  enlarge 
on  tiie  sulijeet.  Like  all  other  indiuines  of  .Vmeriea.  I  will  simply  stale,  they 
were  uiiaeipiainted  with  the  use  of  iron  ;  hut  they  worked  copper  and  the  precious 
metals,  producihg  ii  great  variety  of  tools,   utensils,  ornaments,  and   trinkets, 


'  ';:( 


•  ChIhI 'i-iic  (I'dlijivt-i  Arclir...l,ii;i,m.'<..lii  I'.t.mi  ;    I'.iiis  IWI  ;   |.,  17,  No.  'JiU. 


'    .^1^ 


11  ■\ 


H' 


M    ;i 


uidti 


332 


n!i:illST()l!l('    I'ISIIINO 


wliicli  ut'lcii  lu'toluMi  ji  cniisidt'rnlilo  dotrroe  of  skill.  .M.-iiiy  olijrcts  wcro  iiiatlf  of 
ail  alloy  of  ij:ul(I  and  copiicr,  called  cliitiniil.  Tlicv  also  used  Itruiizi'.  Imitations 
of  liviiii;- crcaliircs  in  uold,  silver,  or  cliampi  arc  still  in  rxistencc.  tlioiijili  llio 
jifold  olijccts,  as  may  be  iniayiiu-il,  liave  mostly  Ikumi  iiii'ltod. 

-Mr.  S(|tii('r  rcinrsciits  .a  tisli  cast  in  solid  silver,  liroiiiilit  witli  other  kindi-ed 
articles  from  i'eru  ;*  Imt  I  refrain  from  copying' Ids  jii;iire,  lieiiii;-  somewliat  in 
doiilit  as  to  tlie  genuineness  of  llie  oriirinal.  wliieli  I  liave  often  seen.  It  is  now 
ill  tlie  American  .Museum  of  X.itnral  History  at  New  York. 

In  llie  year  IStJT  .Mr.  S(juier  received  from  .Mr.  Henry  Swayiie,  then  at. 
Lima,  a  series  of  representations  of  tishes  of  various  kinds,  cut  out  from  thin 
jilati'.^  of  silver.  They  are  here  shown  in  I'"ius.  .'JtMi  to  \{)'.\:\  .Mr.  Scpiier  con- 
sidi-rs  them   as  •■accurate  representations  of  lish 


wate 


actually  found   in    reruM.in 
I  showed  the  illustrations  for  itlentilication  to  I'mfessor  Theodore  (Jill. 


who  pronounced  them  too  con\enlioiial  in  e.\eciition  for  determinini;'  the  dilVereiit 
species.  Concerning  the  ciremiistaiices  of  their  discovery  .Mr.  Sw.ayne  wrote  as 
follows : — 


II 


,  I  ;'  ;  1 


"I  a\ail  myself  of  the  first  opportunity  to  send  you  a  numher  of  sm.all  silver 
tishes.  which  were  taken  out,  liy  the  captain  of  a  coaslini;-\esseI,  a  friend  of  mine, 
from  the  irnaiio  (if  the  Chincha  Islands. /////7///hv*  feet  helow  the  surface.  I  think 
lliey  ill  liu  far  to  estahlish  the  hii;li  aiitiipiity  of  the  alMU'iiiiiies  of  this  country. 
This  tVieiid  of  mine,  ('ajitaiii  .iu.iii  I'ardo.  an  Itali.in.  s.iw  t;ikeii  oiil  of  the  uii.iiio, 
.•it  the  s.inie  lime  that    these  lishes  were  found,  the  hodv  of  a  fem;ile.  lackiiiu'  the 


hi'.-id,  which,  liowev 


er.  was  ( 


li.scovered  at  .some  dist.iiice  from   the  skt-letoii.     The 


(•host,  hre.-ists.  ;iiid  rilis  were  covered  with  thin  sheets  of  pihl,  and  the  whole 
wiiiild  have  iieen  a  most  \,dii;ilile  relic,  had  it  heeii  preserved  a>  found.  Hut  the 
workmen  divided  tli<^  liohl.  part  of  which  was  sidd  to  c.iplaiiis  ot'  ships  loailiiii.' 
f^Miano,  and  the  iiody  thrown  into  the  sea."';j: 

Mr.  Sipiier  is  somewhat  skeptic  repirdiiiij  the  statements  that  artefacts  have 
occurred  at  ureat  depths  in  the  j,'uano.  Tin  se  ;icc'.unts.  he  thinks,  ••arc;  far  loo 
v;ii;iie  to  he  accepted,  in  this  epoch  of  positiv  i' science,  .i^  the  liasis  of  rational 
speciil.itioii  reuai'diiiv'  llie  aiiticpiitv  of  man  or  his  works  uii  the  shores  nf  rem. 
Articles   imiy  he  t'oimd  ;it   cunsiderahie  dejilhs  in   Inuiini.  winre  tiiey  liaveheeii 

II  simiilv  delMisiled  jit    the  surface  ;ilid    fallen    down, 


)iine(l. 


Tl 


lev  Miiv    'i;ive  lie( 


I'. 


t 'riii-i' illh-lnili.iii-  iipi  .■iiri-.l  lli>l   in    l''ihiik    !.i-li.\  "  lllii.|riil.-.|    Ni« -|.ii|..t  "  ..I'  n,|,,l.,T  I'l.  I 


Sii",  an - 


ll .I.Miniul  III'  till 


liiilivirii.'  III!  iii'iili'  liy  .Mr.  Sc|iiiiT.     'I'Im'V  wiri'  Ihi'ii  mjiiiii  |Mil>li-li('ii   liy  liiiii   iii  !in  r>-iiy  in 

AiiUir>i|iiil"i;h  111  liisliliiti'iir  Ni'iv  ^ciili,  Viil    I,  Ni'W  Yurk,  IH7I    '71.'."  p.  '>\  ;  iiml  lliiiilly  r.Miiiil  lli.ii-  way  iiiln  liin 

"  I'prii  "  (iu|.yriL'litiMl  in  |S77i.      I  niii   iii.|i'l>t.(l  l.i  Mc««r~,  lliir|HT  ,V   liroUicr-   fur  ili'ilnity|H'<  nl'  tlir^i-  ilhisini- 


tl"n«  n»  well  ii«  I'.ir  tliiit  nt'  Kii{.  4lit,  wiiicli  lik.wi-i'  iii'pi'iiriil  li"lh  in  llu'  alp. 

Wnrk   "II    I'lTll. 


'<l  journal  (p.  'ill  anil  in  tin 


SqiiiiT:   Aiitii|iiitii"' rri.in  till' liiiHii Iluami   I-<laiiili  nl'  I'oiii  ,  .luiirniil  iil'  tin' Aiitliniiuilufjiral   liistiliilo 


V..rl,,   v.. I.  I,  lh7l 


|.    .'lO,  clr 


Arpi:M>i.\. 


333 


to  iiii  .ipp.iriMitly  prcat  dcptli.  with  tlic  (lisintogration  or 'caving' down  of  the 
wall  of  the  material  in  (•nurf«e  c»f  removal,  and  tilu^s  appear  to  have  been  deposited 
there.  We  iMust,  however,  exliaust  the  easiest  modes  of  resolving  a  ((uestion 
before  resorting  to  those  that  are  eoniplex." 


,"<t 


1  ■■ 
■!« 

1  ' 


'}\ 


4 


All   1 
Vuis.  ;{!Mi    JO:!.      Kisli  ^llll|ll■li  »ilvrr  m  ii;iiiii  ills.      Froiii  mn'  uf  llir  Cliiiirliu  l-lamls. 

The  silver  lishes  just  dcscrilicil  arc  in  the  Aimiicin  .M  ii~iiimi  nf  Naiiii.il 
liislorv  at  New  Yni-K.  Tliere  can  lie  little  li'iilij  ihat  tlicy  wcfc  uriuinally 
attached  as  ornaments  to  sunic  article  of  dress,  which   has   lunu  yielded  to  dccav 


•  S.|lliiT  :    Alili'|llilii'<,  rlc.;    |i.  Sri 


■  i^ili-l 


^    ' 


I 

■ 


I'' 


if:: 


33-1 


I'UKIIISTOIIIC     MSllINd. 


in  tlie  eovoriiig  deposit.  Tiiis  applicatitui  appoiirs  the  more  probable  as  there  is 
preserved  among  the  anli(|iiilics  of  llie  Xew  York  llistorieal  Society  an  ancient 
poncho,  taken  from  a  tnmb  at  (Jraii  Chimu.  near  Trujilh>,  ni)on  whicii  are  sewed, 
in  consideral>le  number,  silver  lishe^,  '-it  dill'erintr  much  from  those  sent  by  Mr. 
Swayne.  On  the  head  of  tlie  body  with  which  tiie  poncho  was  found  rested  a 
thin  silver  plate,  cut  out  in  a  form  which  lias  been  suppose<l  to  represent  a  skate, 
and  having  on  it  •  struck-ui»"  representations  of  three  tishcs  resembling  those 
attached  to  the  poncho  itself. 


m. 


fell  •,*;'■ 

"7  i  'I  ■  V 


Fki.  404. — Fish-HlmpcJ  silver  nriuiracnt.    Grim  Chimu, 

'I'his  tish-sh.iped  urnamcnt.  slmun  in  l''ig.  HH,  nii'.isui'cs  nine  and  a  half 
inilic;*  ill  greatest  length,  .iiid  five  ,iim1  ;i  fcnirtli  inches  in  grcilcst  breadth.  Mr. 
S(|uicr  lliiiiUs  it  \\;is  in^i  ricd  ImIwcch  tlif  forchrnd  .iinl  tin'  tllh't  encircling  il. 
and  wurn  ;is  a  kind  of  aiL'rclte.'''  I'rofessnr  (iill  is  (.f  ii|iiiii(iii  tiiat  this  tigiirc 
\v;is  iml  inleiithd  \i>  iinilalc  ;i  sk.'itc,  .ind  tliiiiks  il  nscinldi's  inure  Ilic  /iisiiif>//;/r 
IWIiiiilii.  Iji'i-ki'l  (uf  the  'J'or/udd  I'amiiy),  a  tish  inlialiiting  the  sea  ajonu'  the 
I'l  rii\  i.'iii  cn.-ist. 

'I'lir  iii.iiiy  ti'vlih'  labrics  iTsi-iied  from  I'eruN  ian  loml's  bear  witness  tn  tin- 
>kill  ill  \\c;i\  ii!g  and  dyeing  di.si)l;iyid  liy  tlic  funiicr  iiiliab'l.ints,  who  ii.'i  d  as 
iM;ttei'i.-ils  cnttm  iind  Ibc  wnnj  i>{  the  cami'1-likc  aiiini.ils  •  i  tlicir  lunnlry  (Ikiiiia 
.•il|i,ic,i,  viriifi,!.  ;iiid  hii.in.'ico;.  .M.iiiy  of  tl.'ir  .-tiid'-  slmw  rcgiii.n  ii  ■i.\cn  p.it- 
lenis,  il,  tiic  fiiriii  iif  gromelrical  lU'sii^ns.  nr  -it'  fiiiiis.  rrptilcs,  lisiics.  iiirds, 
i|ii.idnipcds,  and  men.     These  tiL'iires.  nwiii'r  tn  tin-  dilliciilly  of  the  prncess,  are 


*  Scjuior :   Aiihiuitii:.-,  ilc  ;  p.  .W. 


Al'l'KNDIX. 


3;jo 


angular  and  of  primitive   appfjiraiico,  yet,  nevertheless,  proiliice  a  pleasiiij. 
effect* 


^  5a 


■^njK^V 

WBfSi 

lap 

i 

KSSRl'S 

^MvLdJ9 

f^S 

^^h 

/T*iir''E'i3^8H 

■IkEj^ki&lvm 

y^UtzJ^ 

riiMhr?^K.'nLiil^i 

L^SJira 

UmiI 

lllEii^JRii'i^HyiflMH 

»'    NJTilx 

B  |RfaM||MM 

■iPjl|u|rr|tui^^ 

v^^^v^^^Mi^Ji^H^l 

i 

Fui.  '105.— I'icL'f  111'  i'IdIIi  with  inwdvcii  li^li-di'sigti!!.     Pisco. 

The  reader,  bv  this  (inic  .icciisIohiimI  tu  the  fdiivcntiniiiil  lish-ri'|ircseiitati<iiis 
of  the  l*enivi;ms,  will  nnl  fail  In  rccouiii/.r  unc  in  the  ccMlral  dcsiuii  of  1'"!^-.  Id."), 
.slmwiiii;  a  |Mirtion  of  a  piece  uC  clotli,  tnuini  at  Tisco.  one  liiiMilrct!  ami  tliirtv 
miles  .south  of  Lima.  The  same  liiiure.  ditVerently  colurod.  is  twice  repeateij  at 
the  lower  edire  of  the  fra,i:ment.  The  illiistratinu  is  cupietl  iVnm  |)age  (i;}7  of  .M. 
Wiener's  "  IV-mu  et  IJolivie." 


*  "  II  r»t  ifttorwsiinl  dc  itiiivrc  to  quo  nuiia  iip|u'lloriiin8  Vdlntiticrs  k>  tl6voli)|i|H'in.iil  ili.-t  ilcssiiiB  <liin.s  lit  tiaiii 
(li's  T'tiiiri'S.     I.rs  rti.d'i's  lis  iilii^  ^illl|ll^■^  dill  iidiir  i  I'liciiiriit.s  di'  siiiiiili.s  llijiies  dmitcj  niirnlli'k' 


iraiitrt'ii  ill's  III 


11'  tout  ITi  lis  |iri'iiili'r>  imihIc  li-  i|iii'  iimis  nlriMivini-  ilans  lis  niillis  ili'  |i!iilli\     ('I'lii'iiiliint  ri'«  ili' 


<li''Volii[>])i'til,  li-  inr-iiiiiln'  M'liipliiri'  iriilmril   Ii'.h  lii^m 


rt    |Mli^    [u'lit  a  pi'lil    h 


'ti.^  trxiivniis  la  i-ipi 


iiliirtiiM 
iilaiil  li' 


ill' Iriills,  ill'  |iois-iii>s  I't  il'aiiiiiiaiix,  |niiir   inuis  iiliniT  liiiali'iiii'iit  a  la  ri'|iri'»i'iilali'iri  il"  I'lii'iiiin".     d 
ililllrulli"  triliTiii|iiis  i'ii.|irrliaii'Mt  It'  liliru  <li'vi'lii{i|ii'iiii'iit  ili'  la  li;;iii'.      I. a  I'lHirln'  ist  Iniijoiirs  niiiiilari'ii  |i«r  iin 


li|;iii'  ri'iit  I'ois  III 


rt  SI'  iiiuiiviiiit  stiivant  ili- 


zli's  limits.     (."i.'>l  ainsi  iiiii*  I 


rnini'  ili'vii'iil  iini'  I'vninii 


ill'  ,\ 


Krailiii'',  qui'  I'li'il  lU'viuiil  uii  rliiiiiiliniji',  lu  nu/.  uii  Iriaiigli',  lit  liniirliu  Uli  4iiiiUrllaltirt'. ' 
/nil I  |i.  li:!il,  L'to. 


k  liUin- :   t c'xn 


et  Hu 


'■■■'■^\ 


'  !  !f  ^ 


:|| 


-••"It, 


'N 


I!-; 


l»  ■*  1 1 


1  !  V  , 


1^  'h 


m 


s! 


a4 

li   tj 

9'    »^s'' 

lis  IP; 

if  '^ 

•tih 

f 

|i 

9& 

e 

'Ut& 

li 

jW§^ 

INDEX. 


Abbnt,  ('.  C,  TriMitdii  tinivcl-.  lit;  l".nc  ItHli-hoi.k, 
Ldiii;  Isliiriil,  li;ii;  sinker-.  Ni'W  .liTscy,  l"i7;  lUli- 
lUttirs,  N.'W  .liT-iy,  Ho,  Is:,;  aiii  lii>r-tti>iir-. 
Ni'W  .li'isr  I'.l^i  ..lii'll-luap-  ill  Niw  .Iirsry. 
li-7. 

AImiihIiimii'  cif  11. Ii  ill  Ni.illi  Ahiirli  iiri  wmI.i-,  117, 

Adiiir,  .1.,  IMiiiii;  .>f  tlii'  Cliikl.iiMis  ancl  i.ili.r  Si.iuIm  in 
lii'lirm-,  l!lil   i;'.i;l. 

Aur  "T  kjiikivrhiiicHl  liiii;-,  it'i ;  >Iii'II-Im'm|is  in  KImi'iIm, 
•ilH;   Ihi'  Aliiili.iii  IkIiumI-.  •J.Vi-'.'iiO, 

Al.iiliiiii  l-liiii.U.  -li'  ll-li.'ap*  in  the,  'Joii-LliH. 

Aniiili't''  111'  llii'  I'livrinrii,  S  ;  lakc-ihvrllir-,  IL'. 

Aiii-'liiir-sloiii'>  il"  till!  Ill',  lilliir  aui'i  '.i|;  in  N"illi 
AiiiiTiia,  1!IJ-llMi. 

Animals  ami  plants  iisid  l.y  tlir  jiiko-ilwillii's.  I^i-iri. 

Animal  ri'intiins  in  tin-  dril'l,  'J,  1  l-'i;  DoiiIh^ik*  ra\<--.  H: 
k|iikki'nni..ililinu'-.  :i'i;  laki'-ilwi'llinu's,  J^i;  N-irih 
Ami'iiraii  slii'll-liraps.  '.'jr.  '.'iKi,  //i/v.//«, 

Aiilli'rs  willi  inrisoil  lli;iiir~  in  llir  rrini|iiT-pi'ri'"l,  ','.'. 

'•Aipi'in,  "  ."il. 

AriM«-lii'ail' "f  li'ini  ami  llinl  in  laki-ilw>liiii--,  .■|ii. 

Arl  iim.iii^  III.'  llMri|.>:,'m'  i  in^  -in.  n,  !'•-'<,  '-'7. 

A-li-|>ils  in  Olii.i,  l:>l. 

AtwaliT,  ('.,  f.ip|)iT  sink,  r,  (lliii.,   IKI  ;     .-lirlj-liiap-  in 


Oil 
ihs, 


i  I,  -.'II. 


iiln  111',  riirviil  Mil  aiujir,  La  Maili  laiin',  :il. 


Hailin^'-si p.  Calit'.iinia,  \'Ml 

llaii-.|.  ,S.    v..  ,lii.l|.|irapi  in  N 


I'W  llrnn^wir 


1.1    N.> 


Knulaml,  '-"J 


llail-li'il.li' 


il'  li. 


Swii.'.iilaml.  I'i:  Cilil'.iMiia.  I  I'l; 


111' llinl,  (li'ini 


I'.i;  111' 111-.. II 


I/..'.  >\vi 


l.'.iilaml.:i;i: 


111'  si. nil',  Nmili  .\ini'rira.  1 1 


Kai'lii'il 
Hark    < 


III-  ..I'  111 


Kill' 


In.lii 


>.r    Urn     lli'iillin 
111'    Caiia.la,    L' 


1 1 

Ni.rlliiTn  In. Man-  mI'  llrili-li   .\ 
Knulaiiil   Imliaii-,  L'7:i,  L'.sil. 


1  r.iiinillan.l. 
"piiii-,   l'7;i. 


niiTica,  'Jtl't: 


'  Hal.i 


in  II 


ns.     111  llif  r'*imlrfr-pi'riii( 


1(1.  '.'7-:! I. 


Iliaii.  haiiip.  W    M.,  Il-li-li...ik  nf  (l.cr-linrn.  N.'W  Y.nk, 
lU'.S;    liai| i-liia.l-   ul'    ilii'r-linrn,    Niw    Ymk, 

ii.\  i.'ii; 

lli-..lliii.-.  Ill'  Ni'Ml'iiimllaml.  L'riri. 

li.rlin  l''i-lii'i'y  Ksliiliilimi,  lnHii'  li-li-limiks.  Svvilzrrl.iml, 

■\x.  t'.i;  liai|) i-li.ail.Swil/.iilaml,.'.:'.;  I.ail-li..|.l.i' 

111'    lu'iinzi',   SH-ilzi'ilaml,   '.I'.i;    lu'ini -i'     li-li-li...ik, 

."<\vil/iilaml,  Id.'i. 
Il.'<s.'|..  K.,  ilinl-pi.iijl.'il  ll-li-l k.Civinlaml,  U'l  ;  I'.n'- 

inali.iii  111'  slirll-licaps  in  (ii-i-i'iitamj.  l."JI. 


Ilcvorly,  K.,  tilmriirinal  llsliini;  in  "VIrciniii,  2B8. 

Ill.i.nl-uriiiivi-s  .111  I)i.ii|..i;ni'  liarpiii.n-licail-,  I". 

Una!  riMiml  al  l!i  rncinli.'ii.  Ill  ;  mar  Savaiiiiali.  IKS. 

Il.ial-,  fr.ini  l!..liiiiliaiisin.  DO  :  .'^aiiil  I'drr'.-  l-laml.ori; 
>liMin!,'rii,il7i  C'liilii'lin.  lO.'i;  Vinuilz,  107  ;  Mrr- 
.iirau"..  UtX-  I'.iiiml  in  I  itIiiikI,  HI  ;  llic  sill-ln d- 
i.r.S.,|lani|.!i.'!;  Dniniark.  Ill  ;  nl'  Hi.' Civcnlaiiil 
K-kiniiis,  •Ji;:! ;  natives, .1'  Xni.lka  !<iniii(l.  Ill  1, 111.1 ; 
rrimi'  Willinin's  .'^■iiiiiil,  lilil;    i:iiala.-lika,  ill". 

Il..i-l.aii.|niii.  I,ir.i.|  ili',  uiiilat.-ral  liarli-,  'JO. 

Il.ini-iiiiil-ilini  liarpiiiiii-lMiiil-,  .Saiiia.  HI :   I'liis-ia,  H2. 

li.i.illi-  r..r  li-liiiii;  ill  Caliliirnia,  '.'IC  'JW.  :'ilKI. 

lt.iiiiliiT.il-  I'liilii-.  I'.rirt-inipli'ini'iils  in  {''niiiir,  -'. 

Iliiys  laiiulil  to  li-li  in  Mrvini,  '.'It. 

Ilr.in-f.iiil.  .1.  v..  sinkir-.  I>nirti.| 1-laiiil,  :il!l. 

Ilri.'ki'll,  .1..  iil.Mrii.'inul  llsliini,'  in  Nurili  ('amlimi,  "JHO. 

llriiiliin,   I),  (i., -Iii'll-lii'iip.-   ill  till'   Init.il  Stalls,  217; 

Tl'lllllSMT,    'Jll. 

Ilriira,  1'.,  iipiniim  rumiTniii^'  ll-liimr  in  Ih.'  n  iniliiT- 
pi'riiiil.  10;  ili'llnili.in  nt'  "  liarp.H.n,  "  10;  alisi'iiii. 


I'l'li-liin-^-iii'ls  ill  till'  ri'imli'i'r-pi'riutl,  2ii;  fi 


il 


ill  -i*n  ..r  till 


•ilwi'lli'rs,  I.aii;riTli'  Ita 


lir..n/.i-,   1 


i.iw    liri.i 


lulit  inlii  Kiiriipi 


laki-illl.. 


Ill 


ai;i'.  '.i.'i,  111. 


llrM.ik-.  .Mi-   .M..  Imiio  llsli-limiks  ill     In  ll-li.aps,  Klimli! 

1-lanil,  V. 
liiiU-liid.'  Ii.iat-  i.f  till-  Mamlans,  rl.,.  'JO.'i. 


Hull.  r.. I.  I). 


"I'l" 


ll: 


rp. 


,-liiail-,  Wi.-r.in-iii,  I.VJ. 


Call. 


ill'  Vi 


A.N.,ri'l'i 


ri'llri'  1.1  lilt-  1 


lllr   lllilillll.- 


I.'ii'i;   -li.'ll-liiap- ill  Ni'I'lli  Almriia, '2|i;. 
Calit'iiriiia.  ali.ii'ii^iiial  li-liiinx  in.  *•."■"'  '!0I. 
Canaila.  almriiiiiial  li-liiin^  in,  L'liS  'J7t. 
I'aiiniliali-ni.  -ii;ii-  nl'.  in  Kl  iri.l.i  -liill-lii'ap-.  L'l'i 


Cai nt'liiivli-raik.  Ii. 


CalMl 


ina-.  alinrii^ii 


III  li-l 


nil-.  'Ji'ii'i, 


nil'.;  Ill  llii'. 


I -J 


Carp,  ri'inaiii-  nl'.  in  tin-  MnitliiL'm-  rav 

Carving's  1.1' ll-li.  Alaska  aial  Calirnrnia.  i;o7  ;  C'-la  Una, 

;i'.;i. 

»'al-li-ll,  1  alrllillu'  "f.  li; 
Catlin,  (i  .  I'lill-liiili'  111 
Caii.'i'  L'nlil  li-li-lii.iiks  rnilii.  ^22. 


illii'i'ii  Inilian-,  *.".'*J. 
ll'  till'  M.inilaii.-,  -JOJ. 


Cavi's  an 
Cnvi 


I  rnik-slii'licrs  in  Km 


■I" 


I. 


'  D'lriliniiii',  ivlnat-  ..I'l t.' 


nl  li-ln 


Ca'.ali-  ill'   Knmli. 
72;  st.iiii 


I'.,  Ilsli.|i...ik  ..r  anil,  r,   N. 
aiirlinr  ('.')  rrmn  llnlni-lanil,  !il. 


I.,  ll.',  .arv  in^"  nl'  iilai'i'iin-,  I'tc,  ('aliiiiniia.  'Jill, 


Cliaiiiplaiii,  Siuiir  ill',  lisliiii:;  nl'  tlii^  ll< 


'Ji'i.''. 


837 


rl 


i;v, 


^l\ 


lis 


■iv 


:f 


338 


INDKX. 


1^« 


Clmrleviiix,  Fnllicr,  iilinriuinal  iUliinu  in  ('Mimilii.  'JTU. 
C'linrrcil  uliji'i'ts  in  iMlii'-dwi'lliiii,"',  tl.  -I'l,  -11,  'iT. 
C'liumiwc'ili,  A.  ('.,  niilil  ll-li-li.>i'l>,  CuiiiH,  ;i:!;i. 
CliiiUHili",  >aliiiiih-ll-liiiii,'  "I'  til'',  "0:!. 
('Iiirii|ui,  ll.<li-*li!i|»il  i,'i>l.l  tiirmvi  irciii,  .'i'-'l. 
C'liristciisi'ii,  liniir  llAli-lixi'li,  I'i'iiii'i'iiiiiii.  7'.';  Iliiit  li'Miils 

I'll-  ll-li-li.".ks,  (li'i-inaiiv.  |-J2. 
CliiniR,  liow  talicii  Ip.v  tlii^  AViiiliiiK,  L'H'.i. 
C'lavi'^'iri',  V.  X.,  Mi'xiian  ll-liirii;,  .'ill. 
Clay  (lines  in  laki'-ilwcllini;*,  I'd;    rini;-  in    lul>i<-il\vi'l- 

lin;,'<,ilL';  vi'><(iN,tlsli— lia|"il,  .\il>an-a''.'Jl  I  ;  Mi-- 

.<iiuri.  •-M.t;    I'crn,  :l'.".i. 
Cliniatu  nf  Kuiniii!  in  tliu  |ial:riilillii('  a^'l■,  1  ;   rirnlilliir 

niic,  'A'J. 
Cliilli  with  inwiivon  tl>li-(li'-iit;iis,  I'itm,  ■'•'■','i. 
Ciiilll-li-liciiili-i  nl'  Iho  Makalis,  lo. 
('•illin.",  J.  W.,  ■•  ili'vil'.i  I'law  i;ra|inrl,"  "i-. 
Clink,  J.,  Iiiiat'ianit  ini>tli'i(U  1)1'  tl-,liiin;iii  N'mlisa  Suuinl, 

I'rini'ii  William's  Simnil,  ami  Unal.i-lika,  :il."i  ;;ls. 


Conk,  (>.  il.,  >lj.'ll-lic 


icilp>  in   .\rw  ililM'V 


c 


'PI" 


'1 

■r,  nHlivi',  ill  Xmlli  Aini'ii 
Xiii'th  Anii'iiia,  l;'.H,  I.M, 


1i!S; 


nl'l, 


iinr  nl,  in 


Cortii",  II.,  Mcxiran  lisli-imniU,  i  Ic,  L'|:l 


C.i-la  i; 


iMi-i 


I  arviin;-  Irmn, 


;'i'.'l. 


Diii,'-iMits  In  Xi'W  Kni-land,  '.'TS,  liTfl ;  nl'  tlir  DclaWMrci, 
iH.'l;  Viririnia  Iialian-,  -'Sil,  'J.-*? ;  Ciilil'mnia  In- 
ilians  L".H'i,  '-".i.H,  :;ilO;  Cliinnnks  ;iii:l ;  inilivi,,  nl' 
Niinlka  Sniinil,  :ll:'i.  111.-). 

Dunn,  ,1.,  -ulninii-li-liin:;  nt'  llii>  Cliiimnks,  ,'!(l.'). 

l»ii|innt,  K.,  Imliin  I'lmn  tin'  cave,  nl'  (inyi'l,  "J'.l. 

I)ii  I'lat/,  1.0  I'a!;(>,  alinriL;iiial  ti.-hing  in  Kniiiniana, 'J!l3. 

"  Kaily  Mini  in  Kiirn|if."  nunlinncd,  \'l. 

Kel  ('.')  Irarril  nnalialnn,  l,a  Maililaini'.  :'il  :  i'i'MI>liini;, 
aliii|'i::inal,  in  Canada.  'J70,  IITI  ;  Calil'iirnia.  '2W. 

Ivi;i<di>,  II.,  lUhini;  nl'  |lii>  (iivinl.ind  l':>kiiriii~,  L'lil. 

r.llis.  \V  ,  ll-li-l kMil'  IliiiSiiiMilv  MandiT-s  1:17. 

K-ikiniiK  I'nrnii'ily  I'arllK  r  smilli,  ll.'i. 

Kvan-,  •].,  liai'pnnn-lii'aiN  rrmn  Ki'iif'  CaMin.  '-'•"i ;  lliiil 
IMi-liiink>,  SHrdrn  and  Knijland,  711;  .i-iiikci>, 
Kn','land  .-11111  .'^inllaiid,  H7  ;  cla'-illialinii  nl'  luniizo 
rrlic'-, '.111;  lirnn/.i' ll-li  liniik,  Ind 1,  lOll. 

Kvci's  !•:,,  Il.<li-lia|iiil  visMd,  Mi-M.iiii,  •Jia. 


K.Xlinrtinn  nl'  >liiiii'-    in    ImMhIh 


•».'!. 


a'riiii'-wiiiK<  in  >wi- 


lake..,  Ill 


CnV,d.,    linllO    IMl-l ks,  (tllin,    I'JJ,    1'.'7.    r.'S;    ||a 

liiaii,  Ohin,  117. 
Cranl/.,  I).,  lli-liini:  nf  ijir  (Iri'inlaiidiT-.  'Ji'il. 


Fauna    nl'  llii'    Kiii'n|ti>an    drill,   '_';    irindi'i'i-|iiiind,  0; 


iilillii 


Nnllli     All 


an    diU't.    11,1 


Ci-aw-INIi.liii 


ilillivllirNiiilliCarnlina  Imlian-.-JWi, 


Ciiriir;  li-li,  I  ndians  nl" Canada.  ■_'7ll;  Viri;inia.  ".'S.'! 
Cii-liinu-,  r.  II  ,  liniii'  ll-li-lmnk,  Ni'W  Ynik,    I'.'.'.;  , 

II-.     Nl-W     \:-vl.     l.'lll. 


Ik- 


\ni-lli  Aniiiii-an  »liidl-liia|w,  SM,  •A'l.  •-".'•.',  ilr. 

Ki  llcnliiiri;,  K.  dr,  1 |v  I'l'.mi  lln'   I.aki'  nl'  llii-nni'.  Mill. 

|i"i[;iiinr',  I,.,  iii'l-niakini;  in  pn  lii  iniii,  iinn',i,  i:|. 
I    Kiri'-lilaci'.i  in  kinkkcnniiidd  (,  ;-.  :!l  ;    Nnflli  .\ini  lii  an 


.-Indl-lii 


i|i- 


1,11    ii,»- 


Kir-i' ii-i-d  ill  ri:-liini;.  in  till' Carnlin.i-. '_'S| ;   \'ii;,'inia. 'JSIl. 


lliill.  W    11  .  liai'|i, 


-Ili'll.N    nl' 


.Ma-ka.    ll'i.    11 


1  I'l.  I'll;   .\l-iilian  -lii'lld |i-.  I  1 1. '.''iii ;  inpiici'- 

wnrkiriLr  in   .\la>ka,    I-M;  .s|ii'(i('>  nl'  nlllllll^ks  in 
Calirnrnian  -lii'll-lii'a|is,  'J>M. 


hawkin-,  \V.  II.,  I'arlv  man  in   .\nii 


iirrnw-.^lraiijlili'iii' 
Cavil,  so. 


Ii: 


i|,i 


a,  VI  ;   lial.'li 
ii-li.ai|,    Villn 


DaWMHi.  ,1.  \V.,  Iiar|i i-lii'iid,  N'nva  Smlia,  VI. 

I)i'  l!ry,  'IV,  alinri'^inal  ll-liin:;  in  N'iru'inia,  '.'.Hi. 


Ill 


I'l  i,\-  liil'  -I'a 
IM 


I-,   U.iil   liv   till 


.r    .Nniitk, 


!><'  I.ai'1,.1.,  Imal-  in  Ni'vvr.iiindland,  'JHH. 
Di'lawari' ami  lrni|i|iii-  ll-liiii:;,  '-'**'■. 


I .',  V...  la 


ila 


li'J;  |iiiat>  nf  till'   lal,i 


dwi'lli'i-^,  I'n 
inx.  ,1,  II.. 


"I'l' 


lliu  lirnn/.i'  ai^i",  '.IM. 
IT  >inkir,  I'hi,,,  l.sj  ;  li.li.  Ii:i|„i| 


I  I.  .\rkan-a~,  111  1 


■Knil  -.li 


nv  :,'r.i|ini 
al 


•1."  .-.1 


tm'-^tii'  animaN.   num.    in    i-i'Iim 


I'iiiil.  I,,    ..|   III, 


llnli, 


l.iki-ilwi.llii-.  II 
al.nl'  til.   Ki 


till'  .N'nrlli  A I 


11.1 


llriri-iiniili'mi'iil.'  in   l''i.iiiii'  and    MirJ.iiid.  1-1;    N.nlli 


"I 

Ani.ii.a,   111. 
Ilriviin;   li-li,   llilinv; 


ill      Irnilllni-,    '.'Si  , 


.illln  I'll 


lllili: 


I'.ll. 


Drviii-  ll-li.  Indian-  nf  N.Mlli  Curnli 


Dm 


11  di-r 


\rri  il  iii'ai'  .Savanna 


II,   INS. 


h'i'.ll,  aliiinda 
Kisll  rarvnl 


r.  in  .Xiiii'iiiaii  ttati'i'-,  1 17 
nil  r,  l.:i    M.idilainc,  '.'7  ; 


•  n  a   lirar 


liintll,     Dui'lllll\     (il'nit,,,    ■.'»<;     nil    11     I'l'llldl' 


I.i 


'  Ita 


•JX;    nllul,a|nn,raVi'nl'(lnMl,'.".l. 


Ki-li-iullci's  nl' .-Innc,  Xnrlli  ,\ liiaii,  lull. 


Fi-ll-llnnks    nl'  In 


111 


I'll'.,  laki'-dui'lliin;-. 


linni',  (ii'iniany,  111,  7'.';  .Sania,  71  ;  DaKnIa,  IL'il; 
.\ikan-as,  I'.'.');  Indiana.  I'J-'i;  Nrw  Ymk.  IL'.'i, 
lllii;  Illin, lis  I'.'i'i ;  Oliin.  I'.'l.  r.'il.  1'.'7,  I'.'S;  Cali- 
I'lirnia,  I'J'.i;  (iiiiiiland.  Mil;   .N'l-w  Zial.ind.  1:;7; 


>l'  Hi 


widi'ii,  li'.i; 


idi'i  r-linrn,   N', 


7-;   .\iilii' Ami'iiia,  1.10;  nl' Innn/.i'.  Swil/iiland, 
y',l-|0|,  /wn.n-i/i,  (i.i'man.\,  10'.'.  110;    llal\.  lo:i ; 


Sav 


|I):S;    lli'ili.h    l-l,.  ,    lll'.l;     II,. 


Ilinl-|ininlii<l,   (li'i'inlaiid.    IL'O;     Uiiu'i'li,    I'JI  ;    ' 

<l -dini'ii,  Nv'.v    Vmk.    r.'s  ;    ,,!' -lirll  'inilii.liti 

nmdi'  nf  maiinrai'tiii'i'K  Calirmnia.   inl    I:!,');  ,'<i 

I \.',if,   .,1'  liirlli'-li'll,  S,.|'li>  l.-land,   VMi;    i 

cniiiiir,    Wi-inii-in.    InS;    I'l. I'll,  :',•.'! ;    nl'  lailii 


,  ii-i'd  l>v  III!'  Mnlnivc-,  In 


all',  lil'.i;  nl' 


■,'.ild,  Cam  a,  :!'.'•!. 
I''i.-litn'.;-ari'iiw.^,  I.iiiii..iaiiii,  '.".i.'l. 
l''i-liiiii;-iin|ili'iiii'nl> -1  ai'ii'  in  lln'    K 

i;«. 

l''i-liiiiH-sn.m»  nii  a  M'a|iiila,  I.aiiir.i'ii 
Fi-li-i"'ii  in  Ni'W  Vni'k,  '.'00 
FL-li-iiri'^oi'vi'*  in  (imrijia,  I'.I7. 

Fi'li-iakvs   nl'  llii'    Cliiminks,  ;:ot;    iial'.w,  nl'   Nnnlkit 
Sniind.  :!l.-i,  :tli;. 


ipiaii   ..Innc  :i;; 


•-".t. 


I  ,*!,f' 


||(l 


iNi)i:x. 


:]3n 


Kiali-l mm  in  iIm'  Vi'z.'tim'ivvi-s,  ID;  Kjiikl.i-nici.KlirnLL'S, 

!lli ;    luki'-.hvi'llinu''^.    '■'>;    N"illi   Aiiicririin  .-li.ll- 

Ki»li-^liii|iiil  vc'vhIs  N..1II1  Ai -iiii,  LM-J;    I'lTii,  il'J'.i. 

Kloiita  I'lir  Iiiirp."iii9,  "Jl  ;  I'm' lini'x  ami  iii'l>  in  luKi'-ihvil- 

lini<-<,  111,  (i;! ;  nimi'  prflii-lcirii'  in  Noitli  Anii'iiia. 

Ill;   with  uriMW^,  I i^iiiini, -".i;l. 

Kloriilii,  iiliori^innl  ll'liin;;  in,  'J'.ll. 

Kmuini;  ii initivi'*  mI'  N.H.lkii  Sc.imiiI,  lill. 

Kiir.1,-1.  |.;.,  liiiil-h.pM.T^  ..niint,  I'nisaiii,  W;  nf  l.n.nzc, 

Switwrliihcl,  '.I'.l;  jiivilin-lii'acU,    I'lU-siu,  KJ;  an- 

.lior-sl'>ni'<,  l'ni>Mii,»7,'.)4;  l..iats,  l'iiis>ia,!ll,  IIII. 

Vi li-pi.Tc,  ii.ii.',  iii:i. 

(iain^"',  A.  S.,  anil  ('iiniiiiii,'liarn,  K.    M..  j-lii'lJ-liiaiK  in 

Alal>anni,  'Jl'i. 
(ia-lalili,  H.,  wi.c.lrn  a.'clinr,  MiTriirai:.!,  <J"  ;  li..al,  Mi  r- 

rlini','".  H'H. 
(;.'ciii,'ia.  alr.pi-ininiil  li-liin^'  in,  'J'll. 
(li'iniM-.l,  ,1.  M.  .M.,-l..ni'  -inl.iT-,  Siiv|iirhannH  Valley, 

I'.T. 
(iill,  T.,  rriiivian  n-li-llu'"iv,i,  ;i:;-.',  :i;m. 

(ilarial  man Iili"n  "I',  I. 

Ccrrini.'.  A..  piL'-ihU'llini,"'  in  \'ini-ziii'la,  !!H 
(i.'lil  liiriin-    li-li--lia|i(<l,  ('liiiii|iii.  "L'l. 
C.ycl,  cavi'  nf,  l!'.!. 

(Inilz,  prilii-l'irii'  n't  iVoni  M:iniifi"lli  Cavi'  (?),  I'l'i. 
(ir.'''nlaii.l.  Il^liinu'  "I'  lli"  Ivkini.n  in.  •JiiM.'i)!',, 
(in-winu'l. .  <'.,  har|i"i'n-liiails  in  nniil  ..I'  l^lland,  \' 
(icvH'Vi'd  sinlivrs  :>'.<.  H.-,-S8,  H!i,  lill-liil,  :ll'.i.  ;l-J(i. 
(irnss.  v.,  lniiiH...n-  "I'  lakn-dwfllrrs,  55. 

llici.lali-,  ,an.ic<  ..1'  ill-.  .".111. 
Halilait-linoks,  .Makiilis  II. 
Ilavms  II.  W..  Triii|..n  ixravcls,  ll."). 


ll<iiisi>-Mitt'<  in  (irt't'iilnnil  ^ll•'ll-ll■': 
llnn>ii>,  alii>ri:;inal  fi~liin'u;  "I'  llii', 


Mil. 


llar'|i< 


nv>\v-,  \iH  .Maihla 


llai-ih...n-lira(N  i.f  ivin,|r.M--li"i-n,  Frain-,  H!,  IH,  10,  '.':1; 


Knulanil,    ■.'■ 
Swilzi'i'latiil. 


Swilzrrland,   2'i\    '•(  diaT-lnirii, 
N.w  Y.M-k.  II'.,  150,  l.-.;>;  ,.1' 


Imno,  Swilziiland.  'A;  S.'aniu,  7:1;  S-i'laiid,  7:!,  7 
KiiiHMi,77;  .liillMnd.77:  'I'iiTra  d-l  Imii'ij.i.  77  ;  \'i 
toi'ia  Cavi'.  Hil;   iTiiiil.uiial  linii",  ML';  ('alir"rni 


11:;;    Main.  .  11:1,  111.  I IH,  I' 
ll'.l,  151  :    l'nL;.|S..iin.l,  115; 


Alaska.  III.  lis. 
w  V"ik.ll5.  15(1; 


l.u.-iiii'ks  (■')  ..I'  lliiil  in  111.'  l';ur..i.ian  dril'l,  ■!. 
lni|ili  nMnl-..rili.-  .Iril'l,  1!;  rcindi.  r-|i.ii..d,  I'l ;  mi.lilliii! 
a'.,'!',  :i:! ;  kj.ikk.'nui.iililinijs,  ;i5;  laki'-ilwi-lki-,  11. 
Ii-...|\i..i<,  li-liin._'  ..!'  til..,  l'h;). 
Iiviiii;,  \V  ,  |.il.-ilwi.lliiiL,'^  in  V'.iii'Ziii'la,  :IK. 

.luM'lin-lii'ailM.t'l...iii.  Willi  in-.|ti'd  ilak.'-  ..|'(lint,Sniniii, 

HI  ;    I'ni'siii,  H'J. 
.l..-ni..s  I.,  slii'll-lnaiw  in  .\.w  V..rk.  •Jlii. 
.I.ilins.iii,  K..  ll.li..|i(H.|inir,  N.'W  Kn^-land  Indian^  i7H. 
.I..n.-,  ('.  (',,  sti.ti..  ^inki-i>,  lt)5;  dm.;-.. ill  rxliiinird  mar 

Savaiinali.  IHH;  anriciil  ll-li-pi r\i>  in  tii...ii;ia, 

I'.i7;  ~li.ll-liiii|i<  in  (ii  i.i;;iii,  "Jl".'. 
.I.im.«,  .1.  M..  >'ii.ll-lii'a|w  in  N'..va  Si'..tia,  •-"-'1. 
,|..ms  S.,  ii-li-li....k-  ..r  III.'  Kiil.liiii  Indian^,  l-J'2. 
.I..nlaii,  I'V.  -li.ll-lii.a|.H  in  D.lawaiv,  •.':»). 
.l..fM'lyn.  .1.,  iili..ri;;iiial  li-liin;;  in  N'.w  Knulaiid,  '."7il. 

Kalni,l'.,«hi.ll-liia|i-in  tin- .Vtkinti.  Statis,'Jl7  ;  al...ri!,'i- 
nal  ll-liiiiL:  ill  Ni-«  Y..i-k  and  N.'W  Jit-,  y,  •.'.'<l. 

Kayak*  ..I'  tin-  (Iri'il.landi'i-*,  "Jiil  ;  Alaskan-,  :!l(l. 

Kiitli,  .M.  C,  larvinu'  ••(  H-li  I'li.ni  C.-la  I'.iia,  ;!-JII. 

K..|1<T,  !•".,  laki-dwi'lliiiL;*,  :i7-il!<,  !i7-lli!l.  /.»,«.*,»(. 

K.'nt'.<  CaviTii,  !l ;  1imi| ii-lniid!'  iVuni,  L'.'i. 

K.  s.-li.rl..cli,  '.I;  liaii n-lii'ads  tV..iii,  '2i. 

■    Killi.k."  I'.m;. 

Kjiikki'mmiddiii.^-,  "i'  kitidnii-niiddins,  !i;!-.17. 

Klcniin,  (i.,  lliiit  i-inkii-  and  anrli..r-st..m'<,  Ili'liiji.lan.l 
and  lliiu'i'ii,  1*7;  lliiil-|..iinlid  tl>li-li..i.k,  (iiv.n- 
laiid.  I'JII. 

Kniu'lil  "f  r.lva-,  lii.liaii  ni't-.  I.5(!. 


I.aki'-dwilliiii.; 


-tIS,  !I7-I(l!i ;   (•iinstnicli..ii  i.f,  10,  '.>' 


I,uki'-si.ttl..imiiU.  ai;r  and  iliirati..n  i.f,  30,  !i8. 
I.arti't,  !■'.., and  Cliii-ly.U.,  |l..til.i^iifcavivs5-:!'J,/i.w 
Lart.'l.  K.,  !'-liini!  .i!'  ill.' rav..-iii..n,  10. 


I,ait..t,    I. 


ill    Diipaiv,   C, 


Xpl.TMli 


.('  Diinilli 


(ii-..||..,  2H. 


Law... 11,  .).,  al>..rii;inal  IMiini;  in  N'.ivtli  ('ari.lina,  'JSll. 


(Ilii...  117;    .Mi.lii-an.   117.  ll'.l;   .-l' i.\-li..ri: 


1'. 


laml. 


,.f   i-lk-li. 


Kiii-.i|» 

Niw    Vi.rk,   mi 


N'lnili   .Viin'rini, 


■■It' 


Wi-i'.in-iii 


l--.^;   Ala-ka.  151. 


Iar| n- 


aii.l  tl-li-li....ks  |i 


ri..ntv  111  Inn. 


I--'.  111. 


Ilarp. 


'  til.'  ravi'-ni.'ii,  111, 


K-ki 


I.I  X.'i'lli. 


-l('..a-t  Iii.|iaii'^,'JH;  lak.-ilw.ll.'i-,  .5-.';  S..111I1- 


Imli: 


.  •.'■.l|  ;   .\lakali-.:;ili; 


,.f\..,.|k: 


1..111I.1,  :!ll.  ::i''.. 

,  S..  iMiiii'.;  ..I'  till'  Ni.rlli.'in  Imlia 

•i  Imliaii-.  diiu'-ail'  "•'  Hn'.  -'■»*• 


riii'v.  .\.,  ali.iriuina 


al  ti^lii 


111  Miiliiuaii.  L'7:!. 


and  slia.l, 


.rlii.'l-  -iin-a' 


id  .'I',  ill 


N.-w  V.'ik,  'Jo:'. 


II.'II'm 


\V.  ,1..  1 .'  lWi-1 k,  |)ak..|a,  1-J:! 


l|..i-M'-lii.Mii-i'  d.'lini'ati'd  ..11  a  l.aliin,  I.a  Madclain.  .  '.' 
li.ii-M'-licad-  lia.i'il iiill.r.  I.a  Mii.l.'l.iiii..  ::1 . 


I.I'  II II.,  ll. 


-lii'ad.  ."'Jainl-Auliin,  47 


ho  Jeiim',  l.i'  r.,  iil...riKiniil  cil-ll-liiiii;  in  Canada,  'J7I. 

lii'wis,  K.,  »li('ll-lioa|is  ill  LmiLT  Inland,  'J:;7. 

I-owi.'',  II.  C,  n;;i'  •>(  tin'  ■rriiil..n  ^iiavil-,  114. 

1,1. .yd,  'I'.  (1.  II.,  Li'iilrt  i.r  till'  l!i'..tliii<'S  '-'ll'l. 

I,..iiiii>  .'I'  llii'  lakv-dw.'lli'l's.  111. 

I,..,kii'l,  ti.  II.,  Il-liii|.„'i'l'  Ki'lawav.'s  an. I    li'..ciii..i.i, 'JHIJ 

Ii.aii*iana,  al..'i'i^iiial  iMiini;  in. 


I.mI.. 


>ki,  .1.  T.,  Il.-li-piai-li.'ads,  r..lan.l,  7H. 


,  SirC,  l'aiiiia..l'lli.'  I>.ird..i;i 
til.'  S.'..tti>li  -ilt.li'J;  ^li.'ll-liiap- 


li'i'ilM'S,  0; 


li..at-ri..ni 
.liii^.tls 


and  (1 


i;i7 


Mai'.d...  .1.  M.,  iMi-liapi'd  vc^-.'N,  I'l'iii,  .'WI. 
M.'diiiiv,  .1.  II.,  i-li.ll-l ps  in  Marvland.  •J:;7. 


.Miickcnzii' 


A.,li»l 


iiiif;  I 


ftllC  .•'^luVC  llllil   li..i;iil.   Ill.lil 


11; 

^  'I'  '  * 
•!  i'  '  > 


■•.r\. 


1  .?'il 


■11 


% 


1 1 


■  1 
1 " 


S  !  •■ 

m 


I'i 


5  i' 


''\ilx> 


¥B 

i',  '''■'•■  ■ 

a;^'- 

im 


hi 


310 


iM>i:.\, 


Mrhciiii.  .1    .1    -li.ll-h.'Mp-.  Ill  Ciipo  Mi'iiilTiii.!,  'J-M.  I    I'iiiliih-nnmr,  tmiili  i.iiiliiininir  ll«liiiiL,'-(MiMc',  :V>\. 

Miicl.ian,  .1,  I'  ,  -lii'll-lini|H  on  llli'iniiTliii-iU^  Uhiii.l,    i    rmlilli-.  imi  I'oiiixl  in  llii'  i litliic  ukc  !'I;    |iri'lii-l.M'lf, 

'-'■'•'I  ]  ill  N'lii'lli  Anii'rini.  l!i|,  nl'llic  Miiluilis  :i(IT ;   nu- 

Miiil-in.  A.  I'.,  |)Mni>li      irii'ioii-liiuiN,  77  |  iliiiwlni,'  mI'  I  livi><  nl'  N'l.i.ikii  SoimmI,  ;tlf). 

I'lii-Kli'  liiirniii<.  Il>lilnt;  <'l'  tin',  ;;oi. 

I'ul.i'olilliiciif;.' in  i:iirM|i^,  I   ;:•_';  in  N..rlli  Aiiinii  u,  |M. 

r.'ilii',':i»Mniip>,  lUliiiiu'  III'  111!'.  :ilMI. 

I'ul I'.  !•;  .  ruilii— |iiiii' ll-li-l ks  Moliiivis,  l:i'.i. 

I'liili.uly    Mii-iuin,    IniiM    III'    liiiinliini'    ll>liiiiK-iiii|il''- 


it  (iri'i'iiliiiiil  llOi-liiiiik.  I-.'O. 
MiikiilH,  ll-liini;  nl'  llii',  :!ll.-). 
MnMii'li'lii'l'.  lull'  Inmti  nl'  tlii>.  21)!). 
Miiii.luns  liiill-liiili'  liniiN  iif  llii',  '.'ti'i. 

Miinn.C.  [,.,  I'MpiiiT  ll-li-l U,  Wi-nin-in.  I:IX. 

Mtiivliiinl.  Ii.,  i;nl>l  iMi-hiiiilis.  Npw  Cnininlii,  :!'.': 
.Mii-I<.  iiiirii'iil  I'i'riiviun,  :'i'-'i. 
M:i-'iii,  O.  T.,  ;ini-li'ii''iLiini''  in  Vir:;irn:i.  I'.i't. 
Mii-M'iiiil,  K  ,  null'  Imriiit;  nl'  a  li^liini; 

ItllxHl',  20. 


Illi'lllS  \'ll. 
I'l'iiic  KiviT  Iniliiiiis.  IMiiiii:  iif  llic,  2711. 
I'lTliinili'il  »inliitN.  fill.  lid.  ss.  K'l,  l('i.'>-lii7,  S20. 

I.iiiiHiTii'   I    |'i.|i„ir,  I,  Aliiili lii'lMii'iip-,  2W. 

I'liilli|i-.  II..  l'l'l•ll^llillL;  in  l''r'iii ,  4(i. 


.Moiiri",  .1.,  Il-liiin;  nl'  111.'  iiulivMs  nf  N.i.ilk      l.niiul,  1110        I'iiki'iiiiu'.  ('..  Inrlli— lull  ( 'i  IWi-lnmk,  .SmIi'  Isliiiid,  lUl). 

I'iki',  I'I  11111111"  III',  ill  lln-  l)iiriliii;iii' I'uvi'K,  12. 

I'ilr-il\villiii!;i  in  Ni'iirzinlii.  Mixii'n,  rlr.,  ,'18. 

I'iriii;iii'-,  l,iiiii»i!inM,  \1'.'\. 

I'liiii'i'iii'  mall  in  Anii'iirii,  iImiiIiII'iiI,  llii. 

l'l!iiriiiin-pi|M-i  Willi  l|.|i-ii|iiiMiiiiiiii.rn,  (Ihiii,  20.1. 

riiiiiinii'ts  1117. 

r.iiMiiiinu  li-li.  Iiiiliiins  in  lln'  SnnlliiTn  Sliiliv,  201  ; 
Wiikikki-,  2!IS. 

I'.il.viii>iiiii  li-li-liii.iki,  I'l'i. 

I'lilliTV  pmliiilily  iinkiiiiHn  In  piiki..lilliii'  iiinii.  1  ;  nf 
III!'  iii'iililliii'  iii;i>,  .'|:|.  12:  kjiikkriiiiinililiiii;-,  'i'l  \ 
lirnii/.o  ii;;ii.  !I7,  !•.'< ;  N'nrlli  .Vnni-ii'iiii  -linll-linip", 
•-'2I-'J4!I, /..."ii/i;   KIniiil.i  -liill-liiiip".  247. 

I'nwrll,  .(.  W..  ."Iiill-lii-iip"  in  Calit'iirniii.  2.VI. 

I'liwir-.  .'<.,  uliiirii;inMl  li'liini;  in  Ciilirnrniii,  2'.h;  :illl  ; 
Nivml.i,  ;illl. 

I'nill.  \V.  II..  liniii'  ll-li-l k,  Aikan.UH.  12.''.. 


MiMiil.i/.!!  C.iilnv.  ili'lliiiMlinii-i  t'riini  Ihi',  21 1. 
.Ml  rk,  K.,  liiii'pnnii-lii'iiiU  I'rmn  llm  Ki'.."li'i'liirli,  21 
.Mii'liiliiniikiiiiu's  ll-liiii'.,'  Ill'  tliii,  272. 
Mii'liiiiioin.  "till!  pliRi!  wlnTi;  piisHi'uson  nl' lUli  livn.' 
21  I 

Mili'lnll,  A  .  SiMiii-li  St siiikiT-i,  81. 

Mnilnk-,  n-liiii!,'iir  till',  ."i(M). 

Miinli'/.lllllU,   li-ll-r,ilTiiTS  nf.  211. 

.Mniiiiiiii-iil"  "f  till'  ni'iililliii'  ir^c,  :in. 

Mnru'MIl,    1,.    II.,    Il-mpini-i  I'lll ",  2«2. 

Mniiilli't.  <i.  ill',  ll.'li-lii>nk>  ('.')  in  Ihi'  ri'iiiili'i'i'-pi'i'inil.  Hi; 
liniil,  .'^iiiiit  IVli'r''<  Kliinil,  Ii7  ;  iiiniiiil  Imiil-  >li*i- 
('iivt'i'cil  in  Kniiu'i'.  !*l. 


.\i'l-..n,  K.  W.,  i.ir.|.(iipliiriM.rilir  Aki-ka  K-kinms  1::. 
Ni'.ililiriL'  ii','i',  ll-liiiii!  in  llii',  ll;!^!!.'!. 


Nrl'<  hill  kiinwn  (■')  in  llio  n'iinli'i'i'-pcTi.ul,  2il ;  nf  lln'  Pivl,i-|,i,i,-  AiiiiTii'ii.  im  uiiin;,' nf  111.'  liTin.  11:1. 

Ink.-ilwi'lliT-,  .■.7;   I'l'nni  Maninmlli  Cnvo  ('.'),  LVi;    |  p,',,,,.,,  William'"  Sminil,  IMiini;  ..f  lln-  iialiM'-  .1'.  ;!li;. 

ini'iilioni'il  liv  I'arly  wiilii'-i  ml   .Vnn'rii'a.  I."),"!;  nf  j  Pm-.ia, -inkiT"  nf  rliiv  in.  ill. 
2iis  : 


tlii>  Caiiiiila  liiiliiiii-. 


N'l'W  Kn'_'l.'iiiil  lii'lii 


27'J:    1.1 


una    Iniliaiis  2:i:i;   Slin,| i.i'-.  2'.ll  ; 


Pulnaiii,  I''.  \V.,  i-i'iiiaiu"  frnni  .Mainninlli  I'livi 


I.' 


('alil'ni'niii  ImliaiH,  21lii-'illl,  /I'l.i.sim ;  I'lii-t'ti's, 
Mill;  fi'iiiii  .\ni'iin,li2S  ;  iisi'.l  u"  ri'i'opliicli'j,  I'mi, 
.128. 

N'i'llini;-niM'illi."(?)iif  llii'liiki'-ihv.lli'i"^.i'il;   iiimli'in,  d,'). 

Ni'W  Knijlaliil,  iiliiii'i;,'inal  ll-liim,'  in,  277-'JHn. 


W  .li'l'-i'V,  1 


iliiiri'..'iiial  li-liiiiu'  in,  21*2 


Ymk,  all. 


Ill  IMiiii.'  in,  2S1. 


Nil-"nn,  S.,  Hint  ll-li-lmnk",  Sw.'il.n,  I'.'.i ;  I'.iiii' liarpnnii- 
lii'iiil",  Si'.uiia.  7,1;  ll-li  .ir  liinl-ilarl",  .Vi-rtii'  .Vni.T- 
ii'a.  7''>;  Siainliiiavia.  Hi  ;  ^ink.'i-",  Swi'ili'ii,  l"'. 

N.i.itka  S  iiin.l,  INIiiiiL;  nf  lln'  nativi'"  ••(.  :!lil-:llil. 

N.ii'il.';i'<ki..lil,  A,  K..  .lii'll-li."ip-  in  (Ir.'.'iilan.l,  210. 

N.ii-th  (^arnlina.  almriuiiiil  iMiiii,'  in.  2*1,  2:iil,  '.Vil 

Nnt.'li.'il  ■^ink.'iM,  .V.l,  l.".:   IHI),  lll'.l. 


0..,'illiv,  .r.,  iilii.ri'_'imil  IKliin^'  in  Ni'W  Knijlainl,  27S. 


Iip.i.litli.  Mi'\i.'an  !,'iiil.  211. 
Uini'ti'pi'i 


l-laiii|.  ftiiiki'i'«  I'r, 


illl. 


Ornanii'iit",  ll-li-»liap.'.l.  nf  i;iilil,  ('liirii|iii.  :I21  ;  silv 

I'lTii.  ■■\:\-J-:ai. 
Olis.  K.  M..  i,'"l.l.'n  ll"li-ti._'iii'.'",  Cliiri.pii,  .'?'22 
Oiila  .iiais  a«  caiin.'-liiiilil.'r.s,  273. 


inppiT  .'^iiiki'r,   IHl  ;    slat.'  Ii"li-iiil|i'r-,   lH:t,   IH,'.; 
li^li-rurvini:", '2117;  "liill-liiap>  in   Ni'W  Kiiiilaml, 


Karo"  nf  tlio  |)alii.nlit1ii('  aiio,  0. 


ii.ni'i's,  2'.i.i. 


Kal'l"  nf   til.'  Slln-ll 
Iti'l'll-r-ari'llllllllatinll-  ill 

l!.iiii|ii'i--pi'i'iiiil.  I  -1 

It.'i"-,  w. 


1  111.'  V 


('/..Ti'  cave" 


II. 


Ill  Stiiliil.  A  ,  "I'lii'N. 


iliil  nf  Ancnn, 


U.'yii.ilils,  K.  I!.,  "Ii.'ll-li.'ap"  in  Manlaii.l,  '2:15. 
I'lia-lim;  ll-li,  liiiliaii"  nf  Vii'Liiiiia,  2H.'i. 
i;,.ik-liil|i  r>  In  Kiir.ip.'.  1. 
Uunni'i'" .  iii'iyiii'.{  iMi  in  Mi'vi.'.i,  214. 


Sa'.'ai.l,  T  ,  ll-liili^'  ..f  till'  Ilnniii'--.  2liH. 


Sah; 


1!   .1. .  .Ml' 


i:iiil  llpni'lllli.  214. 


S.'iliii..ii-li-liiii^'  .'f  Illl'  Clii k-,  :'.0:l 


Salli 


Sain 


sp, 


riiii;  "f  Ihi'  Slin-lmiii' 
1",  2'.i7,  'J'.Mi.  :!I12. 

'lliaill'.  nf.   in  till'    Dnlil'i 


'J'.il ;  ('alifiii'iiiii  I  ri- 


ll. 


Siiiilini'-li-liiiiL!  ■■(  Illl'  iiativi'"  "f  N'.mtka  ."iniiiul.  :'.10. 


m 


INDKX. 


an 


Saiiviit,-''.  It.  K.,  Il-liiii!;  in  111!' iviniliH.f-i«Ti,.(l,  1,  II,  I'J 

Snirlitin  .il'  I'lili ,  MiiKih-,  H(l!i. 

Si'iMnlcriitl.  II.  It.,  liuiii'  ti~li-l k,  Ciuinirii'liiim'-  l-laii<l, 

I'Jil. 
Si  liiiiimilKT,  1'.,  Iiiiil-liolil.r  (?)  iif  jii^piT,  Oivi;nn,   117  ; 


iimiiiit'iM'tiin- 


.'.li.'ll  ll.^li-l ks  t'nlil'n 


|:il; 


s!mI1-Iiiii|i<  ill  t)ri':,'.iii,  -'In. 
.'^•■al-lii,'iii-c  trari'il  mi  ii  l"iii-'<  Ih.iIIi,  IIimuIIiv  (ii.itlcr,  .i'J 
.Sral-ciili'liihi,'  nl'ilirdrc.  i,|miii1.m--,'Ji;1  ;   niiliM'-Mil'  N' 

U  ShiiiiiI,  ;ii:i. 
Si'U-iittiT-liiiiitiiii;  oCtlii'  iiiitivi's  nf  N.     lliii  S.iiiihl,  :li:, 
Slii'll-i|i'|i'i'i|s,  iirlillriiil,  in  llinnnii'k 


Nuitli  .\i 


•-•Hi. 


Sill  IN,  -iii'iii-i  111',  ill  ki"l.l>i'niiiiiililini,'«,  'M\\  Nmili  ,\imii-- 

iriin  ilii'll-lii'iiix,  '_'|il-'-'illl,  /I'Hi.'m. 
Sli..«li.iiii'i>-,  lUliinnnr  tlh',  •J'.ll. 
SilviT  I10i-lii;iin'»ri'i.m  .mi'  nflli.'  Cliiiiiliii  I-l;iiiil-,  it.,, 

SinkiM-^'ir-i'iHMi'ililiiil,  Swit/i'i-liiliil,  .V.I:   Nnrtli  .\ r- 


l.-i"^|iiil;    Ni 


''iiii,  ill'.!;  iji'iiiivi'il,  Swil.< 


hinil, 


S.-illiinil,  H.-,.  nr,;  Kiiu'laiiil,H7;   Iivlanil, 


HM;   llrlililMrk.K'.P;   Niirtll  AllliM'ioH,  ll'il-llil  ;   Nirn- 
iir:ii,'im.  iil'.i,  oUO;   pi'ii'iimli'il,  SwitziTlaml,  ■V,l,  CO; 


Irrlaiiil,  HS,  H'.l;   N.irlli   Ann 


ID.VIDT;  Xi 


ra:xna, 


■VM); 


I  lav,  Swilzirliinil,  (ill:  (! 


I'l'J,  !ll  ;   Ninininna,  lU'.l;   I'.ir  rnliin:;-liiii'<,   Xnrlli 


Am 


iin.  <i|°  >tiini'  ai 


il  iilli. 


ali'i'iaN 


ntll, 


iiiri^ril,kiiiililiiMl,  piTl'iiniliil.ii.-.,  IrtT-l.'*:!;  "['••nii. 
I" 


,  tlhiii,  IKO:  ill'  ,4irll,  N.nili  Anii;rii'a,  l>*i; 


Ski'li'I'iiH,  liilinaii,  niri-  in  laki-ilwi'llin;,",  11. 


Ski 


illiM'i  111'  Ihu  l'lial;l~llk.' 


117 


Slavi'  Hiul  l)i.:;iili  linlian-,  iMiint;  >•(  tin',  'J7i;. 

Sluvi'S  I'liiiiliivi'il   t'l   ll..<li   liv   tliu  inlialiilanl-i  nl'  Nmitka 


Sin 


"1 

Siiiin.l,:tll. 
,  .1.,  Iioiii'  li-h-l k.  IniliaiiM.  I'J 


il(-li-lii 


1111'',  !iliiiri:;iiia 


I,  in  Calil'ii'iii 


Sniilli,  K.  .1.,  ;;..Iil  ll,-li-li.ii.ks  Cinna,  :! 
Sinitli.  .1.,  Hsli-liiiiiks  ill  Virniiiia,  |L"_' ;  i 

in  Virginia,  "Jx". 
SnviKr,  .1.   !•'.,   Imni'    llsli-li.i..k,    Illiin 


al  li>lii 


lU'f. 


.ilnni'*,  lllinni-',  in;!. 


Ill  cnnilitioi 


till 


i'-intiiil>ituht)i  "f  till'  \'rzr'ro 


Vall.y.lP;    Dalli-ll 
mill,  II,  '.17. 


-l-llwi'lll'l-- 


Swi.vi  laki- 


.■^...ial  rank  in  lln'  piii'l'-'r-l"  ri"il,  H. 


"|ii 


K.  (i 


111  Divis  K.  11,  "inker  fi'ini  Olii'i,  liil; 


|illllnlili'li,  I'iH  ;    |il.iirii|'lii-|ii|>i'S    willi    li-h-li'^ii 


Oliiii,  •Jll.l 


S'lui'-r,    K.  <!-,  Iiari 


-lirail  "!'  I" 


li-llin'.;-la.kli'  t|-..lli    I'ai  li: 


N\»    V'Tk,  II.-. 
,  ;il'l;  hIvii-  li-ii. 


liL^nri'.;  lf"iii  "in 
Sli'aiiiinn  111'  I'aii" 
Sl'i'n''lni|>,  J.  S., 


Ill'  till'  ('liiiii:lia  ManiU. 
Makalii.  ild'.i. 
il-  111'  kiiikki'iiniiiililinu'j.  ■'■■ 


lainl. 


nii:ti'iil'ir  il-iill  ill  (lli'Lll 
ns,  \',.  'I'.,  |ilnniini't  in  tin'  lllaiknu'ri'  Mu-'iiin,  17 


Sti'iii    inipli'itii'iiti  in   till'  ]i;il:i>iilillii(' 


III;   Dii 


t ,  \V.  I,.,  n-h-pin  in  Xi'W  Y"rk,*JOI. 


■>lur:;riiii 


.■^inki'i'S  u 


-ll-liiii',',    iili'iii',;inal,    ill     Ni'W    l';ii',;lanil,   "J'tl; 
I'Uiiiia,  :.'.'V.i;  111"  till'  Cliiii.ii.ki,  .'(0.1. 
I>iirii;iiiiil  ll^liin'4  III',  in  Ni'vailii,  '■'»\. 


Sii|ii  I'lliti'iiH  iiiiiiii'iliil  Willi  tUliiii',',  '^7^',  ;!7''i,  'J'.iO,  "<>;'i 


.1.  ().,  Makali- 


-hiiii;  III'  till',  l-J,  II,  ;iO.-,;  tin 


lialiliiit-li'ii'k-,    II;   ri'illMi-l ks    l.-i;  Cliin'.i'k' 


ll-liiii',' I'l'  till',  :!(l''i 


aiii'i'.-  Ill'  till'  llaiihili-.  :;iii. 


1  niui  V 


man.  I,  I  I<i. 


Ti'Mili'  I'alil 


111   I  hi'  laki'-itwi'lli'i'i.  l:! 


Tiiiiki  T,  \V.  \V.,  -Iiill-liiaps  In  I.ihil'  I  himl,  '.'1!, 


Tuv-i ti,  m.  mil. 


Tivnl. 


n  Ki-in 


I",  IN. 


Trill.  <'.  1'".,  ai'ti-l,  \'1I. 


■I'l 


I''. 


|-| I-  "t    llir    laki'-ilwilli- 


I;    l.iial-  1.1 


il'i- 
ilill: 


111'  i'a\  I'-,  'i :   n. 


i.litl 


:l:!;  kj.ikki 
laki-.l»vllin.'4,    11;    Nm-tli   An 


111'  ai;i' 


"Ili'll-lli'llpS  '2\i<   'jr.O,  /lilx.-:uil. 

Sti.ni'.  1...  tl-liiin,'"!'  Ill"  Mrt'l.'iiil  I! 


linl 


ian",  DIl'J 


Ihi'  lakr-ihvi'lli' 


Tuli- l....it- (ill-  i-al't-i  I'l'  t:..'   Makh.lilnl-,  L".i'.i ;    Vi.kiiH 

.■;iiO;    I'lii-li'li'-,  :illl. 
'rwiii.'-niakini;  i>(  llii'  Slin-lmni'i',^,  'J!ll 

I'liiiak,  111'  till'  (ii'i'i'iilaiuli'i's,  'Jii;! ;   .Ma^kan.s  'Ml). 

i;iiala"lika  l^liiml,  lanni'.^  ii  .  1  ll-liiii:;  in,  :|IT. 

"  riiili'minnin:;  mck,"  I'.iii. 

Unilatii;ll  lial'li-,  ctl'i'i'l.i  nl'.  '.'II,  |."i^'. 

Unilril  Stall--  ('i'n:nii--i"n  <■(  l''i-li  ami  Ki-lii 


V,  VI 


Van, 111-  II.. 


A.,  all. 


i-i'Mliat  li-liiliL^  III 


111.-  Ni-w  .Ni-tli- 


i-ilanil-,  'Jsl. 
|./.i  I'l-  llivii-,  1  .iv- 


Vi 

ViaixN,  n.-iiiim  I'l'  till-.  i;'.i!<. 

Virtiii'ia  (':ivi'.  li..iii'  liaip..i.n-lii'ail  t'l-mn,  H(l. 


Villa 


sill...  ill  (Iri.ni.n,  'Jl'.i. 


Viii-liiiw,  I! 


■I'l  1-1, 


V  -iiiki-r-  in  I'rii 


Vii-ijinia,  aliiu-iuiiial  ll-liiim  in,  "Js I  li'S'.i, 
Viiijt,  ('.,  I'Miiii-tinii  III' till'  nii'at  link,  ."(Ii. 


Vii- 


.v.,  rat:ilii','iii-  '<(  (ii-riiiMii  anti'|iiiti.-.  oxliililtul  al 
lli-i-l 


in,  iin. 


Wailakkis  li.llilli;  I't'tlli',  -"iH. 

Walk.  r.  S.  T.,  .-Iii'11-lii-ap-  in  Klm-iila,  211). 


\Vi 


nil.  Ni-\v  Kn:^l:iiiil, 


\  ar-an-iiH'',  l.i'iii.-ianii, 


;:i:!. 


\Vi 


Wll: 


■inu' 111' till' laki'-il\vclli'i-s  I'll. 

I  lit'  till'  <li nk-iinliT-',  'Jiil ;   Vir',riiiia   Iinlian",  "Js*!, 

'jss;    Yiii-.ikv -".17;   Mc'C"l..n.l  Uivrr  In.lian-,  :'.il:;. 
.-•ii-liin-.;  ..r  111.!  (ii'iM.nkiiiili.f-.  'Jii'J;    \lakali-.  ^Ulil, 

:)il7;  nativ I'  Xn  .tk:i  S.uiii  I,  ;ll  I 


,11-  111"  Makahs  :I07 


Wlial".,  lis,.; 

wiiii",  <;.  A.. 

\Vliit''-ll-li.  Iii'li:iii  III"  1"  111'  i-.iti-liiiiLr,  ill  Mii-lii-.;an,  'J7 


-ll-li. 


ii':ip-i  in  l.iwa 


.'II. 


\Vi 


Iniliiiii-i  lit'  Mai-vlaiift, 


1-1-.  ('.,   lMi--liapi-'l 
ti-li-ili-i-,'n-,  I'l-rii. 


i-l-,  I'l-i-ii.   :::;il;  i-L.tli   willi 


Willi".  Sii-  \V.,  Iri-li  -iiik.'i--,«X;   Imats  III ;   In-nnz..' iWli- 


Wili;, 
Willi; 


li'ii.k,  lO'.l. 
.1.  .I.,i 


■  ni'ar  S:iiit'i  D'Uiiiin;",  Mi' 


,  I  no. 


I'.,  iiliiii-i'^iiial  tl-liiin;  in  Xi-vv  Kn^Iaml,  :i7 


Wint-iiH.  li-liiiiu-  "t'tlii' 


!'.i;i. 


Cf! 


'!  i 


i4f- 


1 


'r 


t: 


hit  -:, 


INliKX. 


W. 


ill',  .1    ,1.  A  .  kj<'ikk>'iiMHnl<liiiu'>,  ii^p  "r,  ;i."i;   Dnili'-ll 
DJiiki'r*,  M'.i;   A-iiilii'  <>ri|;iii  nl'  hpiii/i',  IMl      Immzi' 


iMi-l 1-.  IVhiii    I''i 


Iti.l;    ■■•IHh  ..r  |!,r  In 


»«!• 


111. 


Wv.lli,  N.  J.,  Il-liiiii;  i.r  llii>  Hli.wli..iiriw.  21»l. 

Wviiiuii,  J.,  I iliiil-liiiuli,    Maim  ,    l|:l,  l.'il;  .IhII- 

lii'ii)"' 111  Ni'iv  Knuliiii'l. '-"-''' i   I'lxiiilii, '.'I:! 

Vurri>w,  II.  ('.,  <'X|il<'i'iill<>iiii  in  SiMitlii'in  ('iililMrnin,  1 10. 

Yiikiiu,  lulling"!' lilt',  aoo. 


110. 


.  1 


